Ratcheting led surface failure of medium carbon bainitic steel under mild operation conditions

The behavior of rolling contact fatigue (RCF) of medium carbon bainitic back-up roll steel was investigated under its actual work conditions. A kind of asperity-scale surface originated cracks, which is lying parallel or at an acute angle to the surfaces, initiated after unidirectional plastic flow of the material in thin surface layer had occurred. Theoretical analysis indicates that they nucleate due to plastic ratcheting induced by asperity contact stresses, and consequently are named as ratcheting cracks. After nucleating and initially propagating, they arrest at some depth and resume propagating till about 70%-80% of the RCF failure life by initially turning parallel to contact surfaces. Their behavior of initiation and propagation is confined to a thin layer prior to the formation of surface distress. According to the critical principle of the preventive grinding strategy, removing the asperity influenced surface layer at about 70%-80% of the RCF failure life can effectively prevent the ratcheting cracks from developing into surface distress, which can lead to the formation of macro-RCF failure soon.

PHASE TRANSFORMATION UNIT OF BAINITIC FERRITE AND ITS SURFACE RELIEF IN LOW AND MEDIUM CARBON ALLOY STEELS

The lath-or plate-shaped bainitic ferrite of low and medium carbon alloy steels consists of packets of ferrite sublaths which are composed of many finer and regular ferrite blocks.They are uniform shear growth units of bainitic phase transformation.No carbide is precipitated from them.The bainitic O-carbides are precipitated from γ-α interface or carbon-rich austenite.The mode of arrangement of the units in ferrite sublath packet is in uni-or bi-di- rection.Single surface relief is produced by the accumulation of uniform shear strains with all the ferrite units arranged unidirectionally in a sublath packet,while tent-shaped surface relief is formed by the integration of the uniform shear strains of two groups with ferrite units piling up in two directions and growing face to face;whereas if they grow back to back,the integra- tion will be responsible for invert-tent-shaped surface relief.The interface trace between two groups of ferrite units in a sublath packet is shown as“midrib”.

Multiphase microstructure formation and its effect on fracture behavior of medium carbon high silicon high strength steel

This work investigated the evolution of multiphase microstructure and impact fracture behavior of medium carbon high silicon high strength steel subjected to the austempering treatment at 240,360,and400℃.The results show that martensite,bainite,and retained austenite(RA)are the main microstructural phases.The austempering treatments at 360 and 400℃ caused the formation of carbon-poor ferrite in the matrix,and the transformation of ultrafine bainite into coarse lath bainite and granular bainite,respectively.Thick filmy RA was distributed between bainite laths.The polygonal martensiteaustenite islands and blocky RA formed along the grain boundaries.The average carbon concentration in the matrix decreased with the temperature increase,while the impact toughness initially increased and then dropped with temperature.The quasi-cleavage brittle fracture dominated the impact fracture mechanism of the sample austempered at 240℃ by forming tearing surfaces and tearing steps.The microcracks disappeared in the RA on the prior austenite grain boundaries.On the other side,the fracture surface of the sample austempered at 360℃ exhibited ductile fracture with deep dimples and brittle fracture with cleavage river patterns.The polygonal martensite-austenite islands or blocky RA constrained the microcracks.After austempered at 400℃,the brittle fracture was dominant,showing river patterns,and the microcracks propagated through the granular bainite without any resistance.

Influence of Cr, Mn and Mo Addition on Structure and Properties of V Microalloyed Medium Carbon Steels

The effect of austenitizing temperature and Cr, Mo and Mn addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of V microalloyed medium carbon steel has been studied by means of metallography and mechanical testing. The addition of Cr, Mn and Mo leads to a decrease in yield strength （YS） by approximate 100 MPa in comparison to the base steel. It is assumed that Mn and Mo increase hardenability by promoting the formation of bainitic sheaves （BS）, i.e. by suppressing the formation of ferrite-pearlite and acicular ferrite （FP-AF）. Cr at the level used in this work is not that effective. Presence and packet size of bainitic sheaves decrease the Charpy V-notch impact energy at 20 ℃ （CVN20） in comparison to ferrite-pearlite and acicular ferrite microstructures.

不同碳含量对中碳低合金钢分级等温淬火组织与性能的影响

以Si、Mn合金钢为对象,研究了不同含碳量对中碳低合金钢分级等温淬火组织和性能的影响,分析贝氏体、马氏体含量与实验钢性能的关系。结果表明,增加含碳量,实验钢中下贝氏体含量下降,马氏体含量增加,实验钢硬度增加,冲击韧度降低;在中碳低合金钢中降低下贝氏体含量或增加马氏体含量可以提高材料硬度,但会引起其冲击韧度的下降。当碳含量在0.48%~0.50%时(下贝氏体含量为30%~40%、马氏体含量为40%~50%),贝/马复相组织强韧性匹配较好,材料具有优异的综合力学性能。

铸造无碳化物贝氏体耐磨钢的研究与应用

介绍了无碳化物贝氏体耐磨铸钢的合金化设计,研究了铸造无碳化物贝氏体耐磨钢热处理的组织和性能。铸造无碳化物耐磨钢正火低温回火热处理组织由贝氏体铁素体和奥氏体组成,属于非典型贝氏体或无碳化物贝氏体或奥氏体-贝氏体复相组织,淬火低温回火热处理组织由马氏体和残余奥氏体组成,属于马氏体-奥氏体复相组织。结果表明:铸造无碳化物贝氏体耐磨钢正火或淬火后低温回火,材料具有高的强度、高的韧性和高的耐磨性,低碳铸造无碳化物贝氏体耐磨钢具有良好的焊接性能。并介绍了铸造无碳化物贝氏体耐磨钢在矿山机械方面的应用。

中碳贝氏体支承辊钢低应力牵引滚动接触下的疲劳短裂纹行为

研究了中碳贝氏体支承辊钢在低应力、水润滑和牵引滚动条件下的接触疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展特征,发现了表面起源的垂直短裂纹和棘齿短裂纹.疲劳104cyc时,垂直短裂纹就在接触表面大量出现,且在萌生后立即进行高速初始扩展,其后绝大多数停止长大;棘齿短裂纹出现较晚.两种短裂纹长大到一定深度时均停止扩展.在疲劳失效寿命的70％-80％时,垂直短裂纹恢复扩展,并随即加速长大.几乎同时,两种短裂纹在亚表层以转折的方式重新扩展.在表面损伤出现之前,两种短裂纹的萌生和扩展行为始终局限在近表面薄层内.

鞍钢超低碳贝氏体钢HQ590DB热轧卷板生产实践

介绍了鞍钢 HQ 5 90 DB超低碳贝氏体钢成分优化、钢质净化及微合金化过程 ,阐明了其在鞍钢 1780热轧机组的控轧控冷工艺制度 ,包括温度制度及压下制度 ,尤其轧后加速冷却制度的优化过程 ,采用控轧控冷工艺实现了晶粒细化及沉淀强化 ,最终获得了极为细小的具有高密度亚结构的贝氏体组织。鞍钢 1780机组首批试轧的超低碳贝氏体钢 HQ5 90

中碳贝氏体钢支承辊的垂直裂纹分析

研究了中碳贝氏体钢支承辊滚动接触疲劳垂直裂纹早期萌生、扩展直至形成深层剥落的全过程,用透射电镜观察了支承辊钢的微观组织,结合其微观组织和力学性能,分析了垂直裂纹萌生机理,发现其形成是由微凸体接触区后边缘的最大拉应力引起的。试验结果表明,降低表面粗糙度可防止垂直裂纹的早期形成。该结果已经应用在支承辊维护实践中,降低了必需的磨削速率,延长了支承辊的有效使用寿命。

抛喷丸清理用低碳铸钢丸ERVIN循环寿命的研究

研究了铸件、锻件及热处理件抛喷丸清理用低碳铸钢丸的化学成分、密度、硬度及金相组织,并用欧文寿命试验机采用100%替代法测定了ERVIN循环寿命。结果表明:低碳铸钢丸的金相组织为无碳贝氏体+低碳马氏体混合组织,含碳量为0.14%,表观密度为7.5g/cm3,硬度46.3HRC,ERVIN寿命为2971次;表明低碳铸钢丸综合力学性能较好,具有较高的寿命,特别适合于铸件、锻件及热处理件的表面抛喷丸清理。

低碳低合金铸钢力学性能的研究

利用Olympus光学显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)及能谱分析(EDAX)探讨了等温淬火工艺对低碳低合金CrMnSi铸钢力学性能的影响,并通过XRD定量分析了相的组成。结果表明,合适的等温淬火工艺,可获得一定数量的贝氏体和残余奥氏体(约6%)的复合组织,冲击断口形貌由解理刻面变为韧窝状,铸造成形无缺口试样(10 mm×10 mm×55 mm)的冲击韧度由αk≤30 J/cm2 增加至αk≥170 J/cm2,硬度HRC≥40,具有较高硬度和冲击韧度的配合。

中碳低合金铸钢贝氏体中脊特征研究

利用光学显微镜、ＳＥＭ、ＴＥＭ研究了中碳低合金铸钢铸态下具有中脊的贝氏体形态和中脊特征，并探讨了带中脊贝氏体的相变机制。研究表明，中脊存在于不同形态的贝氏体中；中脊先于贝氏体铁素体基体形核与长大，是与基体贝氏体衬度不同的单相贝氏体铁素体，类似片状马氏体切变形核与长大，第一片贝氏体中脊可贯穿整个晶粒。

碳含量对Si-Mn-B铸钢显微组织和抗磨性的影响

研究了含1.5%Si-2.5%Mn-0.006%B和少量稀土、镍、铬、钛等合金的Si-Mn-B铸钢经900℃正火的显微组织和在销盘磨损和湿砂橡胶轮磨损条件下的抗磨损性能。钢中碳含量分别为0.17%、0.25%0、.34%、0.47%和0.53%。结果表明,碳含量较低时,主要形成粒状贝氏体,随着碳含量增加,钢的正火组织向针状贝氏体、上贝氏体和下贝氏体过渡,且组织变细。钢的硬度随碳含量增加而增大,冲击韧度随碳含量增加而下降。Si-Mn-B铸钢的耐磨性随碳含量的变化比较复杂。在销盘磨损条件下,使用低硬度玻璃砂磨料时,随着碳含量提高,磨损量减少,耐磨性增加,另外,材料的磨损量随着载荷的增加而增加,使用高硬度碳化硅磨料时,碳含量对磨损量的影响不明显。在湿砂橡胶轮磨损条件下,也呈现碳含量增加,磨损量减少的现象。

贝氏体中脊形貌特征研究

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜较详细地研究了中碳低合金铸钢铸态具有中脊的贝氏体形态和中脊特征 ,探讨了中脊贝氏体的相变机制 ;中脊是与基体贝氏体衬度不同的单相贝氏铁素体 ,类似片状马氏体切变形核、快速长大 ,第一片中脊可贯穿整个晶粒。

成分对中碳低合金钢等温淬火组织与性能的影响

以中碳低合金钢为研究对象,研究了C、Si、Mn含量对中碳低合金钢等温淬火组织和性能的影响。结合彩色金相技术和力学性能测试,探索贝氏体、马氏体含量与性能间的关联性。结果表明：通过改变C、Si、Mn的成分,可获得不同贝氏体和马氏体含量的等温淬火组织。随着C含量的增加,下贝氏体和马氏体含量分别呈降低和增加趋势,而硬度和冲击韧性分别呈增加和降低趋势;随着Si含量的增加,下贝氏体呈降低趋势,马氏体呈波浪式变化,而硬度和冲击韧性均有增加的趋势;随着Mn含量的增加,下贝氏体呈降低趋势,马氏体含量基本无明显变化,而硬度和冲击韧性分别呈增加和降低的趋势。中碳低合金钢中的贝氏体、马氏体含量与性能间具有密切的关联性,下贝氏体体含量的降低和马氏体含量的增加可以提高材料的硬度,但会引起冲击韧性的下降。当C含量为0.5%、Si含量为2.0%、Mn含量为3.0%,即下贝氏体含量为30%左右时,材料具有较好的综合力学性能。

碲在铸钢中的作用

作者对普通中碳钢ZG35和低合金钢25MnV进行了加Te试验,借助扫描电镜等手段进行分析,探索碲对铸钢组织与性能的影响规律,结果发现Te能加大铸钢凝固时的过冷度,使中碳钢中珠光体量增多,片间距减小,25MnV钢中在铸态下出现上贝氏体组织。碲能细化晶粒,遏制魏氏铁素体的生成。含Te铸钢的硬度值大幅度提高,加Te后会在基体组织中生成大小为5μm左右的MnS+MnTe球状共生物,从而改善钢的切削加工性。

冷却介质对新型贝氏体铸钢组织和性能的影响

研究了不同冷却介质对新型贝氏体铸钢组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:ZG30CrMn2Si2Mo铸钢奥氏体化后,空冷获得的组织是由贝氏体铁素体和残余奥氏体组成的新型贝氏体组织,油冷、水玻璃冷和水冷后获得的组织是由马氏体、贝氏体和残余奥氏体组成的复相组织;随介质冷却能力的增加,有利于提高ZG30CrMn2Si2Mo铸钢的综合性能,水冷后可获得较好的强韧性配合。分析了冷却介质对性能影响的原因。

低、中碳合金钢中的马氏体与贝氏体形态

低、中碳合金钢中的马氏体除局部区域因成分偏析呈孪晶亚结构外,主要是位错亚结构的板条马氏体。低碳合金钢的中温转变组织主要有兰类,即粒状组织、上贝氏体和下贝氏体。其中上贝氏体又分为粒状贝氏体、准上贝氏体和典型上贝氏体;下贝氏体又有准下贝氏体、变态下贝氏体和典型下贝氏体。中碳合金钢的中温转变组织只有上、下贝氏体。其中上贝氏体又分为准上贝氏体和典型上贝氏体,而下贝氏体则包括准下贝氏体、变态下贝氏和典型下贝氏体。

钢的(M+B)复相热处理技术研究

指出目前理论界初步认为(M+B)两相组织对同时提高钢强韧性方面的贡献,主要是适量的先析贝氏体分割了奥氏体晶粒,细化了有效晶粒,减小了随着转变形成的马氏体领域条片尺寸,缩短了单位裂纹长度,降低了脆性转变温度。但这些理论均存在着局限性,值得进一步研究、探讨。

硅对中碳低合金贝氏体/马氏体复相耐磨钢的影响

研究了不同含量的硅元素和热处理工艺对中碳低合金钢的组织与性能的影响.在中碳钢中,加入少量的硅、锰、铬合金元素,采用中频感应炉进行熔炼,砂型浇注.炉料由废钢、生铁、硅铁、锰铁、铬铁组成,浇注出的试样用箱式电阻炉加热到910℃,保温2h,于硝盐槽中进行等温淬火,分别为280℃保温1.5h,2h和2.5h.对热处理后的试样和铸态下的原始试样进行洛氏硬度和冲击韧性试验,对比发现,经过热处理后的试样硬度和冲击韧性性能均有明显提高,采用金相显微镜对试样进行组织观察,发现热处理后的试样得到贝氏体与马氏体组织.试验表明:贝氏体与马氏体复相可以有效提高硬度和冲击韧性,冲击韧性最高为27.623J/mm2,洛氏硬度最高达到57.25.