Speciation and thermal transformation of sulfur forms in high-sulfur coal and its utilization in coal-blending coking process:A review

The utilization of high-sulfur coal is becoming more urgent due to the excessive utilization of low-sulfur,high-quality coal resources,and sulfur removal from high-sulfur coal is the most important issue.This paper reviews the speciation,forms and distribution of sulfur in coal,the sulfur removal from raw coal,the thermal transformation of sulfur during coal pyrolysis,and the sulfur regulation during coal-blending coking of high organic-sulfur coals.It was suggested that the proper characterization of sulfur in coal cannot be obtained only by either chemical method or instrumental characterization,which raises the need of a combination of current or newly adopted characterization methods.Different from the removal of inorganic sulfur from coal,the organic sulfur can only be partly removed by chemical technologies;and the coal structure and property,particularly high-sulfur coking coals which have caking ability,may be altered and affected by the pretreatment processes.Based on the interactions among the sulfur radicals,sulfur-containing and hydrogen-containing fragments during coal pyrolysis and the reactions with minerals or nascent char,regulating the sulfur transformation behavior in the process of thermal conversion is the most effective way to utilize high organic-sulfur coals in the coke-making industry.An in-situ regulation approach of sulfur transformation during coal-blending coking has been suggested.That is,the high volatile coals with an appropriate releasing temperature range of CH4 overlapping well with that of H2 S from high organic-sulfur coals is blended with high organic-sulfur coals,and the C–S/C–C bonds in some sulfur forms are catalytically broken and immediately hydrogenated by the hydrogencontaining radicals generated from high volatile coals.Wherein,the effect of mass transfer on sulfur regulation during the coking process should be considered for the larger-scale coking tests through optimizing the ratios of different coals in the coal blend.

Prediction of the position of coal particles in an air dense medium fluidized bed system

An air dense medium fluidized bed separator(ADMFBS) is used for dry beneficiation of coal using ultrafine magnetite particles as a pseudo-fluid medium. In this process, the coal particle gains additional weight due to coating on its surface and deposition at dead zone area by fine magnetite particles.Hence, the effective density of coal particle increases and the position of coal particle changes accordingly. In this work, an attempt was made to predict the position of coal particle in non-bubbling condition dense medium fluidized bed system. Coal particles of different shape such as cubical, rectangular prism,spherical and triangular prism with different projected area and density were used. The results show that the position of coal particle in air dense medium fluidized bed follows descending order with respect to the increase of density, projected area of coal particle and different shapes(i.e., triangular prism, cubical,rectangular prism and spherical). Empirical mathematical correlations were developed to predict the position of coal particle.

Quantitative analysis of biotechnical reinforcement for a steep slope consisting of composite coal-gangue-soil medium adjacent to a mined-out area

The engineering and geological characteristics of a steep slope consisting of coal gangue, rock and soil medium in Huating coal mine have been comprehensively investigated. Owing to humid weather, heavy rainfall, vegetation and porous characteristics of the soil and rock mass, the steep slope will be destabilized and induce mud-rock flow or derive hazard easily. Firstly, based on the classical slope reinforcement theory, some regularity between the shear and displacement in the destabilized zone of the slope with or without root strength contribution is presented. Then, based on the experimental and statistical analysis of root strength, hydrological characteristics and stability status, etc., some possible biotechnical techniques for reinforcement of the steep slope have been suggested. These methods are important for quantitative analysis of destabilization of the slope and design of the biotechnical reinforcement.

The idea and project of the “Medium－Scale Experiment Field for Earthquake Prediction”──Research on observations and applications of mining earthquake in Mentougou Coal Mine

A brief account of the development of the research on mining earthquakes and the general situation of the Mentougou Coal Mine medium scale experiment field for earthquake prediction and the project of monitor and prediction is given. The differences of waveforms between mining earthquakes and natural earthquakes is discussed. The magnitude frequency distribution of the 79 000 mining earthquakes of over M L1.0 from 1984 to 1995 is summarized . Finally, taking PH and PV, the principal compressive stress components of the focal mechanism of the mining earthquakes, as the criteria, analyses the stress background of the 12 large mining earthquakes.

DRY CLEANING OF COAL WITH AIR DENSE MEDIUM FLUIDIZED BED

This paper deals with the experimental study of dry cleaning of coal with air dense medium fluidized bed. This technique opens up an efficient way of coal separation for vast areas in the country where water resources are in short supply or coals tend to slime seriously in wet process. Tests show that it can separate any kind of coal (6--50mm) efficiently. The probable error E, can reach 0.05--0.08. The separating density can be adjusted in the range of 1.0--2.0 g/cm^3. This technique brings about enormous economic benifits.

Research on Permeability of Multiphase Medium of Middle to High-Rank Coals

The permeability of coal of middle to high ranks were tested using He,CH 4 and H 2O in single phase medium and using CH 4 and H 2O in double phase medium. The relation between adsorption and permeability of those media was discussed, and the seepage flow characteristics of methane-water medium in coals were analyzed. The result shows that the coalbed methane resource of high-rank coal reservoirs in China is still recoverable.

The Forming-Mechanism and Role of Creativity Thinking in Dry Coal Beneficiation of Coal with Air-Dense Medium Fluidized Bed

In this paper, the authors point out that the Creativity is an inevitable request in solving engineering and technological problems and that the coal beneficiation technology with air dense medium fluidized bed is a result of reversal thinking, and its forming mechanism is the use of other things for reference and the transplantation.

Analysis and Design Innovation on Underground Gasifier for Medium-Deep Coal Seam

Over the past 80 years,dozens of underground coal gasification(UCG)mine field tests have been carried out around the world.However,in the early days,only a small number of shallow UCG projects in the former Soviet Union achieved commercialised production.In this century,a few pilot projects in Australia also achieved short-term small-scale commercialised production using modern UCG technology.However,the commercialisation of UCG,especially medium-deep UCG projects with good development prospects but difficult underground engineering conditions,has not progressed smoothly around the world.Considering investment economy,a single gasifier must realise a high daily output and accumulated output,as well as hold a long gasification tunnel to control a large number of coal resources.However,a long gasification tunnel can easily be affected by blockages and failure,for which the remedial solutions are difficult and expensive,which greatly restricts the investment economy.The design of the underground gasifier determines the success or failure of UCG projects,and it also requires the related petroleum engineering technology.Combining the advantages of the linear horizontal well(L-CRIP)and parallel horizontal well(P-CRIP),this paper proposes a new design scheme for an“inclined ladder”underground gasifier.That is to say,the combination of the main shaft of paired P-CRIP and multiple branch horizontal well gasification tunnels is adopted to realise the control of a large number of coal resources in a single gasifier.The completion of the main shaft by well cementation is beneficial for maintaining the integrity of the main shaft and the stability of the main structure.The branch horizontal well is used as the gasification tunnel,but the length and number of retracting injection points are limited,effectively reducing the probability of blockage or failure.The branch horizontal well spacing can be adjusted flexibly to avoid minor faults and large cracks,which is conducive to increasing the resource utilisation rate.In addition,for multi-layer thin coal seams or ultra-thick coal seams,a multi-layer gasifier sharing vertical well sections can be deployed,thereby saving investment on the vertical well sections.Through preliminary analysis,this gasifier design scheme can be realised in engineering,making it suitable for largescale deployment where it can increase the resource utilisation rate and ensure stable and controllable operations.The new gasifier has outstanding advantages in investment economy,and good prospects for application in the commercial UCG projects of medium-deep coal seams.

Spectral narratives of microstructural restyling and their controls on hydrocarbon generation potential from coal

The low to medium-rank Tertiary coals from Meghalaya,India,are explored for the first time for their comprehensive micro-structural characterization using the FTIR and Raman spectroscopy.Further,results from these coals are compared with the Permian medium and high-rank coals to understand the microstructural restyling during coalification and its controls on hydrocarbon generation.The coal samples are grouped based on the mean random vitrinite reflectance values to record the transformations in spectral attributes with increasing coal rank.The aliphatic carbon and the apparent aromaticity respond sharply to the first coalification jump(R:0.50%)during low to medium-rank transition and anchizonal metamorphism of the high-rank coals.Moreover,the Raman band intensity ratio changes during the first coalification jump but remains invari-able in the medium-rank coals and turns subtle again during the onset of pregraphitization in high-rank coals,revealing a polynomial trend with the coal metamorphism.The Rock-Eval hydrogen index and genetic potential also decline sharply at the first coalification jump.Besides,an attempt to comprehend the coal microstructural controls on the hydrocarbon poten-tial reveals that the Tertiary coals comprise highly reactive aliphatic functionalities in the type I-S kerogen,along with the low paleotemperature(74.59-112.28℃)may signify their potential to generate early-mature hydrocarbons.However,the presence of type II-II admixed kerogen,a lesser abundance of reactive moieties,and overall moderate paleotemperature(91.93-142.52℃)of the Permian medium-rank coals may imply their mixed hydrocarbon potential.Meanwhile,anchizonal metamorphism,polycondensed aromatic microstructure,and high values of paleotemperature(~334.25 to~366.79℃)of the high-rank coals indicate a negligible potential of producing any hydrocarbons.

鄂尔多斯盆地石炭系本溪组煤岩气地质特征与勘探突破

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地石炭系本溪组煤岩分布、煤岩储层特征、煤质特征、煤岩气特征以及煤岩气资源和富集规律等方面开展系统研究,评价其勘探潜力。研究表明:①煤岩气是有别于煤层气的优质天然气资源,在埋深、气源、储层、含气性、碳同位素组成等方面具有独特特征;②本溪组煤岩分布面积达16×10^(4)km^(2),厚度2~25m,以原生结构的光亮和半亮煤为主,挥发分和灰分含量低,煤质好;③中高阶煤岩TOC值为33.49%~86.11%,平均值为75.16%,演化程度高(Ro为1.2%~2.8%),生气能力强,气体稳定碳同位素值高(δ^(13)C_(1)值为-37.6‰~-16.0‰,δ^(13)C_(2)值为-21.7‰~-14.3‰);④深层煤岩发育气孔、有机质孔和无机矿物孔等基质孔隙,与割理、裂缝共同构成良好储集空间,储层孔隙度为0.54%~10.67%,平均值为5.42%,渗透率为(0.001~14.600)×10^(-3)μm^(2),平均值为2.32×10^(-3)μm^(2);⑤纵向上发育5种煤岩气聚散组合,其中煤岩-泥岩聚气组合与煤岩-灰岩聚气组合最为重要,封闭条件好,录井全烃气测峰值高;⑥构建了广覆式分布的中高阶煤岩持续生气、煤岩基质孔和割理裂缝规模储集、源-储一体赋存、致密岩盖层密闭封堵的煤岩气富集模式,存在煤岩侧向尖灭体、透镜体、低幅度构造、鼻状构造和岩性自封闭5种高效聚气类型。⑦依据煤岩气地质特征评价划分出8个区带,估算埋深超过2000m的煤岩气资源量超过12.33×10^(12)m^(3)。上述认识指导风险勘探部署,两口井实施后分别获得工业气流,推动进一步部署预探井和评价井,获得规模突破,提交超万亿方预测储量和超千亿方探明储量,对中国天然气效益增储和高效开发具有重大意义。

重介分选密度智能控制系统在济二煤矿选煤厂的应用

阐述了济宁二号煤矿选煤厂针对重介分选密度控制问题,以数字化建设为基础,依托人工智能技术进行了智能化建设的探索。基于完善的生产传感器,采集原煤灰分、入洗煤量、磁性物含量、精煤灰分等生产数据入库保存,作为智能控制系统的数据基础。基于盘古大模型和优化求解技术构建重介分选密度设定值的智能推荐系统,并将推荐的分选密度自动下发到PLC系统执行,形成完整的生产闭环。生产实践表明,该系统控制得到的精煤产品灰分稳定性更高,精煤理论产率相比人工控制提升0.334%。

气体水合物合成研究进展

水合物法捕集与封存CO_(2)气体可服务于大规模减排的技术需求,加速“碳中和”目标的实现,对应对气候变化具有重要意义。从气体水合物的基本性质、生成机理及模型,多孔介质中水合物合成,水合物合成的分子动力学模拟等方面,综述了前人针对水合物合成领域的研究现状,提出了气体水合物合成过程中存在的科学问题,并对气体水合物的发展及煤系地层CO_(2)水合物的封存方向进行了评价。研究认为,CO_(2)气体的溶解度是限制准确计算多孔介质中水合物储气量的关键因素;气体水合物的局部结构化(成核)机制复杂,仍需深入研究;高纬度及永久冻土区煤系地层可作为水合物法封存CO_(2)气体的地下空间。

德钢4号高炉烟气自循环制粉系统设计

对四川德胜集团钒钛有限公司应用不带脱水装置的烟气自循环制粉工艺进行了介绍和总结,该制粉工艺的烟气炉采用全烧高炉煤气、中速磨煤机制粉、一级大布袋收粉,磨制的烟煤挥发分为25%,在稳定生产期间系统末端氧含量控制在12%以内,粉尘排放浓度<10 mg/Nm^(3)。生产实践表明:不带脱水装置全烧高炉煤气的烟气自循环制粉工艺安全可靠,满足生产要求。

中深部孤岛工作面窄煤柱沿空掘巷支护技术研究

孤岛工作面沿空掘巷存在围岩变形严重、控制难度大、成本高的问题。以某矿5103回风顺槽为研究对象,运用多种设计方法,综合确定护巷煤柱最佳宽度为6 m;提出顶板围岩浅部基础层、中部承载层和深部强化层多圈层高效支护技术,以长锚杆+柔性锚杆+长锚索为主形成多圈层承载结构。通过在5103回风顺槽进行工业试验表明,巷道围岩变形得到有效控制,取得良好的安全、经济效益,可为相似条件下孤岛工作面的开采提供借鉴。

稀缺主焦煤高效重介分选工艺在吕家坨矿选煤厂的应用

针对吕家坨矿选煤厂原生产工艺存在的问题,分析了入选原煤煤质特性,采用超宽粒级原煤三产品重介质旋流器选煤工艺、新型煤泥重介质旋流器选煤技术-反分流分选工艺、粗精煤泥两段弧形筛组合脱泥回收技术进行技术改造。改造后工艺系统指标检测结果表明,改造可提高综合精煤产率1.78%,增加税前利润10573.2万元。

分离器转速对中速磨煤机风粉分配的影响

针对磨煤机内部流场复杂且不均匀的问题,通过建立完整的中速磨煤机模型,采用CFD软件求解磨煤机内部流动方程,利用DPM迭代获取颗粒流动参数,探究了不同动态分离器转速下中速磨煤机内部流动情况和出口风粉分配特性。研究结果表明:一次风在磨煤机出口4根出粉管处分配特性较好且与试验结果相吻合;煤粉粒径较小时,4根出粉管的煤粉质量流量偏差较小,且随动态分离器转速提高变化不明显;随着粒径的增加,煤粉颗粒运动轨迹呈现为贴壁运动,4根出粉管的煤粉质量流量偏差逐渐增大;同时对于大粒径煤粉颗粒,随着动态分离器转速提高,4根出粉管煤粉质量流量偏差逐渐降低。

Comprehensive study on the spatial distribution of heavy metals and their environmental risks in high-sulfur coal gangue dumps in China

The accumulation of coal gangue(CG)from coal mining is an important source of heavy metals(HMs)in soil.Its spatial distribution and environment risk assessment are extremely important for the management and remediation of HMs.Eighty soil samples were collected from the high-sulfur CG site in northern China and analyzed for six HMs.The results showed that the soil was heavily contaminated by Mn,Cr and Ni based on the Nemerow index,and posed seriously ecological risk depended on the geo-accumulation index,potential ecological risk index and risk assessment code.The semi-variogram model and ordinary kriging interpolation accurately portrayed the spatial distribution of HMs.Fe,Mn,and Cr were distributed by band diffusion,Ni was distributed by core,the distribution of Cu had obvious patchiness and Zn was more uniform.The spatial autocorrelation indicated that all HMs had strong spatial heterogeneity.The BCR sequential extraction was employed to qualify the geochemical fractions of HMs.The data indicated that Fe and Cr were dominated by residual fraction;Cu,Ni and Zn were dominated by reducible and oxidizable fractions;Mn was dominated by reducible and acid-extractable(25.38%-44.67%)fractions.Pearson correlation analysis showed that pH was the main control factor affecting the non-residue fractions of HMs.Therefore,acid production from high sulfur CG reduced soil pH by 2-3,which indirectly promoted the activity of HMs.Finally,the conceptual model of HMs contamination at the CG site was proposed,which can be useful for the development of ecological remediation strategies.

汪家寨煤矿选煤厂介耗系统工艺技术改造与应用

针对汪家寨煤矿选煤厂介耗较高的问题,从煤质、磁铁矿粉质量、循环水质量和设备等方面分析产生问题的原因,进而采取介质质量管理、循环水水质管理、技术改造和生产管理等措施,解决关键技术问题,并持续改进,不仅介耗明显降低、重介分选系统运行良好,而且取得了节约成本、提高经济效益的效果。

松散煤体准多孔介质声速煤−温映射关系模型

采空区等隐蔽空间煤温的精准判识一直是亟待解决的世界性难题,研究声学测温技术对精准探测松散煤体温度具有重要的实际意义,而声速与煤温之间映射关系的科学准确构建是声学法测煤温的关键。为此,考虑松散煤体自燃进程特征参数对声波传播的影响,建立了松散煤体准多孔介质的声速-煤温映射关系模型;设计搭建了松散煤体声学测温实验系统,通过开展多种粒径(0.6~1.5、1~3、3~5 cm)松散煤体的声波测温试验,研究了不同粒径煤样低温氧化阶段(30~50℃)所产生的气体组分、体积分数对声传播的影响规律,确定了等效路径转换因子λ;基于实测声速与等效路径转换因子间的关系,提出并确定了气体组分介质修正系数φ,验证了声速-煤温映射关系模型的可行性。结果表明:松散煤体声波传播路径受煤体粒径、温度及气体组分介质变化量等特征参数的影响,构建出声速-煤温映射关系模型;常温下声波在松散煤体准多孔介质中的传播路径主要受煤样颗粒间孔隙的影响,在煤样粒径为0.6~1.5、1~3、3~5 cm中的声波传输等效路径转换因子λ分别为1.426 1、1.371 1、1.315 2,与粒径呈负相关关系;煤温对声波传播的影响表现为煤自燃进程中气体组分介质变化对实测声速结果的改变,验证了声速与煤温之间映射关系的可行性;模型反演的煤温与实验煤温间误差率在0~6.46%内,平均煤温误差2.52℃,能够很好地反映煤体温度。

基于粉管动压和煤粉分配的热态条件下中速磨煤机入口风量标定试验方法

针对中速磨煤机输运介质特点及入口管路、空间等限制,冷态纯空气条件下的测试方法无法保证磨煤机入口风量标定测试及时性的问题,热态运行工况下,选取流场稳定的磨煤机出口管道,采用等截面网格法测试各粉管动压和煤粉分配特性,并用循环迭代法获取风粉混合物流速,最终以实测的磨煤机出口风粉混合物流量与煤量、设计密封风量的差值对磨煤机入口风量进行标定。试验结果表明,在相同的实测原始数据基础上,采用上述方法获取的磨煤机入口流量更接近真实值,准确性较采用冷态纯空气条件下的计算结果提升约15百分点。该方法测试简单,实操性强,可有效提升中速磨煤机入口风量标定结果的准确性和及时性,同时,对相似工业环境中含粉气流流量的测试也有一定的指导作用。