Analysis on the multi-phase flow characterization in cross-measure borehole during coal hydraulic slotting

Hydraulic slotting in a gas drainage borehole is an effective method of enhancing gas drainage perfor- mance. However, it frequently occurs that a large amount of slotting products （mainly the coal slurry and gas） intensely spurt out of the borehole during the slotting, which adversely affects the slotting efficiency. Despite extensive previous investigations on the mechanism and prevention-device design of the spurt during ordinary borehole drilling, a very few studies has focused on the spurt in the s Ottlng pro ] ＂ _ cess. The slotting spurt is mainly caused by two reasons： the coal and gas outburst in the borehole and the borehole deslagging blockage. This paper focuses on the second reason, and investigates the hydraulic deslagging flow patterns in the annular space between the drill pipe and borehole wall Results show that there are six deslagging flow patterns when the drill pipe is still： pure slurry flow, pure gas flow, bubble flow, intermittent flow, layering flow and annular flow. When the drill pipe rotates, each of those six flow patterns changes due to the Taylor vortex effect. Outcomes of this study could help to better understand the slotting-spurt mechanism and provide guidance on the anti-spurt strategies through eliminating the borehole deslagging blockage.

Research on hydraulic slotting technology controlling coal-gas outbursts

Measured to control serious coal-gas outburst in coal seam were analyzed by theory and experimented in test site.A new technique to distress the coal-bed and drain methane,called hydraulic slotting,was described in detail,and the mechanism of hydrau- lic slotting was put forward and analyzed.The characteristic parameter of hydraulic slotting was given in Jiaozuo mining area and the characteristic of validity,adaptability and secu- rity was evaluated.The results show that the stress surrounding the strata and the gas in coal seam is released efficiently and thoroughly while new techniques are taken,as slot- ting at heading face by high pressure large diameter jet.The resistance to coal and gas outbursts is increased dramatically once the area of slotting is increased to a certain size. In the process of driving 2 000 m tunnel by hydraulic slotting excavation,coal and gas outburst never occurre.The technique could be used to prevent and control potential coal-gas outburst in the proceeding of tunnel driving,and the speed tunneling could be as high as more than 2 times.

Field investigation into directional hydraulic fracturing for hard roof in Tashan Coal Mine

t Research and development of safe and effective control technology of hard roof is an inevitable trend at present. Directional hydraulic fracturing technology is expected to become a safe and effective way to control and manage hard roof. In order to make hard roof fracture in a directional way, a hydraulic fracture field test has been conducted in the third panel district of Tashan Coal Mine in Datong. First, two hydraulic fracturing drilling holes and four observing drilling holes were arranged in the roof, followed by a wedge-shaped ring slot in each hydraulic fracturing drilling hole. The hydraulic fracturing holes were then sealed and, hydraulic fracturing was conducted. The results show that the hard roof is fractured directionally by the hydraulic fracturing function of the two fracturing drilling holes; the sudden drop, or the overall downward trend of hydraulic pressure from hydraulic monitoring is the proof that the rock in the hard roof has been fractured. The required hydraulic pressure to fracture the hard roof in Tashan coal mine, consisting of carboniferous sandstone layer, is 50.09 MPa, and the fracturing radius of a single drilling hole is not less than 10.5 m. The wedge-shaped ring slot made in the bottom of the hydraulic fracturing drilling hole plays a guiding role for crack propagation. After the hydraulic fracturing drill hole is cracked, the propagation of the resulting hydraulic crack, affected mainly by the regional stress field, will turn to other directions.

Simulation of directional propagation of hydraulic fractures induced by slotting based on discrete element method

Hydraulic fracturing(HF)technology can safely and efficiently increase the permeability of coal seam,which is conducive to CBM exploration and prevent coal and gas outburst.However,conventional HF fractures tend to expand in the direction of maximum principal stress,which may be inconsistent with the direction of fracturing required by the project.Therefore,the increased direction of coal seam permeability is different from that expected.To solve these problems,PFC2D software simulation is used to study directional hydraulic fracturing(DHF),that is the combination of slotting and hydraulic fracturing.The effects of different slotting angles(θ),different horizontal stress difference coefficients(K)and different injection pressures on DHF fracture propagation are analyzed.The results show that the DHF method can overcome the dominant effect of initial in-situ stress on the propagation direction of hydraulic fractures and control the propagation of fractures along and perpendicular to the slotting direction when θ,K and liquid injection pressure are small.When the DHF fracture is connected with manual slotting,the pressure will shake violently,and the fracturing curve presents a multi-peak type.The increase and decrease of particle pressure around the fracturing hole reflect the process of pressure accumulation and fracture propagation at the fracture tip respectively.Compared with conventional HF,DHF can not only shorten the fracturing time but also make the fracture network more complex,which is more conducive to gas flow.Under the action of in-situ stress,the stress between slots will increase to exceed the maximum horizontal principal stress.Moreover,with the change in fracturing time,the local stress of the model will also change.Hydraulic fractures are always expanding to the area with large local stress.The research results could provide certain help for DHF theoretical research and engineering application.

竖缝式双池室鱼道与传统VSF水力特性对比

鱼道是为保障鱼类的生存繁衍,保护洄游性水生生物通过水坝、水闸等障碍物的重要通道。采用RNG k-ε模型对竖缝式双池室鱼道和传统竖缝式鱼道(VSF)进行数值模拟计算,对比分析各项水力特性。结果表明:与传统VSF相比,竖缝式双池室鱼道流场的主流区数量更多、回流区更稳定;鱼道具有丰富的流速信息,且各竖缝处的最大流速和平均流速均小于传统VSF的50%;鱼道3条主流区位置分布均匀,流速综合衰减率较传统VSF高3%左右。竖缝式双池室鱼道作为一种新型VSF,其水力特性达到了传统VSF结构优化设计的目的,相关成果可为鱼道工程建设提供参考。

窄河谷大夹角挑流消能工体型优化研究

针对窄河谷大夹角条件下挑流消能易出现冲击两岸、冲坑过深的问题,采用水工整体模型试验方法对具有代表性的某水利枢纽深孔放水冲沙洞挑流鼻坎体型开展优化研究,并对比分析了水舌形态和下游河道冲刷特性。结果表明,不对称收缩的异型窄缝式消能工可使水流在狭窄河道归槽,水舌纵向拉伸效果较好,大幅减轻了河床冲刷;提出了收缩比、收缩角差、斜切面积比等特征参数适宜的挑流消能工体型,可供窄河谷大夹角条件下挑流消能设计参考。

节流槽形状对液压滑阀卡滞力的影响

液压滑阀是液压系统中的关键控制部件之一,其结构简单可靠,易于实现流量、压力控制。但是运行过程中由于热负荷产生的微小变形会导致阀芯卡滞现象的出现。当阀芯发生卡滞现象时,可能会严重降低液压阀的精度和灵敏度。基于热-流-固耦合模型,分析了节流槽形状对液压滑阀卡滞力的影响。首先建立了阀内固定开度流道模型,计算获得了不同节流槽形状下阀内流动特性;其次,将流体分析得到的温度场信息作为边界条件加载到热分析中,得到阀芯上的温度分布特性;最后研究了不同节流槽形状下阀芯间隙的变形量,分析阀芯卡滞的变化,为减小阀芯卡滞措施的研究提供参考。

竖缝式鱼道桩柱结构过鱼效果探究

为优化鱼道池室结构,提升鱼类洄游效果,以常规竖缝式鱼道为原型,以齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)为试验对象,通过数值模拟和对照性过鱼试验,比较分析了4种池室内部增加与未增加桩柱的水流结构。结果表明,在鱼道主流中间增设桩柱结构,可以有效减小回流区面积,减幅达49%,并可减小竖缝处的紊动能,最大减少18%;增加鱼类上溯路线分布,提高了池室空间利用率。2种结构的上溯轨迹分析发现,齐口裂腹鱼多选择回流区外侧上溯,避免进入回流区中心,即选择较高的水力应变与紊动能区域作为上溯方向,且上溯路线中偏好较低水力因子区域,上溯偏好流速为0.01~0.09 m/s,紊动能为0.001~0.008 m^(2)/s^(2),水力应变为0.2~3.0/s。体型Ⅱ鱼道通过在主流位置增加桩柱结构,形成了多股水流,有效减小回流区的占比,提高了鱼道池室空间利用率,为鱼类的上溯路径提供了更多选择。

高瓦斯中硬煤层超高压水力割缝卸压增透技术及应用

为了提高高瓦斯中硬煤层卸压增透及瓦斯抽采效果,研究了顺层长钻孔超高压水力割缝技术,分析了其卸压增透机理,开展了超高压水力割缝现场试验,确定了等效割缝半径和有效瓦斯抽采半径,考察了超高压水力割缝技术的应用效果。研究结果表明:超高压水力割缝技术具有切割速度快、切割半径大等特点,相当于在钻孔周围煤体开采极薄保护层,平均单刀割缝时间9 min,单刀出煤量0.32~0.42 t,等效割缝半径为1.55~1.78 m;超高压水力割缝组单孔平均抽采浓度76.5%,单孔平均抽采纯量为0.089 m^(3)/min,分别是普通钻孔的4.58倍和4.05倍,是水力冲孔的1.2倍和1.43倍,可见该技术可以大幅度提高卸压增透及瓦斯抽采效果。

导向槽定向水力压裂煤层增透强化瓦斯抽采技术及应用

针对低透气性高瓦斯煤层预抽瓦斯困难问题,提出导向槽定向水力压裂煤层增透技术,通过理论推导计算煤层段扩孔后塑性区分布,分析穿层钻孔煤层段水压裂缝的起裂与扩展,揭示导向槽定向水力压裂煤层增透的力学机制,研发导向槽定向水力压裂煤层增透装备。在山西中兴煤矿进行现场应用,结果表明:利用水射流方法对穿层钻孔煤层段进行扩孔,使得煤中产生形似圆柱孔洞,穿层钻孔围岩塑性区半径与钻孔半径成正比,钻孔扩孔是增大塑性区范围的一种有效方法,裂隙扩展明显,瓦斯采出率提高。同时研发了一种导向槽定向水力压裂防突成套装备,主要部件有移动高压水力泵站、喷头、喷嘴、螺旋辅助排渣水射流高压钻杆、孔口防喷装置以及高压旋转接头,结合井下水力化作业远程监测和控制,现场监测结果表明,通过增透作业钻孔的方法,平均瓦斯浓度和瓦斯抽采混合量提高到常规孔的2.75倍和1.81倍,说明采取导向槽定向水力压裂措施的增透效果显著。

墩头角度对竖缝式鱼道水力特性的影响

竖缝式鱼道隔板、导板的墩头角度是影响其池室水流结构的因素之一。采用数值模拟方法,依据RNGk-ε方程,主要通过改变隔板与导板墩头在迎水面与背水面角度的方式,来研究竖缝式鱼道的水力特性。在不同墩头角度情况下,通过对比相应鱼道池室内的水流流态、流速、紊动能等数据,获得较为适宜的鱼道隔板设计型式。试验结果表明:隔板和导板迎水面墩头角度逐渐增大时,均会导致池室主流逐渐靠近池室一侧边壁;在主流未受到池室边壁的影响时,水流流速整体呈下降趋势;导板迎水面墩头角度变化对池室水流结构影响更大。研究成果可为鱼道优化设计提供数据支撑。

单孔双窄缝消能工收缩比对水力特性影响研究

单孔双窄缝消能工在高水头、大流量、窄河谷的水利工程中具有一定的推广价值,但在应用过程中发现中墩迎水面容易受水流冲击而破损,而收缩比对此现象和消能效果影响较大。采用TruVOF方法及RNG k-ε紊流模型进行三维数值模拟,研究在不同来流Fr数下收缩比对水舌流态、消能率、河床底板及挑坎收缩段压力分布变化规律的影响。结果表明:数值模拟与物理模型试验结果基本吻合,可通过调整收缩比β获得合适的高坎中墩水深来减弱高速水流对中墩迎水面的冲击;当β=0.3时,下游河床底板峰值压力P_(max)最小,且峰值压力核心区与传统窄缝相比前移60 m;β<0.3时,P max随着β的减小反而开始增大,而消能率随之减小,同时在挑坎收缩段中部附近位置出现冲击波交汇点,且流道内各断面中线压力沿水深分布在压力最大值前后其规律不同,与宽尾墩类似。虽然来流Fr数对分流比影响较小,但当2.43<Fr<2.82时,各体型方案的分流比k q增大幅度较大,导致双窄缝体型河床底板压力变化幅度较明显。

阿根廷基什内尔总统水电站发电机性能参数及结构特点

阿根廷基什内尔总统水电站装设5台额定功率为190 MW的混流式水轮发电机组,在电力系统中承担发电、调峰和调相功能,是“一带一路”在南美地区的标志性工程。国外咨询工程师对水轮发电机的频率变化范围、额定电压和槽电流、短路比和纵轴同步电抗、冷却方式、消防方案等技术参数和结构要求与国内标准和习惯不同,通过比较分析相关国内外标准规范和类似水电站发电机参数水平,对水轮发电机性能参数和结构特点进行总结和概括,供类似水电站发电机选型和设计参考。

西藏扎拉水电站竖缝式鱼道池室水力特性研究

为进一步优化西藏扎拉水电站鱼道池室流场结构,提出了调整导板和隔板长度后的优化方案,并结合鱼道局部池室1∶5水力学模型试验,对优化方案的鱼道池室水力特性进行了验证研究。采用三维数值模拟技术分析了扎拉水电站鱼道原设计方案不同底坡条件下池室流场结构、流速分布、紊动能等水力特性。研究结果表明:池室水深1.5~2.5 m时,鱼道相应下泄流量0.44~0.73 m^(3)/s;池室内主流形态呈“S”形,主流两侧回流或静水区域尺寸基本相当;池室主流流速0.40~0.80 m/s,竖缝处最大流速约1.10 m/s,池室回流区流速均在0.30 m/s以下。研究成果可供类似鱼道工程设计、研究参考。

临空巷道煤柱割缝爆破切顶联合卸压技术研究

坚硬顶板下临空巷道存在着高应力集中、大变形、难支护等问题,以葫芦素煤矿21105工作面为工程背景,分析了坚硬顶板下工作面回采期间上覆顶板破断规律,研究了临空巷道围岩变形机理,提出了临空巷道“顶板爆破+煤柱割缝”联合卸压巷道变形控制方法,采用FLAC3D软件模拟了卸压前后临空巷道围岩应力分布规律。在葫芦素煤矿21105工作面回风巷采取“顶板爆破+煤柱割缝”联合卸压措施后,临空煤柱深基点应力峰值降低36.1%,浅基点应力峰值降低19.1%,试验区域微震日均能量降低67.0%,日均微震总能量降低35.7%,采取卸压措施后临空巷道顶底板移近量减小60.1%,两帮移近量减小41.6%,巷道变形得到有效控制。试验结果表明临空巷道“顶板爆破+煤柱割缝”联合卸压技术可有效降低煤柱应力,减少巷道变形,为坚硬顶板下临空巷道变形控制提供了一种新的治理手段。

松软煤层水力割缝缝槽形态控制技术研究及应用

为解决松软煤层(f>0.2)超高压水力割缝期间缝槽发育难控制、易垮孔等问题,通过理论分析手段,分析了割缝缝槽周围煤体应力分布规律,获得了割缝缝槽周围煤体塑性区分布影响因素。研究了高压水射流破煤规律,得到了影响割缝缝槽形态的主要因素为割缝压力、喷嘴直径及煤体自身硬度。提出了基于松软煤层特点的超高压水力割缝缝槽形态控制技术,获得了控制松软煤层缝槽深度、宽度以及发育速度的关键参数为割缝压力、喷嘴直径及压力调节速度。通过现场应用表明,针对松软煤层其缝槽形态控制合理参数为:割缝喷嘴直径2.5~3.0 mm,割缝压力70 MPa,割缝调压间隔3~5 min。验证了松软煤层水力割缝缝槽形态控制技术适用性,可效提高松软煤层水力割缝施工成功率及安全性。

基于水力割缝增透技术提高煤层瓦斯抽放效率研究———以保安煤业为例

煤层瓦斯是一种宝贵的能源,但如果不加以控制,将成为煤矿开采中的一大灾害。井下煤层瓦斯抽采是降低瓦斯灾害风险最有效的方法之一,然而许多低透气性煤层,尤其是受构造作用严重破碎甚至粉化的构造煤层,瓦斯抽采难度较大。提高单一煤层瓦斯抽采效率的常规技术较多,但对于下部为软黏土构造煤亚层的特厚煤层,常规技术无法奏效。为加强对这类煤层的瓦斯抽采,提出了水力割缝瓦斯抽采技术,通过数值模拟分析了水力割缝后煤体的应力演化、塑性损伤、渗透率变化及瓦斯抽采情况。结果表明,采用水力割缝瓦斯抽采技术后,构造煤亚层中的大孔扩大了卸压增透范围,瓦斯抽采效率显著提高。

双排水力割缝钻孔参数优化研究与应用

为了实现工作面快速消突,提出布置双排瓦斯抽采钻孔,并实施水力割缝。通过数值模拟,研究不同割缝深度、孔间距、布孔方式对抽采效果的影响。结果表明:单孔有效抽采半径随割缝深度的增加而增加,但增速逐渐放缓,根据数据拟合结果,确定割缝深度为1.5 m;双孔抽采时,钻孔间距越小,瓦斯压力越低,最终确定钻孔间距为7 m;正方形布孔和菱形布孔均可以实现消突目的,正方形布孔覆盖面积大,选择该方式。现场试验表明,水力割缝正方形双排钻孔抽采效果良好,可以达到消突的目的。

底抽巷工作面煤层水力割缝增透技术应用

针对大平煤业3号煤层透气性低的特点,采用水力割缝技术进行试验。通过连续观测瓦斯抽采浓度、抽采流量和抽采纯量等参数变化情况,对间隔割缝和全部割缝两种方式的实施效果进行对比分析。结果表明,间隔割缝效果优于全部割缝效果,可为矿井制定合理的水力割缝参数提供数据基础。

水力割缝对不同厚度“三软”煤层巷道围岩扰动影响研究

赵家寨煤矿开采煤层在水力割缝过程中受到较大扰动,围岩强度降低,导致煤厚较大且分布不均的“三软”煤层巷道更加难以控制。基于14205工作面岩石力学参数,理论分析确定水力割缝合理参数,借助COMSOL Multiphysics构建不同煤厚条件下水力割缝模型,数值模拟得到了水力割缝对煤层应力、位移影响规律。结果表明:顶煤厚度对于受水力割缝扰动后巷道顶板稳定性有着重要影响,应力特征的主要影响因素为割缝的形态、位置,煤层越厚其变形量越小,水力割缝对煤体的损伤范围主要与割缝位置相关,巷道受扰动范围为两帮各5 m,托顶煤为2 m厚时,顶部煤体受破坏程度最大,巷道稳定性最差,当托顶煤厚度超过4 m时巷道稳定性得到良好改善,在煤体损伤范围内巷道顶部变形量最大,需要加强支护力度。研究结果为不同厚度“三软”煤层水力割缝扰动下巷道围岩稳定性分析提供基础。