Property theory of Chinese materia medica: Clinical pharmacodynamics of traditional Chinese medicine

The property theory of Chinese materia medica is one of the foundations of traditional Chinese medicine.The property of Chinese materia medica(PCMM)is a multi-dimensional expression of the effect of Chinese materia medica(CMM),and it is related to the clinical prescription that fully reflects the clinical effect evaluation of CMM in a holistic,systematic,and scientific way.This paper discusses the source,development,and application of the PCMM by considering not only the five dimensions that constitute the PCMM but also the recognition of the human body and disease as given in traditional Chinese medicine.This paper aims to provide theoretical guidance for the rational use and development of CMM.

The Silk Road and Sources of Chinese Medicine Expansion: Part 1 – Materia Medica

The Silk Road stretched over land and across seas connecting Europe,Africa,and Asia.The trade of medicine along these routes has had profound impacts on the populations and traditions they have come into contact with.Chinese Medicine is no exception as it has taken numerous nonnative products and incorporated them into the unique philosophical construct of systematic correspondences that govern its practice.By looking at the four categories of primary source materials and studying the history of medical exchange along the Silk Road,we can determine how and where this information is used in Chinese Medicine.The Materia Medica(ben cao本草)texts are the first source of information for this study that will explore multiple sources to better understand the development of Chinese Medicine in relation to the rest of the world.

Survey of dose-effect relationship in Chinese materia medica

The research on the dose-effect relationship in Chinese materia medica is delayed due to the complexity of its composition, multi-efficacy, multi-targeting and other factors. Many experts put forward relevant research ideas and methods and worked out more and more research results in literature, experimental and clinical categories because of the progress of statistical methods and scientific and technological means in recent years. In this paper, these results were preliminarily combed to show the basic situation of dose-effect relationship research in Chinese materia medica.

Production of Chinese Medicinal Herbs in North America:Challenge and Reconciliation

As the practice of traditional Chinese medicine developed in the United States since the 1970s,evidence has accumulated suggesting that an undetermined number of the herbs of the Chinese Materia Medica could be produced in North America.While some attempts have been made to establish production,growers are inhibited by lack of access to capital and technical support.The evidence in support of US domestic production–including(1)historical,(2)sociological,(3)ecological,and(4)agronomic factors–is reviewed.Economic obstacles to this type of production are described,as directly experienced by the farmers,Chinese herbal medicine practitioners,and organizers involved.When analyzed in reference to current trends,however,these economic obstacles appear,at least potentially,as temporary.Because popular demand supported the rise of traditional Chinese medicine practice and the growth of organic food production,these social movements could expand and promote conditions that favor domestic production of Chinese herbs.

Analysis of the Application of“Jing(精)”in Ben Cao Gang Mu(《本草纲自〉Compendium of Materia Medica)

Taking the Ben Cao Gang Mu(《本草纲目》Compendium of Materia Medica)(Jinling edition金陵本)as the research object and“Jing”as the search term,this article summarizes the quantity of medicinals containing“Jing”in Ben Cao Gang Mu,analyzes the connotation and application of“Jing”in traditional Chinese medicine,and finds that the application of“Jing”in medicine does not deviate from the original meaning of“Jing,”but endows it with the concepts of medicine and pharmacy,and expands the application scope of“Jing.”This study is helpful to understand and use spermicide more reasonably.

Characterization and Comparison Analysis of WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants and Iso Standards of Chinese Materia Medica

Medicinal plants or Chinese materia medica(CMM)are now attracting worldwide attention as they have increasingly prominent advantages over chemical drugs in disease treatment and healthcare.Since the 1990s,World Health Organization(WHO)and International Organization for Standardization established the Technical Committee of Traditional Chinese Medicine(ISO/TC 249)have carried out the development of quality standards on medicinal plants or CMMs respectively,and a considerable number of monographs and international standards have been published.Since the two international organizations adhere to different principles,the standards they develop naturally have different emphasis.Driven by market demand and international trade,ISO mainly takes quality,efficacy and safety into consideration when developing standards,while WHO pays more attention to clinical practice,quality control and medication guidance.Up to now,there is a lack of comparative analysis on the records,background,principles,basic content,and main requirements of quality standards on medicinal plants or CMMs respectively published by WHO and ISO.Therefore,based on international standards of CMM developed by ISO/TC 249 platform and WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants,this paper systematically compares the purposes,selected principles,standard-developing process,basic content,and main quality requirements to summarize their similarities and differences,and find their merits,aiming to serve as a reference to the development of international standards for CMMs that helps them go global.

Discovery of the relationship between bitter taste and bitter flavor (efficacy) based on hTAS2Rs

Objective:To explore the relationship between bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy),their character-istics were analyzed at the target and pharmacodynamic points.Methods:Compounds with bitter receptor activity were obtained by high-throughput screening models of the human bitter taste receptors(hTAS2Rs),which were used to analyze bitter taste.The efficacy of anti-asthma medications was used as an example to research bitter flavor(efficacy).The pharmacological effects of bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)were classified according to the functional modules.The coverage for the same targets or pharmacological effects in the overall protein interaction network(PIN)of bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)was analyzed to reveal their relationship.The effect of the compound polydatin with anti-asthma activation on hTAS2R14 was studied to verify the reliability of the aforementioned idea.Results:A total of 121 Chinese materia medica(CMM)compounds that activate hTAS2R10,hTAS2R14,and hTAS2R49 were obtained.The analysis results indicated that 108 same targets for bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)were obtained,accounting for 13.9%in the PIN of bitter taste and 72.5%in the PIN of bitter flavor(efficacy).The pharmacological effects shared by bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)accounted for 79%of the PIN of bitter taste and 81%of the PIN of bitter flavor(efficacy).The activating effect of the anti-asthma compound polydatin on hTAS2R14 was dose-dependent with EC 50 of 4.3 m M.Conclusion:In this study,the relationship between bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)has been demonstrated from the target and pharmacodynamic points,which are based on hTAS2Rs and anti-asthma effect.Bitter taste and bitter flavor(efficacy)exhibited a high correlation.This study provides a theoretical and scientific basis for the hypothesis that“the property theory of CMM is the clinical pharmacodynamics of CMM.”

The Silk Road and Sources of Chinese Medicine Expansion:Part 2-Formularies

Medicines have been traded along the Silk Road from antiquity until modern times.These products and their associated knowledge have been transferred over the land and sea between Asia,Europe,and Africa.Numerous texts that contain formulas and treatments passed along the Silk Road.Collections of these formulas and treatment methods called formularies contain unique information that informs this transfer of medicine.The texts and information flowed in both directions along these routes and while Chinese medicine influenced foreign medical practices both in history,and today,the incorporation of non-Chinese medicine and information also continues to influence Chinese medicine.

中药复方干预肥胖型多囊卵巢综合征糖脂代谢异常的Meta分析

目的:通过文献研究阐述中药干预肥胖型多囊卵巢综合征(polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS)患者代谢异常的有效性及安全性。方法:计算机检索国内外主流医药数据库中关于中医、中西医结合对比单纯西药治疗PCOS的随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT)。参照Cochrane系统评价手册对全文的设计方案进行质量评价,采用RevMan 5.4软件进行Meta分析。结果:纳入22项RCT进行Meta分析,中药或中西药联合治疗不仅在提升排卵率这一主要研究指标上优于单纯西药治疗(P<0.05),还在改善胰岛素抵抗指数(homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance,HOMA-IR)、空腹胰岛素(fasting insulin,FINS)、体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、三酰甘油(triglyceride,TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoprotein,LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(high density lipoprotein,HDL)等方面优于单纯西药治疗(均P<0.05),但在调节空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)和腰臀比(waist-to-hip ratio,WHR)方面与西药治疗差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论:中药或中西药联合干预肥胖型PCOS糖脂代谢异常,具有多途径、多靶点调控作用,无严重不良反应,优于单纯西药治疗。

基于中医理法方药融合的中药学课程教学实践与评价

依据首都医科大学中医学及中药学专业培养目标及中药学课程目标,紧密联系前期基础知识及后期临床实践,整合中药学课程内容,结合基于问题的教学方法病案讨论实践,处方训练及课后经典本草学习等教学方法开展中医理法方药融合的中药学教学实践,基于“有效教学”理念以课堂评价说明教学改革效果。结果提示理法方药融合的中药学课程改革有助于提高学生的自主学习能力、课堂主动参与积极性和思考深入程度及对知识的应用能力,为后期方剂学及其他课程的学习奠定了良好的基础。

以本草经典诵读加强中药学专业传承教育的实践

本草是我国传统药学知识的统称,蕴含着我国古代药学的独特理论,以及源于实践的行之有效的治病经验和诸多原创性思维。我国历代保留了大量本草经典文献,抓住了本草经典,也就抓住了传承传统药学知识与技术的重要载体。开展“本草经典诵读”,有利于培养学生的中医药思维,完善学生的知识结构,解决目前中药学专业传承教育弱化的现实问题,提升中药学专业本科人才培养质量。

认知术语学视角下中药材命名研究——以《海药本草》为例

为揭示中药材命名背后的认知机制,促进其翻译的规范化,通过对《海药本草》收录的131种药材命名方式进行分类和量化统计,发现其中86种药材主要基于入药部位、形状、音译、传说、功效、生长环境、生长特性、颜色、产地等单一特征命名,另45种药材则整合“音译+气味”“产地+气味”“形状+气味”等两个或多个特征命名。文章认为药材无论是基于单一特征命名还是整合多个特征命名,都是用突显、易辨认、易感知的部分特征来代替整体,反映了概念转喻在药材命名中的重要作用。当单个特征不足以界定药材时,人们会无意识地整合多个特征来命名,体现出概念整合在中药材命名中的普遍性。此外,人们往往借助所熟知的事物与药材在形状或功效上的相似性来命名,体现了概念隐喻在中草药命名中的作用。入药部位、形状、药效、气味、产地等与药材的功效和辨认密不可分,因此会被突显出来用以命名。《海药本草》以收录海外药为主,在命名中直接音译最为省力,这使得音译命名方式占据比例也较高。

肌萎缩侧索硬化症个案处方用药规律挖掘

目的为中医临床治疗肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)提供参考。方法计算机检索中国知网中以中药治疗ALS的个案文献,检索时限为自建库起至2022年11月。采用Excel软件统计复方中组方药物的使用频次(率)、四气(性)、五味、归经、功效,并导入中医传承计算平台(V 3.0)进行数据挖掘。结果共纳入个案文献110篇,涉及中药组方139个、中药218味,累计使用频次1946次。常用药物(使用频率>10%)45味,性味归经分别以温性(47.35%)、甘味(42.45%)、归脾经(20.29%)为主,药物功效以补虚类(41.37%)为主。中药组合98个,涉及中药24味,其中以黄芪、白术、党参组合(33次)最常见,药对以黄芪-山药、黄芪-熟地黄最常见(均使用32次);聚类分析提取核心药物组合5类。结论ALS个案用药处方以补虚类中药为核心,分补气、补血、补阳、补肝肾,配以升阳、温里、行气等药味。处方组合以气血双补、阴阳双补、清热化痰和益气活血为主要功效。

基于网络药理学和分子对接探讨清热类中药作用机制

目的运用网络药理学和分子对接探讨清热药作用机制。方法检索TCMSP、TCMID、NPASS数据库获取5类清热中药活性成分,检索DrugBank、NPASS数据库收集对应靶点,使用UniProt数据库规范靶点名称。使用STRING数据库构建交集靶点蛋白相互作用网络,采用Cytoscape3.9.1软件筛选核心靶点。使用在线软件DAVID进行GO功能、KEGG通路及疾病富集分析,使用Metascape数据库分析特有靶点。使用Discovery Studio 4.5.0软件对清热药共有成分与核心靶点进行分子对接。结果获得清热泻火药活性成分297个、清热燥湿药活性成分609个、清热解毒药活性成分1196个、清热凉血药活性成分224个、清虚热药活性成分为389个,对应靶点分别为117、241、402、87和260个;获得共有活性成分7个,对应靶点196个。GO功能、KEGG通路及疾病富集分析显示,清热药可能通过调节外源代谢过程、单碳代谢过程中的代谢途径对乳腺癌和肿瘤发挥治疗作用。分子对接结果表明,清热药发挥抗肿瘤、抗乳腺癌的核心化学成分可能为棕榈酸、槲皮素、亚油酸。结论清热类中药可通过多途径发挥治疗作用,其中,清热泻火药、清热燥湿药、清热解毒药的生物过程及信号通路较为相似,均可通过调节外源代谢过程、单碳代谢过程、葡萄糖醛酸基转移酶活性的负调控、细胞葡萄糖醛酸化的负调控、雌激素代谢过程、细胞葡萄糖醛酸化中的新陈代谢类信号通路发挥治疗乳腺癌的作用。

胡荽法象药理、名称源流及临床应用文献研究

胡荽的药象特点突出,在“象-性”与“象-效”方面的关联性较大,其形态特征、生长习性等药象特点,形成了其特殊的药理作用。胡荽播种于夏月“热浮长”之时,得以“秉阳热而速生”,又于早春“风升生”时节采收,得春月温煦升发之气,共成其辛温香窜之性效,是其用于治疗风寒束表致无汗、小便不利的法象药理。现代临床依托药理学手段对胡荽进行了全新赋能,通过对胡荽挥发油成分的提取与分析,发现了其抗氧化、抗铝沉积、抗焦虑、抗肿瘤、利尿、抗菌抗炎、促进毛发生长以及促进排卵等全新功效,这些新功效的发现,正是基于中医象思维,对胡荽进行“象性合参”的意义所在。

基于《证类本草》的鲜药应用特点研究

目的:通过统计与分析《重修政和经史证类备用本草》(简称《证类本草》)中可鲜用中药及应用特点,为鲜药的临床应用与开发提供参考。方法:对《证类本草》收录的中药进行筛选,并将纳入的鲜药相关信息输入Excel表格,进行统计分析。结果:《证类本草》中发现鲜药种类总计296种,其中鲜植物药234种(79.05%),鲜动物药62种(20.95%);鲜药药性以寒凉为主,植物药药味以甘、苦、辛为主,动物药药味以甘、咸、苦为主,无毒鲜药最多,有191种(82.33%);在用法中,外用最多337次(53.32%);在主治疾病上,记载最多的是外科疾病201次(30.04%)。结论:《证类本草》中明确记载了多种动植物药的临床鲜用方法,但目前鲜药的应用十分有限,有待进一步加强鲜药资源开发与相关实验验证。

苎麻根本草考证

通过查阅历代本草古籍、中医方剂相关记载,并结合现代《中华本草》《中药志》《中药大辞典》进行系统考证。结果发现苎麻根以“苎根”为名,首载于《名医别录》;原植物苎麻全国各地均有出产,古以“山苎”混用之;性味归经为“甘,寒。归心、肝、肾、膀胱经”;功效为清热,安胎,凉血,止血,解毒,主要治疗胎动不安,胎漏下血,消渴,湿热淋证、血热妄行所致出血证,外治痈肿疮毒等。古代苎麻根所治疾病较多,有混淆品山苎,现已区分,但苎麻叶与苎麻根依然存在混用。通过研究大量本草文献,对苎麻根的名称、产地、基原、药性、功用进行了梳理和考证,探究了苎麻根药物历史演变过程,为中药苎麻根正本清源和进一步开发利用提供了理论依据。

基于官修方书探讨宋代香佩疗法特点

宋代为方剂学和香文化皆蓬勃发展的重要历史时期,香佩疗法在当时富有鲜明的时代特色。梳理宋代三大官修方书中的香佩方剂发现,宋时香佩疗法用药多样,除了常用矿物药和骨类药之外,本土香药与外来香药皆有大量使用;用法灵活,有膏、丹、丸、散等多种剂型,可佩戴于头、手、颈、胸等身体各部位,但总体以丸剂佩于上肢者为多;用途广泛,以辟疫驱邪治疗传染性疾病为主,内外妇儿各科杂症也有涉及,为后世香佩疗法的发展打下了良好的基础。

旧学新知:《本草正》中药之“毒”的知识来源研究

《本草正》是明末审视中药之“毒”的重要本草著作,考虑到《本草纲目》是明以前本草药物知识的集大成者,对二者文本结构与论述细节进行对比后,确认两书在知识书写上确有渊源,进而探讨其背后的医学理论,发现该书关于“毒”与气味关系的讨论应另有来源。因此将“毒”与气味的关系作为《本草正》中药之“毒”衍异知识的核心进行考察,得出与金元医学及其后续医家的相关理论存有密切联系,也采录自当时流行之医疗观念,且寒凉时弊的盛行也推动了其衍异知识的形成。这些揭示出《本草正》所含中药之“毒”知识的丰富性与先进性,显示了其与明末现实医疗需求相适应的倾向。

藁本基原与辽藁本道地药材本草考证

文章通过查阅古代本草文献、地方志、期刊文献等,收集相关资料并归纳总结,从中药的名称、基原植物、功效等方面对藁本进行本草考证,探究辽藁本的道地产区及其历史变迁,挖掘辽藁本的道地性。在考证过程中发现,《植物名实图考》对于藁本产地的记载“今山东别有藁本”与其他本草著作均不相同,通过本草考证确定中药藁本的基原植物为伞形科藁本属植物藁本Ligusticum sinense Oliv.、辽藁本Ligusticum jeholense Nakai et Kitag.。古时辽藁本的道地产区为当今山西省太原市、武宁县等地,近代其道地产区变迁至辽宁省境内。