Anti-Obesity Effects of Dietary d-Allulose and Medium-Chain Triglycerides in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats

d-Allulose, a rare sugar, exerts anti-obesity effects by inhibiting hepatic lipogenesis and promoting energy expenditure. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) consist of three medium-chain fatty acids connected by glycerol. MCTs have been extensively investigated for their ability to reduce body fat accumulation. We previously investigated the anti-obesity effects of a combination of dietary d-allulose and MCT (5% - 13%) in rats;however, we could not confirm the anti-obesity effects of MCT or observed synergetic effects between d-allulose and MCT on body fat loss. We speculated that our previous studies were influenced by the excessive amount of MCT in the diets. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the anti-obesity effects of the simultaneous intake of d-allulose and MCT in rats fed an obesity-inducing high-fat diet with a low amount of MCTs (2%). Thirty-two male Wistar rats (3-week-old) were randomly divided into four groups: control, d-allulose, MCT, and d-allulose + MCT groups. Rats in each group were fed ad libitum on a control (no d-Allulose or MCT), 5% d-allulose, 2% MCT, or 5% d-allulose + 2% MCT diets for 16 weeks. Abdominal adipose tissue weights were significantly lower in the d-allulose diet group than in the control group, whereas no differences were observed between results of the MCT-supplemented groups. The total body fat mass was significantly lower in the d-allulose and MCT diet groups than in the control group, but no differences were observed between the MCT-supplemented groups. These results suggested that anti-obesity effects of dietary d-allulose were observed, and the effects of dietary MCTs were weaker than those of d-allulose. Moreover, we confirmed the interaction between dietary d-allulose and MCT on indicators of obesity. Interestingly, their effects were not synergistic, as MCT supplementation offset the anti-obesity effects of dietary d-allulose. However, the specific mechanisms underlying those effects remain unknown, warranting further investigation.

Efficacy of medium-chain fatty acid salts distilled from coconut oil against two enteric pathogen challenges in weanling piglets

Background:The search for alternatives to antibiotics in pig production has increased the interest in natural resources with antimicrobial properties,such as medium-chain fatty acids(MCFA)as in-feed additives.This study evaluated the potential of a novel blend of MCFA salts(DIC)from distilled coconut oil with a lauric acid content to reduce enteropathogens and control intestinal diseases around weaning.Two experimental disease models were implemented in early-weaned piglets,consisting of two oral challenges:Salmonella Typhimurium(1.2×10~8 CFU)or enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli(ETEC)F4(1.5×10~9 CFU).The parameters assessed were:animal performance,clinical signs,pathogen excretion,intestinal fermentation,immune-inflammatory response,and intestinal morphology.Results:The Salmonella challenge promoted an acute course of diarrhea,with most of the parameters responding to the challenge,whereas the ETEC F4 challenge promoted a mild clinical course.A consistent antipathogenic effect of DIC was observed in both trials in the hindgut,with reductions in Salmonella spp.plate counts in the cecum(P=0.03)on d 8 post-inoculation(PI)(Salmonella trial),and of enterobacteria and total coliform counts in the ileum and colon(P<0.10)on d 8 PI(ETEC F4 trial).When analyzing the entire colonic microbiota(16 S rRNA gene sequencing),this additive tended(P=0.13)to reduce the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and enriched Fibrobacteres after the Salmonella challenge.In the ETEC F4 challenge,DIC prompted structural changes in the ecosystem with increases in Dialister,and a trend(P=0.14)to increase the Veillonellaceae family.Other parameters such as the intestinal fermentation products or serum pro-inflammatory mediators were not modified by DIC supplementation,nor were the histological parameters.Only the intraepithelial lymphocyte(IEL)counts were lowered by DIC in animals challenged with Salmonella(P=0.07).With ETEC F4,the IEL counts were higher with DIC on d 8 PI(P=0.08).Conclusions:This study confirms the potential activity of this MCFA salts mixture to reduce intestinal colonization by opportunistic pathogens such as Salmonella or E.coli and its ability to modulate colonic microbiota.These changes could explain to some extent the local immune cell response at the ileal level.

Medium-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides as feed additives for pig production:towards gut health improvement and feed pathogen mitigation

Ongoing challenges in the swine industry,such as reduced access to antibiotics and virus outbreaks(e.g.,porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,African swine fever virus),have prompted calls for innovative feed additives to support pig production.Medium-chain fatty acids(MCFAs)and monoglycerides have emerged as a potential option due to key molecular features and versatile functions,including inhibitory activity against viral and bacterial pathogens.In this review,we summarize recent studies examining the potential of MCFAs and monoglycerides as feed additives to improve pig gut health and to mitigate feed pathogens.The molecular properties and biological functions of MCFAs and monoglycerides are first introduced along with an overview of intervention needs at different stages of pig production.The latest progress in testing MCFAs and monoglycerides as feed additives in pig diets is then presented,and their effects on a wide range of production issues,such as growth performance,pathogenic infections,and gut health,are covered.The utilization of MCFAs and monoglycerides together with other feed additives such as organic acids and probiotics is also described,along with advances in molecular encapsulation and delivery strategies.Finally,we discuss how MCFAs and monoglycerides demonstrate potential for feed pathogen mitigation to curb disease transmission.Looking forward,we envision that MCFAs and monoglycerides may become an important class of feed additives in pig production for gut health improvement and feed pathogen mitigation.

Medium-Chain Triglyceride Activated Brown Adipose Tissue and Induced Reduction of Fat Mass in C57BL/6J Mice Fed High-fat Diet

Objective To investigate activation of brown adipose tissue （BAT） stimulated by medium-chain triglyceride （MCT）. Methods 30 Male C57BL/6J obese mice induced by fed high fat diet （HFD） were divided into 2 groups, and fed another HFD with 2% MCT or long-chain triglyceride （LCT） respectively for 12 weeks. Body weight, blood biochemical variables, interscapular brown fat tissue （IBAT） mass, expressions of mRNA and protein of beta 3-adrenergic receptors （β3-AR）, uncoupling protein-1 （UCP1）, hormone sensitive lipase （HSL）, protein kinase A （PKA）, and adipose triglyceride lipase （ATGL） in IBAT were measured. Results Significant decrease in body weight and body fat mass was observed in MCT group as compared with LCT group （P〈O.05） after 12 weeks. Greater increases in IBAT mass was observed in MCT group than in LCT group （P〈O.05）. Blood TG, TC, LDL-C in MCT group were decreased significantly, meanwhile blood HDL-C, ratio of HDL-C/LDL-C and norepinephrine were increased markedly. Expressions of mRNA and protein of β3-AR, UCP1, PKA, HSL, ATGL in BAT were greater in MCT group than in LCT group （P〈O.05）. Conclusion Our results suggest that MCT stimulated the activation of BAT, possible via norepinephrine pathway, which might partially contribute to reduction of the body fat mass in obese mice fed high fat diet.

Inhibition of African swine fever virus in liquid and feed by medium-chain fatty acids and glycerol monolaurate

Background:The ongoing African swine fever virus(ASFv)epidemic has had a major impact on pig production globally and biosecurity efforts to curb ASFv infectivity and transmission are a high priority.It has been recently identified that feed and feed ingredients,along with drinking water,can serve as transmission vehicles and might facilitate transboundary spread of ASFv.Thus,it is important to test the antiviral activity of regulatory compatible,antiviral feed additives that might inhibit ASFv infectivity in feed.One promising group of feed additive candidates includes medium-chain fatty acids(MCFA)and monoglyceride derivatives,which are known to disrupt the lipid membrane surrounding certain enveloped viruses and bacteria.Results:The antiviral activities of selected MCFA,namely caprylic,capric,and lauric acids,and a related monoglyceride,glycerol monolaurate(GML),to inhibit ASFv in liquid and feed conditions were investigated and suitable compounds and inclusion rates were identified that might be useful for mitigating ASFv in feed environments.Antiviral assays showed that all tested MCFA and GML inhibit ASFv.GML was more potent than MCFA because it worked at a lower concentration and inhibited ASFv due to direct virucidal activity along with one or more other antiviral mechanisms.Dose-dependent feed experiments further showed that sufficiently high GML doses can significantly reduce ASFv infectivity in feed in a linear manner in periods as short as 30 min,as determined by infectious viral titer measurements.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)experiments revealed that GML treatment also hinders antibody recognition of the membrane-associated ASFv p72 structural protein,which likely relates to protein conformational changes arising from viral membrane disruption.Conclusion:Together,the findings in this study indicate that MCFA and GML inhibit ASFv in liquid conditions and that GML is also able to reduce ASFv infectivity in feed,which may help to curb disease transmission.

Lipase Catalyzed Synthesis of Medium-chain Biodiesel from Cinnamonum camphora Seed Oil

The non-edible camphor tree seed oil was extracted and catalyzed by immobilized lipase for biodiesel production. The oil yield from camphor tree seeds reached 35.2% of seed weight by twice microwave-assisted extractions. Gas chromatography showed that free fatty acid content in camphor tree seed oil was 1.88%, and the main fatty acids were capric acid(53.4%) and lauric acid(38.7%). With immobilized lipase Candida sp. 99–125as catalyst, several important factors for reaction conditions were examined through orthogonal experiments.The optimum conditions were obtained: water content and enzyme loading were both 15% with a molar ratio of 1:3.5(oil/ethanol), and the process of alcoholysis was in nine steps at 40 °C for 24 h, with agitation at170 r·min-1. As a result, the medium-chain biodiesel yield was 93.5%. The immobilized lipase was stable when it was used repeatedly for 210 h.

Peracetic acid(PAA)-based pretreatment effectively improves medium-chain fatty acids(MCFAs)production from sewage sludge

Peracetic acid(PAA),known for its environmentally friendly properties as a oxidant and bactericide,is gaining prominence in decontamination and disinfection applications.The primary product of PAA oxidation is acetate that can serve as an electron acceptor(EA)for the biosynthesis of medium-chain fatty acids(MCFAs)via chain elongation(CE)reactions.Hence,PAA-based pretreatment is supposed to be beneficial for MCFAs production from anaerobic sludge fermentation,as it could enhance organic matter availability,suppress competing microorganisms and furnish EA by providing acetate.However,such a hypothesis has rarely been proved.Here we reveal that PAA-based pretreatment leads to significant exfoliation of extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)from sludge flocs and disruption of proteinic secondary structures,through inducing highly active free radicals and singlet oxygen.The production of MCFAs increases substantially to 11,265.6 mg COD L^(-1),while the undesired byproducts,specifically long-chain alcohols(LCAs),decrease to 723.5 mg COD L^(-1).Microbial activity tests further demonstrate that PAA pretreatment stimulates the CE process,attributed to the up-regulation of functional genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis pathway.These comprehensive findings provide insights into the effectiveness and mechanisms behind enhanced MCFAs production through PAA-based technology,advancing our understanding of sustainable resource recovery from sewage sludge.

Efficacy and safety of modified medium-chain triglyceride ketogenic diet in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy

Background Medium-chain triglyceride ketogenic diet(MCTKD)is previously less commonly used in China.This study was aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of the modified MCTKD in the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy in Chinese patients.Methods Patients with drug-resistant epilepsy were enrolled to receive treatment with modified MCTKD in Guangdong Sanjiu Brain Hospital during December 2020 and September 2022.The modified MCTKD contained fat that provided 50–70%of the total energy,as well as proteins and carbohydrates that provided 20–30%and 20%of energy,respectively.The fat component was composed of 20–30%medium-chain triglycerides(MCTs)and 30–40%long-chain triglycerides.The efficacy and safety of the diet were assessed at 1,3 and 6 months.Results A total of 123 patients aged 2.5 to 65 years,were included in this study.The response rates at 1,3 and 6 months were 49.6%,43.1%,and 30.9%,respectively.The seizure freedom rates at 1,3 and 6 months were 12.2%,10.6%,and 6.5%,respectively.The retention rates at 1,3 and 6 months were 98.4%,65.0%and 33.3%respectively.Side effects occurred in 21.14%of patients,which were predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain,diarrhea,vomiting,and constipation,and most of them resolved after dietary adjustments.A total of 82 patients(66.7%)discontinued the treatment with the reason of refusing to eat(8.1%),poor efficacy(35.0%),poor compliance(4.9%),and inability to follow-up(9.8%).Only 4 patients(3.3%)withdrew the diet due to side effects.Conclusions The modified MCTKD with MCTs providing 20–30%of energy has a good safety in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy,but its effectiveness needs to be enhanced.Further modifications of MCTKD with an optimal energy ratio are required to achieve a better efficacy and safety.

Effect of medium-chain triglycerides on growth performance, nutrient digestibility,plasma metabolites and antioxidant capacity in weanling pigs

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of medium-chain triglycerides(MCTs) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, plasma metabolites and antioxidant capacity in weanling pigs. A total of 160 weanling(Duroc × Landrace x Yorkshire) pigs(age: 21 ± 1 d; body weight: 7.50 ± 0.28 kg) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments, receiving the following diets for 28 d: control diet [containing 3.5%soybean oil(SO)], MCT1 diet(containing 0.7% MCTs and 2.8% SO), MCT2 diet(containing 1.4% MCTs and2.1% SO) and MCT3 diet(containing 2.1% MCTs and 1.4% SO). Dietary inclusion of MCTs improved the average daily gain and feed efficiency(FE) of pigs compared with the control during the first 2 weeks post-weaning(P < 0.05). A similar positive effect was also observed for the overall FE in MCT2 group(P < 0.05). Compared with the control, apparent total tract digestibility(ATTD) of ether extract was improved by MCT2 and MCT3 treatment from day 12-14 post-weaning(P < 0.05). In addition, MCT2 treatment also exerted a beneficial effect on the ATTD of dry matter(P < 0.05). The increased total protein concentration and decreased urea nitrogen and malondialdehyde levels of plasma were observed in both MCT2 and MCT3 groups on day 14 post-weaning(P < 0.05). In conclusion, MCTs could improve growth performance, nutrients utilization, and antioxidant ability of weanling piglets.

Evaluation of dynamic effects of dietary medium-chain monoglycerides on performance,intestinal development and gut microbiota of broilers in large-scale production

Medium-chain monoglycerides(MG)have been reported to affect the productive performance,gut microbiota and health of broiler chickens reared in ideal experimental conditions at home and abroad.However,the effects of MG on performance,intestinal development and gut microbiota of chickens in large-scale farms during different feed stages remain unknown.The present study was conducted on a modern farm with a total of 12,000 yellow feathered broiler chicks that were randomly allotted to 2groups(1000 chicks/replicate,6 replicates/group)for a 70-day trial.The control group(CON group)received a basal diet,and the treated group(MG group)was fed a basal diet containing 300 mg/kg mixed MG.The results revealed that dietary MG significantly(P<0.05)increased the body weight and average feed intake,but notably reduced the feed conversion and mortality of chickens in large-scale production during the starter phase.The villus height of the duodenum in the MG group at 1,2 and 7 wk of age increased notably,and the villus height to crypt depth ratio at 1,2,5 and 10 wk of age was improved.Dietary MG decreased the serum insulin content of chickens at 5,7 and 10 wk of age,and decreased the serum lipopolysaccharide at 3 and 7 wk of age.The triglyceride level of chickens at 3,5 and 10 wk of age and the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level of chickens at 7 and 10 wk of age in the MG group decreased notably,while the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased significantly.Moreover,MG supplementation selectively increased the relative abundance of genus Bacteroides(family Bacteroidaceae)and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group,but decreased the content of genus Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group,Collinsella and family Barnesiellaceae in the cecum of chickens at 3,7 and 10 wk of age.Conclusively,these findings showed that dietary MG notably enhanced chicken performance,health and feed nutrient utilization at early ages by regulating gut microbiota,intestinal development and serum biochemical indices.

区块链技术下三级供应链融资策略演化博弈研究

区块链技术的应用能有效缓解中小企业融资难、融资贵的问题,但区块链技术在中小企业融资中的应用并不广泛。构建由资金受限的中小企业一级供应商、二级供应商和核心企业零售商组成的供应链订单转保理融资三方演化博弈模型,将传统融资模式和区块链融资模式作为策略集,分析区块链技术成本、应收账款账期、担保费率等因素对系统融资演化和供应链成员融资决策的影响。结果表明:一级供应商选择区块链融资模式的意愿最强、零售商次之、二级供应商最低,系统融资策略向区块链融资模式演化,二级供应商的决策起决定作用;区块链成本过高、应收账款账期过长和担保费率过高是区块链技术在中小企业融资中应用不广泛的主要原因,将区块链成本、应收账款账期和担保费率控制在合理范围,保护各级供应商尤其是二级供应商的利益,有利于区块链技术在中小企业融资中的应用。为促进区块链技术在中小企业融资中的应用和推广,建议各企业将上下游企业的长远合作关系视为共同发展的基础;科技公司结合相关政策将其他金融科技与区块链技术相融合;政府加强对区块链技术应用的引导和规范。

高油酸葵花籽油酶促酯交换制备中长链甘油三酯的工艺研究

旨在为开发健康油脂提供参考,利用脂肪酶Lipozyme RM IM催化高油酸葵花籽油与椰子油合成中长链甘油三酯(MLCT)。采用单因素试验和响应面试验对MLCT的合成条件进行优化,并对原料油与最佳工艺条件下制得的产品脂肪酸组成进行对比。结果表明:最佳的MLCT合成工艺条件为反应温度61℃、反应时间6.2 h、酶用量9.3%、底物配比6∶4(椰子油与高油酸葵花籽油物质的量比),在此条件下产品中MLCT含量为75.98%;产品中主要脂肪酸为油酸(42.711%)和月桂酸(26.226%)。综上,制备的产品中富含MLCT,有较大的市场应用潜力。

Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: prevalence of ACADM pathogenic variants c.985A>G and c.199T>C in a healthy population in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Objectives::To investigate the prevalence of ACADM pathogenic variants, c.985A>G and c.199T>C, for medium chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD) in a healthy population in the southern region of Brazil. Methods::This was an observational cross-sectional study with a convenience sampling strategy. The participants were recruited from the blood bank of the Hospital de Clínicas of Porto Alegre, Brazil. A total of 1000 healthy individuals from the state of Rio Grande do Sul were included. Genotyping for the c.199T>C and c.985A>G variants was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique, respectively. Individuals considered heterozygous for c.985A>G were subjected to additional acylcarnitine profile analysis using tandem mass spectrometry. Carrier frequency was obtained by calculating the ratio of heterozygous individuals to the total number of individuals analyzed and reported with a 95% confidence interval. Allele and genotype frequencies were calculated based on the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.Results::The c.985A>G variant was detected as heterozygotes in three individuals (frequency of the heterozygous genotype = 1:333, allele frequency= 0.0015, minimum frequency of MCADD= 1:444,444) whose acylcarnitine profiles were within normal limits. The c.199T>C variant was not identified.Conclusions::Considering the small sample size and associated allelic heterogeneity with MCADD, these findings are believed to denote the rarity or underdiagnosis of MCADD in southern Brazil. This study provides evidence for the need for further investigation to ascertain the contribution of these diseases to child morbidity and mortality in the country.

Short-and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in imported commercial dry cat and dog food in China:Concentrations,distributions and risk assessment

Chlorinated paraffins(CPs)are produced in large amounts and used worldwide.Dietary intake is the primary pathway for the exposure of pets to CPs,but limited information is available concerning the potential contamination of pet food by CPs.In the present study,the concentrations and congener group profiles of short-chain CPs(SCCPs)and medium-chain CPs(MCCPs)were assessed in 35 imported commercial dry cat and dog foods collected in China,and the estimated daily intakes of SCCPs and MCCPs for cats and dogs through the consumption of such foods was calculated.The concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs in the cat and dog foods were determined to be in the ranges of 108e45,300 ng/g(median:1340 ng/g)and 3.8e52,700 ng/g(median:11 ng/g),respectively.The predominant congener groups were C10Cl6 for SCCPs and C14Cl7-8 for MCCPs.The high levels of CPs found in certain pet foods suggest the potential for adverse health effects.

加入大企业供应链网络如何影响中小企业创新?

本文在知识溢出理论与交易成本理论的框架下,利用2014—2022年中国A股上市公司数据,实证检验了加入大企业供应链网络对中小企业创新的影响与作用机制。研究结果显示,总体上,加入大企业供应链网络提升了中小企业的创新水平,经过一系列稳健性检验后结论仍然成立。机制研究发现,大企业对中小企业沿供应链的创新溢出效应作用渠道主要为促进数字化转型、增加创新投入与缓解融资约束。拓展研究发现,加入大企业供应链网络对中小企业创新存在非线性影响,以及在不同创新产出水平下溢出效应先增大后减小。此外,大企业的创新溢出效应对高吸收能力与出口型的中小企业影响更大。本文的研究为实践中促进大中小企业融通创新提供了依据与思路。

一种增肌及提高行动力功效配方的研究

以维生素D(Vitamin D,V_(D))、β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸钙(Calcium beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate,HMBCa)和中长链脂肪酸油(Medium-and long-chain triacylglycerols,MLCT)3种原料按1:350000:200000比例组成组合配方,研究其增肌及提高行动力功效。通过地塞米松诱导在斑马鱼幼鱼中建立肌少症模型,测定其肌肉组织形态、髓鞘的荧光强度及肌肉萎缩相关基因表达水平,评价配方对斑马鱼的增肌作用及机制。通过无水亚硫酸钠诱导斑马鱼疲劳模型,测定其活动量及三磷酸腺苷(Adenosine 5'-triphosphate,ATP)、乳酸和活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平,评价配方对斑马鱼运动行为的改善作用及机制。结果表明:配方能够提高肌少症模型斑马鱼肌纤维质量并改善肌肉组织结构。进一步机制研究发现,配方能够促进髓鞘再生,下调肌肉萎缩相关基因(mstnb、myod1、trim63a和fbxo32)的表达。此外,配方能够提高疲劳模型斑马鱼的活动量。进一步机制研究发现,配方在斑马鱼体内具有增加ATP生成、减少乳酸堆积和促进ROS清除作用。综上,配方具有增肌功效和提高行动力功效。

不同剂量艾司氯胺酮复合丙泊酚中/长链脂肪乳用于无痛胃肠镜检查术的效果观察

目的评估在无痛胃肠镜检查术中,不同剂量的艾司氯胺酮复合丙泊酚中/长链脂肪乳的应用效果。方法选取2022年1月-2023年12月该院接受无痛胃肠镜检查术的患者144例,随机分为4组,各36例。其中,A组、B组和C组艾司氯胺酮的负荷剂量依次为0.2、0.3和0.4 mg/kg,D组不使用艾司氯胺酮,给予等容量生理盐水作为对照。所有患者在检查过程中均使用丙泊酚中/长链脂肪乳进行麻醉镇静。分别于入室建立心电监护后即刻(T0)、检查开始前即刻(T1)、胃镜置入即刻(T2)、肠镜检查前即刻(T3)、肠镜置入即刻(T4)和检查结束即刻(T5),记录4组患者心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)和经皮动脉血氧饱和度(SpO2)。比较4组患者丙泊酚中/长链脂肪乳用量、苏醒时间和离院时间。分别于T0和苏醒时(T6)对患者进行40项恢复质量评分量表(QoR-40)评估。比较4组不良反应发生情况。结果4组患者HR、MAP和SpO2的时间效应比较,差异均有统计学意义(F=3.91、21.65、6.17,P<0.05)。4组患者HR、MAP和SpO2的组间效应比较,差异均有统计学意义(F=14.57、7.14、30.34,P<0.05)。A组、B组、C组与D组的SpO2交互效应有差异(F=2.88,P<0.05)。4组患者丙泊酚中/长链脂肪乳的首次用量和总用量,以及苏醒时间比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。其中,A组、B组和C组丙泊酚中/长链脂肪乳的首次用量和总用量明显少于D组,且B组和C组明显少于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),但B组和C组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。A组和B组苏醒时间明显短于C组和D组,且C组长于D组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),但A组与B组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。4组患者离院时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。4组患者T6时点QoR-40量表总分明显低于T0时点,B组T6时点QoR-40量表总分明显高于A组、C组和D组,且A组和C组明显高于D组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),但A组和C组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。4组患者低氧血症、低血压、心动过缓、心动过速、体动和头晕发生率比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。其中,B组和C组低氧血症、低血压和心动过缓发生率明显低于D组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.083),C组头晕发生率明显高于D组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.0083),A组有1例因低氧血症而需面罩加压通气,D组有3例,4组患者恶心呕吐发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论0.3 mg/kg艾司氯胺酮复合丙泊酚中/长链脂肪乳用于无痛胃肠镜检查术中,有助于维持患者血流动力学的稳定,减轻丙泊酚中/长链脂肪乳对呼吸和循环的抑制,加速苏醒,减少不良反应的发生。

区块链技术赋能供应链金融发展研究

供应链金融在缓解中小企业融资难问题,提升供应链整体竞争力,优化资金流和物流,拓展金融服务范围等方面有着重要作用和地位,但却面临着信息不对称、风险管理难度大、融资成本高等发展困境,而区块链技术在一定程度上为供应链金融的发展困境提供了缓解之道,为解决该领域发展进程中遇到的问题提供了新的思路。在深入探讨区块链技术与供应链金融的融合时,首先,文章厘清了两者的基本概念,并审视了传统供应链金融发展所遭遇的瓶颈。其次,文章详细分析了区块链技术如何为供应链金融注入新动力,并揭示了其带来的显著优势与潜在挑战。最后,文章提出了一系列建议,旨在进一步指导区块链技术在供应链金融中的有效应用,为行业带来新的启示和机遇。

Synthesis of medium-chain-length-polyhydroxyalkanoates in tobacco via chloroplast genetic engineering

Medium-chain-length-polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHAs) belong to the group of microbial polyesters con- taining monomers ranging from 6 to 14 carbons in length. The key enzymes of their biosynthesis are PHA-polymerase (product of phaC gene) and 3-hydroxyacyl-acyl carrier pro- tein-CoA transferase (product of phaG gene). With aadA (aminoglycoside 3′-adenylyltransferase) gene as screening marker, two chloroplast transformation vectors of pTC2 harboring phaC2 gene only and pTGC harboring both phaC and phaG genes were constructed and introduced into to- bacco chloroplast genome through particle bombardment. PCR and Southern blot analysis confirmed the insertion of the introduced genes into chloroplast genome. The content of mcl-PHAs accumulated in transgenic plants was analyzed by gas chromatography, mcl-PHAs accumulated up to 4.8 mg/g dry weight (dw) in transgenic line S4-3; their monomers were 3-hydroxyoctanoate and 3-hydroxydecanoate. Accumulation of mcl-PHAs polymers in the tobacco chloroplast was also observed by transmission electron microscopy. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the synthesis of mcl- PHAs in tobacco via chloroplast genetic engineering.

数字经济时代下供应链金融如何服务实体经济

在当前这个数字经济的全球浪潮中,全球的商业行为正变得日益频繁。伴随着区块链、人工智能、大数据等尖端科技的不断崛起,我国国内的各类企业,特别是那些规模稍微较小的中型企业和小型企业,正面对着数字化重塑、智能化升级以及现代化经营模式转型的全新挑战。在这样的形势下,供应链金融这种创新的金融服务模式,在企业,尤其是中小企业的创新发展中起到了关键性的作用。本文以数字经济时代为背景,分析了中小企业融资难的问题,提出了供应链金融服务实体经济的具体措施,旨在为相关人员工作提供参考。