Characteristics Investigation of Single-Sided Ironless PMLSM Based on Halbach Array for Medium-Speed Maglev Train

This paper investigates characteristics of ironless permanent magnet linear synchronous motor(PMLSM)based on Halbach array used for medium-speed(200km/h)maglev train.Long primary ironless coil is laid in the middle of track and the Halbach permanent magnet array is attached to the bottom of each bogie as a source of traction,U-shape electromagnets at the both sides of the train for levitation.Two dimensional analytical model of single-sided ironless PMLSM based on Halbach array is established,using linear overlay method,the no-load air gap magnetic field is calculated firstly,winding current density distribution is obtained for calculating the characteristics of thrust and normal force against power angle,including force characteristics with equal and unequal pole pitch,the influence of steel sleeper,etc.Besides,the mathematical model for this type motor is built by 3D finite element method,the traction characteristics of medium-speed maglev under maximum speed 200km/h are calculated.The characteristics of this type motor are satisfactory owing to there is no detent force in the motor and thrust force reach maximum meanwhile normal force can be eliminated.Calculation method is verified by comparing finite element results,experimental result on a 200kW type motor further validates the accuracy of calculation and some important conclusions are obtained.

Aerodynamic Features of High-Speed Maglev Trains with Different Marshaling Lengths Running on a Viaduct under Crosswinds

The safety and stability of high-speed maglev trains traveling on viaducts in crosswinds critically depend on their aerodynamic characteristics.Therefore,this paper uses an improved delayed detached eddy simulation(IDDES)method to investigate the aerodynamic features of high-speed maglev trains with different marshaling lengths under crosswinds.The effects of marshaling lengths(varying from 3-car to 8-car groups)on the train’s aerodynamic performance,surface pressure,and the flow field surrounding the train were investigated using the three-dimensional unsteady compressible Navier-Stokes(N-S)equations.The results showed that the marshaling lengths had minimal influence on the aerodynamic performance of the head and middle cars.Conversely,the marshaling lengths are negatively correlated with the time-average side force coefficient(CS)and time-average lift force coefficient(Cl)of the tail car.Compared to the tail car of the 3-car groups,the CS and Cl fell by 27.77%and 18.29%,respectively,for the tail car of the 8-car groups.It is essential to pay more attention to the operational safety of the head car,as it exhibits the highest time average CS.Additionally,the mean pressure difference between the two sides of the tail car body increased with the marshaling lengths,and the side force direction on the tail car was opposite to that of the head and middle cars.Furthermore,the turbulent kinetic energy of the wake structure on the windward side quickly decreased as marshaling lengths increased.

Disturbance rejection tube model predictive levitation control of maglev trains

Magnetic levitation control technology plays a significant role in maglev trains.Designing a controller for the levitation system is challenging due to the strong nonlinearity,open-loop instability,and the need for fast response and security.In this paper,we propose a Disturbance-Observe-based Tube Model Predictive Levitation Control(DO-TMPLC)scheme combined with a feedback linearization strategy for the levitation system.The proposed strategy incorporates state constraints and control input constraints,i.e.,the air gap,the vertical velocity,and the current applied to the coil.A feedback linearization strategy is used to cancel the nonlinearity of the tracking error system.Then,a disturbance observer is implemented to actively compensate for disturbances while a TMPLC controller is employed to alleviate the remaining disturbances.Furthermore,we analyze the recursive feasibility and input-to-state stability of the closed-loop system.The simulation results indicate the efficacy of the proposed control strategy.

A study on aerodynamic noise characteristics of a high-speed maglev train with a speed of 600 km/h

Purpose–This study aims to explore the formation mechanism of aerodynamic noise of a high-speed maglev train and understand the characteristics of dipole and quadrupole sound sources of the maglev train at different speed levels.Design/methodology/approach–Based on large eddy simulation(LES)method and Kirchhoff–Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings(K-FWH)equations,the characteristics of dipole and quadrupole sound sources of maglev trains at different speed levels were simulated and analyzed by constructing reasonable penetrable integral surface.Findings–The spatial disturbance resulting from the separation of the boundary layer in the streamlined area of the tail car is the source of aerodynamic sound of the maglev train.The dipole sources of the train are mainly distributed around the radio terminals of the head and tail cars of the maglev train,the bottom of the arms of the streamlined parts of the head and tail cars and the nose tip area of the streamlined part of the tail car,and the quadrupole sources are mainly distributed in the wake area.When the train runs at three speed levels of 400,500 and 600 km$h1,respectively,the radiated energy of quadrupole source is 62.4%,63.3%and 71.7%,respectively,which exceeds that of dipole sources.Originality/value–This study can help understand the aerodynamic noise characteristics generated by the high-speed maglev train and provide a reference for the optimization design of its aerodynamic shape.

Aerodynamic simulation of evacuated tube maglev trains with different streamlined designs

Based on the Navier-Stokes （N-S） equations of incompressible viscous fluids and the standard k-ε turbu- lence model with assumptions of steady state and two dimensional conditions, a simulation of the aerodynamic drag on a maglev train in an evacuated tube was made with ANSYS/FLOTRAN software under different vacuum pressures, blockage ratios, and shapes of train head and tail. The pressure flow fields of the evacuated tube maglev train under different vacuum pressures were analyzed, and then compared under the same blockage ratio condition. The results show that the environmental pressure of 1 000 Pa in the tube is the best to achieve the effect of aerodynamic drag reduction, and there are no obvious differences in the aerodynamic drag reduction among different streamline head shapes. Overall, the blunt-shape tail and the blockage ratio of 0.25 are more efficient for drag reduction of the train at the tube pressure of 1 000 Pa.

Communication simulation of on-board diagnosis network in high-speed Maglev trains

The on-board diagnosis network is the nervous system of high-speed Maglev trains, connecting all controller sensors, and corresponding devices to realize the information acquisition and control. In order to study the on-board diagnosis network＇s security and reliability, a simulation model for the on-board diagnosis network of high-speed Maglev trains with the optimal network engineering tool （OPNET） was built to analyze the network＇s performance, such as response error and bit error rate on the network load, throughput, and node-state response. The simulation model was verified with an actual on-board diagnosis network structure. The results show that the model results obtained are in good agreement with actual system performance and can be used to achieve actual communication network optimization and control algorithms.

The approach to calculate the aerodynamic drag of maglev train in the evacuated tube

In order to study the relationships between the aerodynamic drag of maglev and other factors in the evacuated tube, the formula of aerodynamic drag was deduced based on the basic equations of aerodynamics and then the calculated result was confirmed at a low speed on an experimental system developed by Superconductivity and New Energy R＆D Center of South Jiaotong University. With regard to this system a high temperature superconducting magnetic levitation vehicle was motivated by a linear induction motor （LIM） fixed on the permanent magnetic guideway. When the vehicle reached an expected speed, the LIM was stopped. Then the damped speed was recorded and used to calculate the experimental drag. The two results show the approximately same relationship between the aerodynamic drag on the maglev and the other factors such as the pressure in the tube, the velocity of the maglev and the blockage ratio. Thus, the pressure, the velocity, and the blockage ratio are viewed as the three important factors that contribute to the energy loss in the evacuated tube transportation.

Numerical Analysis of the Rotational Magnetic Springs for EDS Maglev Train

Different from the traditional railway trains,the combined levitation and guidance EDS maglev train is more likely to rotate after being disturbed.Therefore,the rotational electromagnetic stiffnesses are significant operating parameters for the train.In this paper,the different effects of each translational offset generated in the rotational motion on the corresponding rotational electromagnetic stiffnesses in the EDS maglev train are analyzed and calculated.Firstly,a three-dimensional model of the maglev train is established.Then,based on the space harmonic method and the equivalent circuit of the levitation and guidance circuits,the formulas of rolling,pitching and yawing stiffness are presented.Finally,by comparing with the three-dimensional finite element simulation results,the key translational displacements in the rotational motion which has a great impact on the stiffness are obtained.Hence,the three-dimensional analytical formula can be simplified and the computation can be reduced.In addition,the accuracy of the calculation results is verified by comparing with the experimental data of Yamanashi test line.

A nonlinear control method for the electromagnetic suspension system of the maglev train

To deal with the inherent nonlinearity and open-loop instability of the electromagnetic suspension（EMS） system,a new nonlinear control method is proposed.The simulation results show that,for a PID controller,the over-shoot of the system response to an airgap step disturbance is about 3 mm,and the transient time is 6 s;however,for the proposed nonlinear controller,there is no overshoot and transient time within 2 s.The proposed method has a faster response and stronger robustness.With a designed bi-DSP suspension controller,this nonlinear control method was implemented on the Shanghai Urban Maglev Test Line（SUMTL） to validate its effectiveness and feasibility.

Multi-objective aerodynamic optimization design of high-speed maglev train nose

Purpose–The nose length is the key design parameter affecting the aerodynamic performance of high-speed maglev train,and the horizontal profile has a significant impact on the aerodynamic lift of the leading and trailing cars Hence,the study analyzes aerodynamic parameters with multi-objective optimization design.Design/methodology/approach–The nose of normal temperature and normal conduction high-speed maglev train is divided into streamlined part and equipment cabin according to its geometric characteristics.Then the modified vehicle modeling function(VMF)parameterization method and surface discretization method are adopted for the parametric design of the nose.For the 12 key design parameters extracted,combined with computational fluid dynamics(CFD),support vector machine(SVR)model and multi-objective particle swarm optimization(MPSO)algorithm,the multi-objective aerodynamic optimization design of highspeed maglev train nose and the sensitivity analysis of design parameters are carried out with aerodynamic drag coefficient of the whole vehicle and the aerodynamic lift coefficient of the trailing car as the optimization objectives and the aerodynamic lift coefficient of the leading car as the constraint.The engineering improvement and wind tunnel test verification of the optimized shape are done.Findings–Results show that the parametric design method can use less design parameters to describe the nose shape of high-speed maglev train.The prediction accuracy of the SVR model with the reduced amount of calculation and improved optimization efficiency meets the design requirements.Originality/value–Compared with the original shape,the aerodynamic drag coefficient of the whole vehicle is reduced by 19.2%,and the aerodynamic lift coefficients of the leading and trailing cars are reduced by 24.8 and 51.3%,respectively,after adopting the optimized shape modified according to engineering design requirements.

基于电磁铁复合线圈的磁浮车悬浮间隙检测方法

针对传统电涡流传感器体积大、无法直接测量真实电磁间隙等问题,提出了一种基于电磁铁复合线圈的磁浮车悬浮间隙检测方法。首先,分析了悬浮系统等效电磁间隙检测原理,针对电磁铁和F轨表面高频涡流对复合线圈磁场耦合作用建立了复合线圈等效阻抗模型。其次,通过有限元仿真优化了复合线圈激励频率和复合线圈间隙检测系统结构以提高检测灵敏度,设计了谐振检测电路和信号解调电路有效抑制了悬浮系统与间隙检测系统之间的串扰。最后,进行了静态性能测试和悬浮实验,校正后的线性度为0.4%,恒定间隙时静态输出最大波动峰峰值为89μm,悬浮系统能够在给定间隙、阶跃扰动和偏移扰动的不同工况下稳定悬浮。实验结果表明,间隙检测的响应速度和检测误差均满足系统要求。

高速磁浮列车-轨道梁耦合系统轨道不平顺敏感波长研究

轨道不平顺是诱发车-桥系统耦合振动的主要激励源之一,探明系统耦合振动不平顺敏感波长,对线路管理具有重要参考价值。首先,建立了高速磁浮列车-轨道梁耦合系统空间模型,其中磁浮列车被模拟为具有537个自由度的多体动力学模型,轨道梁被模拟为空间有限元模型,两者之间通过基于比例-微分(proportional-differentiation, PD)控制理论的磁轨关系耦合。其次,以上海高速磁浮为研究背景,选用5车编组列车驶过20跨简支梁桥为计算条件,通过与实测结果对比,验证了模型的正确性。最后,考虑轨道谐波不平顺激励,探讨了不同方向的轨道不平顺组合、不同轨道不平顺幅值和不同车速对列车和桥梁动力响应敏感波长及列车运行平稳性的影响。结果表明:磁浮列车-桥系统横向振动和竖向振动耦合性很弱;在设计车速430 km/h下,车体竖向、侧滚和点头加速度敏感波长分别为140~180 m、60~100 m和120~160 m,车体横向和摇头加速度敏感波长大于200 m;当波长为80、105、115、140和160 m时,会分别引发车体侧滚、摇头、横向、点头和竖向方向的共振;车体和主梁的响应幅值与轨道不平顺幅值基本呈线性关系;当轨道不平顺幅值为1 mm时,在计算车速200、250、300、350、390和430 km/h工况下,车体侧滚加速度峰值随车速变化不大,其他4个自由度方向的加速度峰值随着车速的增大而减小,主梁竖向加速度幅值随车速的增大呈线性增大;从车体的横向和竖向Sperling指标可以看出,车体的Sperling指标均小于2.5,磁浮列车的运行平稳性良好。

考虑四极子声源的高速磁浮列车气动噪声数值模拟方法

随着列车速度的提高,四极子声源对列车气动噪声的贡献增大,高速磁浮列车的运行速度达到600 km/h时,有必要考虑四极子声源对高速磁浮列车气动噪声的影响.为此,本文建立考虑四极子声源的高速磁浮列车气动噪声数值模拟方法,对高速磁浮列车流线型尾部、头部区域的积分面进行局部外推,探索流线型尾部、头部区域的四极子声源对高速磁浮列车气动噪声的影响.研究发现:高速磁浮列车的尾涡会穿过下游的积分面,流线型尾部区域不能采用全封闭积分面,否则会产生非常大的伪声;流线型尾部区域的积分面需要较多地向尾涡区延伸,并去除尾涡穿过的区域;高速磁浮列车流线型头部区域四极子声源的贡献很小,流线型头部区域的积分面可以取为流线型头型表面;在600 km/h下,高速磁浮列车四极子声源引起的气动噪声能量占比达到42%.

中低速磁浮列车噪声研究与分析

[目的]在实际运行过程中,中低速磁浮列车产生的噪声是影响其列车服务质量的关键,因此有必要对中低速磁浮列车进行噪声分析。[方法]介绍了中低速磁浮列车噪声试验方案;以某中低速磁浮车辆为例,对列车典型运行工况下的列车磁浮噪声、悬浮架振动和直线电机电流进行分析,并提出相应的降噪措施。[结果及结论]9#电机测点处声压的噪声频率主要集中在低频段50 Hz以下,1000 Hz及其倍频处的噪声尤为明显。悬浮架垂向振动加速度主要集中于0~1.5 g(g为重力加速度),制动段垂向加速度明显高于加速段垂向加速度。悬浮架的垂向振动加速度高频振动成分主要集中在1000 Hz及其倍频处。1000 Hz的谐波电流会引起谐波电磁激振力,使车底机械结构发生电磁激振,进而引起磁浮列车车底的高频噪声。调整开关频率和加装滤波器等降噪措施能有效降低中低速磁浮列车的运行噪声。

新型中低速磁浮车辆动力学特性分析

针对一种速度160 km/h新型中低速磁浮悬浮架,文章运用SIMPACK多体动力学软件建立了车辆的动力学模型,分析了该悬浮架在直线以及曲线工况下的动力学特性。结果表明,直线运行工况下车辆速度可以达到160 km/h,悬浮间隙、车体振动加速度等指标均符合要求,但在120 km/h时车辆各项指标有所恶化,为减小车体共振影响,对车体振动加速度进行了频率分析并给出优化建议。在曲线工况下,车辆的导向力、空簧横向位移及滑台位移等指标均在正常范围。研究结果证明新型中低速磁浮车辆的动力学性能符合要求,相关动力学结果可为新型悬浮架后续研究及工程化提供数据支持。

轨道不平顺激励对高温超导磁浮列车电机悬挂的影响

高温超导磁浮列车在运行过程中受到轨道随机不平顺激励的影响,车体和磁浮架的振动会传递至直线电机动子而导致气隙变化,变化后的电磁力反作用于电机悬挂系统,进而影响磁浮架和车体振动。二者的耦合振动一定程度上会影响高温超导磁浮列车的安全运行。为了减少轨道随机不平顺激励对电机悬挂系统的影响,文章建立了多刚体动力学理论模型,并在周期性激励的作用下,对理论模型进行了动力学响应的仿真验证,证明了动力学理论模型的正确性。进一步地,在UM软件中以电机法向力和轨道随机不平顺作为外部激励,对高温超导磁浮列车动力学模型进行仿真,研究了电机悬挂系统的垂向刚度对直线电机气隙、车体和悬浮架振动、列车运行平稳性等参数的影响并对该刚度值进行了合理优化。结果表明:增大直线电机悬挂系统的垂向刚度能一定程度提高车体平稳性;同时增大垂向刚度能一定程度上减小气隙的变化和电机的振动,从而降低和悬浮架的耦合作用。研究结果是在特定的结构参数、负载条件下的仿真分析结果,可为高温超导磁浮列车动力学分析提供一定参考作用。

中低速磁浮诱发交通枢纽换乘中心振动响应研究

针对中低速磁浮诱发机场综合交通枢纽换乘中心(GTC)振动问题,建立磁浮列车-轨道梁耦合振动模型和轨道梁-GTC-土体有限元模型,采用两步法对车致GTC振动响应特征、传播规律和振级进行分析.磁浮列车采用多体动力学建模,轨道梁采用有限元法建模,两者之间通过线性化磁轨关系形成耦合振动模型,并通过与现场实测结果对比验证了模型的正确性.基于所建立的耦合振动模型,获取H型钢轨枕与承轨台之间的扣件力时程并将其施加在轨道梁-GTC-土体模型上,通过瞬态分析得到了GTC典型观测点的动力响应.结果表明:磁浮列车诱发振动沿高度方向传播时,结构柱和楼板的振动响应均随高度的增加先减小后增大,沿水平方向传播时,振动响应随距离的增大而快速衰减;GTC振动响应存在明显的倍频现象,即扣件力主频倍频处振动响应的功率谱密度曲线存在明显峰值;当车速为60 km/h时,车辆激励主频与轨道梁一阶竖向自振频率接近,此时观测点的1/3倍频程最大振级大于其他车速;当磁浮列车以60~120 km/h车速通过GTC时,各楼层最大Z振级均未超过规范限值,表明该机场GTC具有良好的整体刚度.

中速磁浮列车雷电试验及仿真研究

[目的]中速磁浮列车在高架线路上运行时,车身有可能遭受雷击。若中速磁浮列车车体采用复合材料,在遭受雷击时有可能受损甚至被击穿,进而使乘客受到雷击伤害。为此,需要在复合材料车体设计时进行防雷设计,而雷电在列车上的附着点是设计的关键。[方法]制作了中速磁浮列车单节车厢的精确缩比模型,阐述了磁浮列车雷电附着点试验的依据、试验件、试验方法及试验结果。采用COMSOL Multiphysics有限元数值仿真软件,将中速磁浮列车雷电附着点的区域分为车头风挡、车身顶部、侧棱、侧棱尖端、设备安装区域以及地面6个部分,并对整车进行了雷电仿真计算。[结果及结论]通过列车缩比模型雷电试验获得了单节车厢较为详细的雷电附着点分布情况,雷电仿真得到列车表面电场分布情况,仿真结果与试验结果相吻合。结合试验及仿真结果,提出了中速磁浮列车的雷电防护设计建议。

中低速磁浮列车制动过程的时滞补偿预测控制

中低速磁悬浮列车制动过程中具有非线性强、时滞大、时滞特性难处理等特性,传统列车制动控制方法难以实现对磁浮列车制动过程的精准速度控制。为解决中低速磁悬浮列车制动过程的时滞问题,提高制动控制精度,提出一种中低速磁浮列车制动过程的时滞补偿预测控制方法。首先,根据中低速磁悬浮列车实际运行数据,利用带有遗忘因子的递推最小二乘法辨识列车模型参数,建立列车自回归模型。然后,根据得到的受控自回归积分滑动平均模型和Smith预估器构建带时滞补偿的广义预测控制器并分析其控制律更新过程,实现对中低速磁悬浮列车制动过程的纯滞后补偿,降低列车制动过程中时滞特性的影响。最后,基于某磁浮线现场数据,以中低速磁悬浮列车制动过程为被控对象进行实验仿真,并比较时滞补偿广义预测控制方法与传统广义预测控制方法对于中低速磁悬浮列车制动过程速度跟踪控制的效果。仿真结果表明:所设计的时滞补偿广义预测控制器能够以更高的精度实现对中低速磁悬浮列车制动过程的速度跟踪,且与传统广义预测控制方法相比,系统跟踪误差更小并具有更好的控制性能。所提出的时滞补偿广义预测控制算法不仅解决了中低速磁悬浮列车制动过程的时滞问题,而且有效提高了列车制动控制的精度,验证了该方法的有效性。

中低速磁浮列车电磁线性涡流制动装置控制效能研究

[目的]线性涡流制动装置是磁浮列车的关键技术之一,但该技术目前仍不够成熟。对涡流制动技术进行研究,具有非常重要的理论意义和应用价值。[方法]建立了中低速磁浮列车线性涡流制动装置的模型,推导得到总涡流制动力F的计算式。为验证所设计涡流制动装置的减速效能,研制了涡流制动实物装置,并进行了台架试验。建立了电磁涡流制动力矩控制系统模型,分别基于开环控制算法、PID(比例-积分-微分)控制算法及模糊控制算法,得到这三种控制算法的中低速磁浮列车制动力特征曲线,进而对中低速磁浮列车的电磁涡流制动效能进行了深入分析。[结果及结论]对比仿真结果和试验实测结果,列车制动力的变化趋势几乎一致,由此可认为所推导的数学模型可信度较高。开环控制算法存在明显的超调,模糊控制算法较PID控制算法表现更佳。