A Study on Business Succession in Small and Medium-Sized Chinese Enterprises

The survival and development of SMEs (small and medium enterprises) is an important issue for the Chinese economy. In particular, business succession in SMEs is a persistent issue. Business succession involves selection of a successor, asset inheritance, transfer of management rights, accumulation of business connections and technology succession, and soforth. This all requires smooth execution of a business succession plan. However, many SMEs do not have a business succession plan, nor are they preparing one. Our task is to explore the reasons these preparations are not being made. Here, the purpose of our research is to get a picture of the status of preparations for business succession in SMEs in China, and the actual circumstances of succession, based on the results of a fact-finding survey of Chinese SMEs, and at the same time bring to the surface the primary factors which influence preparations and plans. The results of the analysis shed light on the status of business succession preparations, successor’s awareness of issues, decision making, and so on. This survey highlights the awareness of business succession among business managers.

Comments on Nigel Wiseman s A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine(Ⅰ)——On the“Word-for-word”Literal Approach to Translation

Comments were made on the ＂word-for-word＂ literal translation method used by Mr. Nigel Wiseman in A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine. He believes that only literal translation can reflect Chinese medical concepts accurately. The so-called ＂word-for-word＂ translation is actually ＂English-word-for- Chinese-character＂ translation. First, the authors of the dictionary made a list of Single Characters with English Equivalents, and then they gave each character of the medical term an English equivalent according to the list. Finally, they made some minor modifications to make the rendering grammatically smoother. Many English terms thus produced are confusing. The defect of the word-for-word literal translation stems from the erroneous idea that a single character constitutes the basic element of meaning corresponding to the notion of ＂word＂ in English, and the meaning of a disyllabic or polysyllabic Chinese word is the simple addition of the constituent characters. Another big mistake is the negligence of the polysemy of Chinese characters. One or two English equivalents can by no means cover all the various meanings of a single character which is a polysemous monosyllabic word. Various examples were cited from this dictionary to illustrate the mistakes.

Comments on Nigel Wiseman's A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine (Ⅱ) ——On the Use of Western Medical Terms to Express the Concepts of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Mr. Wiseman believes that Western medical terms chosen as equivalents of Chinese medical terms should be the words known to all speakers and not requiring any specialist knowledge or instrumentation to understand or identify, and strictly technical Western medical terms should be avoided regardless of their conceptual conformity to the Chinese terms. Accordingly, many inappropriate Western medical terms are selected as English equivalents by the authors of the Dictionary, and on the other hand, many ready-made appropriate Western medical terms are replaced by loan English terms with the Chinese style of word formation. The experience gained in solving the problems of translating Western medical terms into Chinese when West- ern medicine was first introduced to China is helpful for translating Chinese medical terms into English. However, the authors of the Dictionary adhere to their own opinions, ignoring others＂ experience. The English terms thus created do not reflect the genuine meaning of the Chinese terms, but make the English glossary in chaos. The so-called true face of traditional Chinese revealed by such terms is merely the Chinese custom of word formation and metaphoric rhetoric. In other words, traditional Chinese medicine is not regarded as a system of medicine but merely some Oriental folklore.

Design and Implementation of a New Chinese Word Segmentation Dictionary for the Personalized Mobile Search

Chinese word segmentation is the basis of natural language processing. The dictionary mechanism significantly influences the efficiency of word segmentation and the understanding of the user’s intention which is implied in the user’s query. As the traditional dictionary mechanisms can't meet the present situation of personalized mobile search, this paper presents a new dictionary mechanism which contains the word classification information. This paper, furthermore, puts forward an approach for improving the traditional word bank structure, and proposes an improved FMM segmentation algorithm. The results show that the new dictionary mechanism has made a significant increase on the query efficiency and met the user’s individual requirements better.

Pharmaceutical Rules of Traditional Chinese Medicine For Stroke Based on Dictionary of Prescriptions and Complex Network Analysis

Objective:Taking the Dictionary of Prescriptions as a clue,we collected effective prescriptions for treating Stroke,and systematically summarized the medication and compatibility rules of the core Chinese medicines for treating Stroke.Methods:A database of prescriptions for stroke based on complex relationship analysis system of traditional Chinese medicine was established.From the point of view of complex network,the hierarchy of drug compatibility rules of compound prescriptions(such as courtiers and envoys)was analyzed,the statistical characteristics of complex networks were analyzed,and an attempt was made to explain the characteristics of complex networks of drugs for stroke.Results:A total of 974 prescriptions were collected,including 1040 Chinese herbs.The core Chinese herbal medicines with nodal degree(>500)for Stroke were divaricate saposhnikovia root,liquorice root,Chinese angelica,tall gastrodia tuber,incised notopterygium rhizome and root.The compatibility relationship of the core Chinese medicines in the treatment of stroke is divaricate saposhnikovia root-liquorice root,ephedra-divaricate saposhnikovia root,divaricate saposhnikovia root-sichuan lovage rhizome,divaricate saposhnikovia root-Chinese angelica in order of frequency.Conclusion:Through the analysis of the common network structure of effective prescriptions for Stroke,the core prescription compatibility structure reflecting the prescription thinking and clinical characteristics was found.

A study on the medication law of oral administration of traditional Chinese medicine in treating breast carbuncle based on the Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Dictionary

Objective:Based on the database of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Dictionary,the prescription medication rules of oral administration of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of breast carbuncle were explored by using the software of Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance Support System(V2.5).Methods:To screen and retrieve the prescriptions for treating breast carbuncle in the Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Dictionary,and data mining was carried out by using association rule algorithm,complex system entropy clustering and so on.Results:A total of 208 prescriptions which met the inclusion criteria were selected,involving 175 traditional Chinese medicines.Among them,23 medicines were found to be more than 21 times in the treatment of breast carbuncle.The nature of the medicine is mainly cold or warm,the flavour of the medicine is mainly bitter or sweet,most of them belong to the spleen,liver,stomach.15 commonly used drug combinations and 9 new prescriptions were obtained.Conclusion:The key pathogenesis of breast carbuncle is liver depression and Qi stagnation,stomach heat blocking collaterals,the treatment is mainly to clear heat and detoxify,regulate Qi to diffuse the knot,which provides reference for the choose of traditional Chinese medicine prescription in treating breast carbuncle.

Research on the Transmutation of Chinese Loanwords-Based on Modern Chinese Dictionary(7th Edition)

Vocabulary plays an irreplaceable role in a language.As an important carrier to record foreign cultures in vocabulary,loanwords are widely used in all aspects of society.Modern Chinese Dictionary includes loanwords from a variety of languages from the perspective of universal use.This paper takes the loanwords in Modern Chinese Dictionary(7th Edition)as the closed corpus,and analyzes the etymology,structure,word length,and other aspects while making blanket statistics on the loanwords.The representative words are investigated by word frequency and described from multiple perspectives.

A Study on the Compilation of Dictionaries for Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language Based on the Second Language Acquisition Theory

This article intends to demonstrate the principles for dictionary compilation.To summarize,general rules are to be followed.At the same time,this article probes into the differences of Chinese to Chinese dictionary,Chinese to foreign language dictionary,dictionaries for the preparation of certain exams,learner’s dictionaries for reviewing errors,dictionaries with multimedia and dictionaries built via the Internet..In all,one of the key factors for dictionary compilation is the professionalism of editors and writers.The training of the people involved is vital,which would contribute to setting up a better order of the market.Acknowledgements should also be given to achievements in dictionary compilation.Revisions and polishing are required to improve the dictionaries on the market that have already won the acclaim so as to put their influence to the best display.

A Comment on A Chinese-English Dictionary(Revised Edition)

A Chinese-English Dictionary (Revised Edition) is even more standardized andconsistent than its 1978 edition in the inclusion of words, the arrangement of lexical units. thedefinition and the exemplification, but it is still slightly blemished by some unfair coverage andinappropriate. unbalanced or unconcerted explanations, specifications and illustrations. Its meritsand demerits are made evident by comparing it with Far East Chinese-English Dictionary andother dictionaries.

A Study on Translation Strategies Used in Metaphor Boxes in Macmillan English-Chinese Dictionary for Advanced Learners

Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners(MEDAL) applied conceptual metaphor theory to practical lexicogra-phy systematically for the first time, namely, setting Metaphor Box. In the wake of MEDAL, Macmillan English-Chinese Dictionary for Advanced Learners was published based on the English blueprint. Due to different experience and thinking ways between Chi-nese and English, it is not easy for users to understand and translate the metaphors boxes without the help of proper translationstrategies. As an authoritative bilingual version for learners, it provided a template of understanding and translating metaphors.Thus, studying its strategies used in translating the metaphors boxes will be helpful for learners to understand and translate meta-phors in language learning. On the basis of strategies suggested by other researchers and case analysis, three main strategies usedin translating the Metaphor Boxes in the dictionary will be proposed.

On the Translation of Chinese Four-character Idioms Loaded with Color Words

Chinese four-character idioms loaded with color words are the typical symbol of the Chinese culture and their transition is important to Chinese-English dictionaries.The quality of the dictionary and users' understanding are affected by the correctness and appropriateness of their translation.This paper mainly focuses on the translation of four-character Chinese idioms with color words in New Century Chinese-English Dictionary.The research shows that there are three strategies for Chinese fourcharacter idioms loaded with color words in the dictionaries:literal translation,free translation and the integration of literal translation and annotative translation.

Image-Processing in Translation of Chinese Idioms into English

This paper explores the commonly used translating methods and the frequency of their usage through the analysis of the examples of imagery idioms in Chinese-English Dictionary of Chinese Idioms.Findings include the following.First,three image-processing methods in translation of Chinese idioms into English are adopted commonly,namely,preserving the original image method,replacing the original image method and giving up the original image method.Second,changing the original image method and giving up the original image method are the major translation methods in the idiom translations surveyed.

汉语词典学研究70年

从词典学理论与价值研究、词典编纂与修订研究、词典编纂的个案研究、词典编纂的方法创新四个方面梳理汉语词典学研究70年来的发展脉络,回顾汉语词典学的研究情况,继而得出词典学研究具有以编纂实践为基础、研究阶段特点明显和期刊发表阵地集中的特点,同时分析汉语词典学的研究趋势,并对其未来发展提出若干建议。

国际中文教育资源建设背景下的对外中文词典编纂研究

对外中文词典是中文二语学习者自主学习的必备工具,也是国际中文教育基础资源的重要组成部分。国际中文教育资源发展要求对外中文词典应立足现有成果,以词典用户为中心,凸显词典的外向型和学习型特征。针对词典使用率低、数字化滞后的现实困境,我们需要吸收语言学、词典学等学科的前沿理论,借鉴其他辞书、教学资源的数字化经验,不断完善对外中文词典的编纂实践和推广工作。同时,应利用科技赋能,加快对外中文词典数字化转型的步伐;抓住“中文+职业技能”教育趋势带来的机遇,丰富词典类型,为新形势下国际中文学习者多元的资源需求提供精准服务。

现代汉语兼类现象批评认知及常态化研究策略

现代汉语兼类现象是一种客观存在于语言事实中动态变化的语法现象。兼类现象的研究往往依赖于《现代汉语词典》,而《现代汉语词典》兼类词词类标注的缺失表明:兼类词只是兼类现象在词典里的部分反映,是兼类现象的子集,二者的不平衡动态关系受到了词典周期性修订、词频的动态监测及对词类活用认知的制约。因此,现阶段兼类现象外延全貌为:词典里的兼类、当下未收录进词典的兼类、活用产生的临时兼类。兼类现象的常态化研究策略可以还原一个更真实的现代汉语兼类情况。

谈谈语言组合整体观对词典释义的促进作用——以《现代汉语词典》对“方便、活泛、口子、有”等条目修订为例

辞书编纂理念决定辞书编纂水平,辞书编修要以先进的语言学理论做指导。文章以《现代汉语词典》对“方便、活泛、口子、有”等条目的修订为例,讨论如何通过具体的释义和括注来解决一个组合的整体意义和各组成成分意义之间的关系问题,从而说明词汇语义学中的“组合整体观”对词典释义的促进作用。

《汉语大字典》人部词语释义商补

《汉语大字典》是一部以解释汉字的形、音、义为主要任务的大型语文工具书,由于其收录汉字众多,且知识涉及面极其广泛,跨越时代之久远,收录编写难度巨大,书中内容难免出现遗漏。本文针对《汉语大字典》人部词语中义项漏收、义项分合不当的问题进行讨论。

汉语融媒体学习词典的现状及发展趋势

融媒体学习词典是突破传统纸本辞书向用户中心化、信息数字化、媒体多元化方向发展的多模态电子词典,是当代词典学界重点研究的对象。就目前我国汉语融媒体学习词典的发展态势来看,正在积极搭建融媒体词典理论体系,聚焦以理论指导编纂的模式路径,已开发出以用户为本位的“JUZI汉语”、《当代汉语学习词典》等内、外向型融媒体词典。汉语融媒体学习词典的研究取得了一定的成绩,但仍然存在很多问题。汉语融媒体学习词典未来发展要坚持“以用户为中心”的基本原则,要强化汉语融媒体学习词典建设相关理论研究,要密切关注面向汉语融媒体学习词典的资源整合利用、多媒体多模态信息库的构建与实现、汉语融媒体学习词典原型平台的设计与实现、基于生成词库理论的词语关键语义特征挖掘及词典融媒体环境等问题。

外向型汉英词典中医术语释义研究——以马礼逊《五车韵府》为例

外向型汉英词典的释义是母语非汉语学习者查询频率最高的信息。如何编纂高质量的释义,一直是词典界关注的焦点。文章研究《五车韵府》中医术语的释义原则和方式,发现马礼逊主要遵循了浅显易懂原则和实用性原则,释义方式以词汇释义、解释性释义和范畴性释义为主。本研究对中医术语在语文词典中的释义模式研编具有一定的价值,也对外向型汉英词典的中国文化负载词释义研究具有借鉴作用。

《中医方剂大辞典》含柴胡防疫组方规律分析及核心药对治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎作用机制研究

目的预测柴胡-黄芩药对治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)的潜在作用靶点及作用机制。方法收集《中医方剂大辞典》中含有柴胡的治疫病方剂,采用SPSS Statistics 25软件对其配伍用药、治疗病症进行频次统计和关联规则、聚类分析等数据挖掘。通过数据库及文献检索并筛选柴胡-黄芩的化学成分和COVID-19的靶点,并通过Cytoscape 3.9.0构建成分-靶标-通路网络。结果收集含柴胡防疫方剂442首,涉及中药334味,用药总频次4877次。网络药理学分析结果显示,柴胡-黄芩活性成分共有靶标80个,治疗COVID-19的主要成分为山柰酚、黄芩素、小檗碱、汉黄芩素、刺槐素等,核心活性基因为表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)、信号转导及转录激活因子3(STAT3)、丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶1(AKT1)、白细胞介素2(IL-2)等。基因本体论(GO)和京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)富集分析得到3736个相关条目和230条信号通路,主要包括EGFR信号通路、缺氧诱导因子1(HIF-1)信号通路、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)信号通路、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)信号通路、核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路等。结论柴胡-黄芩药对防治COVID-19具有多成分、多靶点、多通路的作用机制,对指导柴胡在中医临床的合理应用、治未病的开发及防疫中药新药研发具有重要意义。