Review of Fault-tolerant Control for Motor Inverter Failure with Operational Quality Considered

In recent years,motor drive systems have garnered increasing attention due to their high efficiency and superior control performance.This is especially apparent in aerospace,marine propulsion,and electric vehicles,where high performance,efficiency,and reliability are crucial.The ability of the drive system to maintain long-term fault-tolerant control(FTC)operation after a failure is essential.The likelihood of inverter failures surpasses that of other components in the drive system,highlighting its critical importance.Long-term FTC operation ensures the system retains its fundamental functions until safe repairs or replacements can be made.The focus of developing a FTC strategy has shifted from basic FTC operations to enhancing the post-fault quality to accommodate the realities of prolonged operation post-failure.This paper primarily investigates FTC strategies for inverter failures in various motor drive systems over the past decade.These strategies are categorized into three types based on post-fault operational quality:rescue,remedy,and reestablishment.The paper discusses each typical control strategy and its research focus,the strengths and weaknesses of various algorithms,and recent advancements in FTC.Finally,this review summarizes effective FTC techniques for inverter failures in motor drive systems and suggests directions for future research.

Review of Three-phase Soft Switching Inverters and Challenges for Motor Drives

For electric vehicles (EVs),it is necessary to improve endurance mileage by improving the efficiency.There exists a trend towards increasing the system voltage and switching frequency,contributing to improve charging speed and power density.However,this trend poses significant challenges for high-voltage and high-frequency motor controllers,which are plagued by increased switching losses and pronounced switching oscillations as consequences of hard switching.The deployment of soft switching technology presents a viable solution to mitigate these issues.This paper reviews the applications of soft switching technologies for three-phase inverters and classifies them based on distinct characteristics.For each type of inverter,the advantages and disadvantages are evaluated.Then,the paper introduces the research progress and control methods of soft switching inverters (SSIs).Moreover,it presents a comparative analysis among the conventional hard switching inverters (HSIs),an active clamping resonant DC link inverter (ACRDCLI) and an auxiliary resonant commuted pole inverter (ARCPI).Finally,the problems and prospects of soft switching technology applied to motor controllers for EVs are put forward.

An Algorithm for Short-Circuit Current Interval in Distribution Networks with Inverter Type Distributed Generation Based on Affine Arithmetic

During faults in a distribution network,the output power of a distributed generation(DG)may be uncertain.Moreover,the output currents of distributed power sources are also affected by the output power,resulting in uncertainties in the calculation of the short-circuit current at the time of a fault.Additionally,the impacts of such uncertainties around short-circuit currents will increase with the increase of distributed power sources.Thus,it is very important to develop a method for calculating the short-circuit current while considering the uncertainties in a distribution network.In this study,an affine arithmetic algorithm for calculating short-circuit current intervals in distribution networks with distributed power sources while considering power fluctuations is presented.The proposed algorithm includes two stages.In the first stage,normal operations are considered to establish a conservative interval affine optimization model of injection currents in distributed power sources.Constrained by the fluctuation range of distributed generation power at the moment of fault occurrence,the model can then be used to solve for the fluctuation range of injected current amplitudes in distributed power sources.The second stage is implemented after a malfunction occurs.In this stage,an affine optimization model is first established.This model is developed to characterizes the short-circuit current interval of a transmission line,and is constrained by the fluctuation range of the injected current amplitude of DG during normal operations.Finally,the range of the short-circuit current amplitudes of distribution network lines after a short-circuit fault occurs is predicted.The algorithm proposed in this article obtains an interval range containing accurate results through interval operation.Compared with traditional point value calculation methods,interval calculation methods can provide more reliable analysis and calculation results.The range of short-circuit current amplitude obtained by this algorithm is slightly larger than those obtained using the Monte Carlo algorithm and the Latin hypercube sampling algorithm.Therefore,the proposed algorithm has good suitability and does not require iterative calculations,resulting in a significant improvement in computational speed compared to the Monte Carlo algorithm and the Latin hypercube sampling algorithm.Furthermore,the proposed algorithm can provide more reliable analysis and calculation results,improving the safety and stability of power systems.

Estimating the Input Power of a Power Plant Using the Efficiency of the Inverter

The study focuses on estimating the input power of a power plant from available data, using the theoretical inverter efficiency as the key parameter. The paper addresses the problem of missing data in power generation systems and proposes an approach based on the efficiency formula widely documented in the literature. In the absence of input data, this method makes it possible to estimate the plant’s input power using data extracted from the site, in particular that provided by the Ministry of the Environment. The importance of this study lies in the need to accurately determine the input power in order to assess the overall performance of the energy system.

Coordinated Capacitor Voltage Balancing Method for Cascaded H-bridge Inverter with Supercapacitor and DC-DC Stage

Cascaded H-bridge inverter(CHBI) with supercapacitors(SCs) and dc-dc stage shows significant promise for medium to high voltage energy storage applications. This paper investigates the voltage balance of capacitors within the CHBI, including both the dc-link capacitors and SCs. Balance control over the dc-link capacitor voltages is realized by the dcdc stage in each submodule(SM), while a hybrid modulation strategy(HMS) is implemented in the H-bridge to balance the SC voltages among the SMs. Meanwhile, the dc-link voltage fluctuations are analyzed under the HMS. A virtual voltage variable is introduced to coordinate the balancing of dc-link capacitor voltages and SC voltages. Compared to the balancing method that solely considers the SC voltages, the presented method reduces the dc-link voltage fluctuations without affecting the voltage balance of SCs. Finally, both simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the presented method.

Model Predictive Control for Cascaded H-Bridge PV Inverter with Capacitor Voltage Balance

We designed an improved direct-current capacitor voltage balancing control model predictive control(MPC)for single-phase cascaded H-bridge multilevel photovoltaic(PV)inverters.Compared with conventional voltage balanc-ing control methods,the method proposed could make the PV strings of each submodule operate at their maximum power point by independent capacitor voltage control.Besides,the predicted and reference value of the grid-connected current was obtained according to the maximum power output of the maximum power point tracking.A cost function was con-structed to achieve the high-precision grid-connected control of the CHB inverter.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed control method was verified through a semi-physical simulation platform with three submodules.

Effect of temperature on heavy ion-induced single event transient on 16-nm FinFET inverter chains

The variations of single event transient(SET)pulse width of high-LET heavy ion irradiation in 16-nm-thick bulk silicon fin field-effect transistor(Fin FET)inverter chains with different driven strengths are measured at different temperatures.Three-dimensional(3D)technology computer-aided design simulations are carried out to study the SET pulse width and saturation current varying with temperature.Experimental and simulation results indicate that the increase in temperature will enhance the parasitic bipolar effect of bulk Fin FET technology,resulting in the increase of SET pulse width.On the other hand,the increase of inverter driven strength will change the layout topology,which has a complex influence on the SET temperature effects of Fin FET inverter chains.The experimental and simulation results show that the device with the strongest driven strength has the least dependence on temperature.

Improved Control in Single Phase Inverter Grid-Tied PV System Using Modified PQ Theory

Grid-connected reactive-load compensation and harmonic control are becoming a central topic as photovoltaic(PV)grid-connected systems diversified.This research aims to produce a high-performance inverter with a fast dynamic response for accurate reference tracking and a low total har-monic distortion(THD)even under nonlinear load applications by improving its control scheme.The proposed system is expected to operate in both stand-alone mode and grid-connected mode.In stand-alone mode,the proposed controller supplies power to critical loads,alternatively during grid-connected mode provide excess energy to the utility.A modified variable step incremental conductance(VS-InCond)algorithm is designed to extract maximum power from PV.Whereas the proposed inverter controller is achieved by using a modified PQ theory with double-band hysteresis current controller(PQ-DBHCC)to produce a reference current based on a decomposition of a single-phase load current.The nonlinear rectifier loads often create significant distortion in the output voltage of single-phase inverters,due to excessive current harmonics in the grid.Therefore,the proposed method generates a close-loop reference current for the switching scheme,hence,minimizing the inverter voltage distortion caused by the excessive grid current harmonics.The simulation findings suggest the proposed control technique can effectively yield more than 97%of power conversion efficiency while suppressing the grid current THD by less than 2%and maintaining the unity power factor at the grid side.The efficacy of the proposed controller is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink.

Parameter Design of Current Double Closed Loop for T-Type Three-Level Grid-Connected Inverter

To reduce current harmonics caused by switching frequency,T-type grid-connected inverter topology with LCL filter is adopted.In view of the disadvantages of the slow response speed of the traditional current control and the failure to eliminate the influence of the LCL filter on the grid-connected current by using current PI control alone,a current double closed loop PI current tracking control is proposed.Through the theoretical analysis of the grid-connected inverter control principle,the grid-connected inverter control model is designed,and the transfer functionmodel of each control link is deduced,and the current loop PI regulator is designed at last.The simulation results show that the control strategy is feasible.

Genetic Algorithm Based 7-Level Step-Up Inverter with Reduced Harmonics and Switching Devices

This paper presents a unique voltage-raising topology for a single-phase seven-level inverter with triple output voltage gain using single input source and two switched capacitors.The output voltage has been boosted up to three times the value of input voltage by configuring the switched capacitors in series and parallel combinations which eliminates the use of additional step-up converters and transformers.The selective harmonic elimination(SHE)approach is used to remove the lower-order harmonics.The optimal switching angles for SHE is determined using the genetic algorithm.These switching angles are com-bined with a level-shifted pulse width modulation(PWM)technique for pulse generation,resulting in reduced total harmonic distortion(THD).A detailed com-parison has been made against other relevant seven-level inverter topologies in terms of the number of switches,drivers,diodes,capacitors,and boosting facil-ities to emphasize the benefits of the proposed model.The proposed topology is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK and an experimental prototype has been developed to validate the results.The Digital Signal Processing(DSP)TMS320F2812 board is used to generate the switching pulses for the proposed technique and the experimental results concur with the simulated model outputs.

A Sensor-less Surface Mounted PMSM for Electronic Speed Control in Multilevel Inverter

Recent advancements in power electronics technology evolves inverter fed electric motors.Speed signals and rotor position are essential for controlling an electric motor accurately.In this paper,the sensorless speed control of surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor(SPMSM)has been attempted.SPMSM wants a digital inverter for its precise working.Hence,this study incor-poratesfifteen level inverter to the SPMSM.A sliding mode observer(SMO)based sensorless speed control scheme is projected to determine rotor spot and speed of the multilevel inverter(MLI)fed SPMSM.MLI has been operated using a multi carrier pulse width modulation(MCPWM)strategy for generation offif-teen level voltages.The simulation works are executed with MATLAB/SIMU-LINK software.The steadiness and the heftiness of the projected model have been investigated under no loaded and loaded situations of SPMSM.Furthermore,the projected method can be adapted for electric vehicles.

Research on Mixed Logic Dynamic Modeling and Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control of Multi-Inverter Parallel System

Parallel connection of multiple inverters is an important means to solve the expansion,reserve and protection of distributed power generation,such as photovoltaics.In view of the shortcomings of traditional droop control methods such as weak anti-interference ability,low tracking accuracy of inverter output voltage and serious circulation phenomenon,a finite control set model predictive control(FCS-MPC)strategy of microgrid multiinverter parallel system based on Mixed Logical Dynamical(MLD)modeling is proposed.Firstly,the MLD modeling method is introduced logical variables,combining discrete events and continuous events to form an overall differential equation,which makes the modeling more accurate.Then a predictive controller is designed based on the model,and constraints are added to the objective function,which can not only solve the real-time changes of the control system by online optimization,but also effectively obtain a higher tracking accuracy of the inverter output voltage and lower total harmonic distortion rate(Total Harmonics Distortion,THD);and suppress the circulating current between the inverters,to obtain a good dynamic response.Finally,the simulation is carried out onMATLAB/Simulink to verify the correctness of the model and the rationality of the proposed strategy.This paper aims to provide guidance for the design and optimal control of multi-inverter parallel systems.

Simulation Study of the Control Strategy of a DC Inverter Heat Pump Using a DC Distribution Network

Photovoltaics,energy storage,direct current and flexibility(PEDF)are important pillars of achievement on the path to manufacturing nearly zero energy buildings(NZEBs).HVAC systems,which are an important part of public buildings,play a key role in adapting to PDEF systems.This research studied the basic principles and operational control strategies of a DC inverter heat pump using a DC distribution network with the aim of contributing to the development and application of small DC distribution systems.Along with the characteristics of a DC distribution network and different operating conditions,a DC inverter heat pump has the ability to adapt to changes in the DC bus voltage and adds flexibility to the system.Theoretical models of the DC inverter heat pump integrated with an ice storage unit were developed.The control strategies of the DC inverter heat pump system considered the influence of both room temperature and varied bus voltage.A simulation study was conducted using MATLAB&Simulink software with simulation results validated by experimental data.The results showed that:(1)The bus fluctuation under the rated working voltage had little effect on the operation of the unit;(2)When the bus voltage was fluctuating from 80%-90%or 105%-107%,the heat pump could still operate normally by reducing the frequency;(3)When the bus voltage was less than 80%or more than 107%,the unit needed to be shut down for the sake of equipment safety,so that the energy storage device could adjust to the sharp decrease or rise of voltage.

体育锻炼与中国老年人生活满意度的倒U型关系:抑郁的中介作用

目的:探究体育锻炼与中国老年人生活满意度的关系以及抑郁的中介作用。方法:采用STATA 15.1软件对2018年中国健康与养老追踪调查数据中的60岁以上老年人生活满意度等基本情况进行描述性统计分析,运用基准回归模型与PSM(倾向得分匹配法)分析体育锻炼与老年人生活满意度的关系,通过建立中介模型考察抑郁在体育锻炼与生活满意度间的中介作用。结果:体育锻炼与老年人生活满意度呈倒U型关系(P<0.001),与抑郁呈U型关系(P<0.001),抑郁负向预测生活满意度(P<0.001),农村与城市老年人倒U型曲线出现拐点的阈值分别为3.133、3.455,在男女老年群体中倒U型曲线出现拐点的阈值分别为3.231、2.938,抑郁在体育锻炼与生活满意度间起中介作用。结论:体育锻炼在提升老年人生活满意度的过程中存在一定的剂量效应,体育锻炼对老年人生活满意度的影响具有异质性,老年人体育锻炼既可直接影响生活满意度,也可通过抑郁间接影响生活满意度。

高渗透率下基于并网逆变器阻抗重塑的锁相环设计方法

针对锁相环、电网阻抗与并网逆变器相互耦合所引发的系统稳定性下降问题。首先,建立考虑电网阻抗的锁相环控制结构模型,通过分析锁相环闭环传递函数可知,电网阻抗会使锁相环系统产生右半平面闭环极点,严重影响锁相环与逆变器系统的稳定性。其次,通过分析逆变器系统输出阻抗,说明锁相环所引入的负阻抗是逆变器系统稳定裕度下降的主要原因。鉴于此,该文提出一种新型锁相环设计方法,理论分析表明,所提方法既能够保证高渗透率下锁相环具有高鲁棒性,又能够对逆变器系统输出阻抗进行重塑,有效拓宽系统对电网阻抗的适应范围。最后,通过仿真与实验验证所提新型锁相环设计方法的有效性。

高铁泥岩隧道围岩蠕变对仰拱底鼓的影响

研究目的:针对泥岩地区高铁隧道修建过程中出现的仰拱底鼓病害,本文采用参数反演与数值模拟相结合的方法,全面分析围岩蠕变对仰拱底鼓的影响,并采用锚杆支护与仰拱加强的工程措施对仰拱底鼓进行治理。研究结论:(1)Burgers模型能较好地符合泥岩表现出的明显的衰减蠕变和稳定蠕变特征;(2)随着时间的增加,围岩不断向洞内发生变形,且隧道拱顶沉降、水平收敛和拱底隆起一直在增大,并经历了三个阶段:瞬时变形阶段、衰减蠕变阶段与稳定蠕变阶段;(3)仰拱结构内力随着蠕变时间增加同样在增大,并在蠕变一定年限后,仰拱填充中心的拉应力将超过混凝土的抗拉强度,导致仰拱填充沿中心位置开裂;(4)锚杆支护的最优长度为5 m,最佳间距为0.9~1.2 m,在此基础上通过加强仰拱来进一步抑制仰拱底鼓变形,并且建议仰拱支护强度选用C30~C40;(5)本研究结果可为类似工程的建设与施工提供建议与参考。

公路隧道箱型预制仰拱变形破坏的模型试验研究

基于自主设计的新型箱型预制仰拱结构,采用室内物理模型试验,结合数字照相量测技术,研究该箱型预制仰拱的力学特性及破坏模式,通过数值模拟研究实际工况中衬砌与仰拱共同作用的受力规律.结果表明:竖向荷载作用下产生的拉张效应是预制仰拱裂纹产生及发展的主要原因,水平压力对预制仰拱的裂纹发展作用不明显.预制块接缝处以及各个预制块中柱转角处是预制仰拱结构的最薄弱部位,接缝处和转角处影响预制仰拱结构的安全.预制仰拱位移变化关于中轴部位呈对称分布,位移由大到小依次为中间预制块、左1预制块、左2预制块、左3预制块.箱型预制仰拱破坏可以分为加载压密、弹塑性变形和塑性破坏3个阶段.当仰拱与衬砌共同作用时,仰拱的上部主要承受拉应力,仰拱的下部主要承受压应力.试验结果表明,所设计仰拱结构具有良好的受力性能.

含T接逆变型分布式电源配电网的自适应距离保护

大量逆变型分布式电源(Inverter Interfaced Distributed Generation,IIDG)接入配电网,传统继电保护技术的可靠性无法满足。为了提高配电网供电可靠性,适应可再生能源大量渗透的新型电力系统,针对含T形接入IIDG的配电网,文章提出了一种自适应性的距离保护方案。分析了故障发生在不同位置对保护的影响,根据IIDG在系统发生故障时的输出特性,通过BP神经网络利用保护本地电气信息计算IIDG的输出电流,实时整定动作值。该方法由于无需与远方通信,动作速度快,并且减少了通信系统的投资。最后在MATLAB中建立了含T形接入IIDG的10 kV配电网模型,并与传统距离保护进行了对比,验证了该保护方法的优越性。

并网逆变器非线性特性建模及稳定性研究综述

并网逆变器作为连接新能源分布式发电和电网之间的关键接口,发挥着将电能高效、高质量馈入电网的重要作用。随着新能源渗透率的持续提高,并网点处电网存在诸如高电网阻抗、丰富的低频谐波、电压幅值/频率波动甚至故障等复杂状况。鉴于并网逆变器本质上是一个多输入、强耦合的非线性系统,沿用传统的线性建模与分析方法已难以解释工程中的复杂谐波振荡现象,并网逆变器的稳定性分析及其稳定运行受到巨大挑战。为此,该文首先具体阐述了线性与非线性和系统受扰大小之间的关系,指出大干扰稳定性分析更依赖于非线性建模及分析方法的应用。在此基础上,对已见诸报道的并网逆变器稳定性分析方法进行了归纳和对比。然后,详细阐述了稳定性分析方法在并网逆变器特定非线性环节中的应用。最后,总结并讨论了现有研究的不足,以期进一步促进“双高”背景下并网装置非线性建模和稳定性分析的研究。

永磁电机系统中冗余结构逆变器的可靠性分析对比研究

基于马尔可夫模型和可靠性框图模型,对永磁电机系统中并联冗余和备用冗余两种结构的逆变器在零件层面和系统层面进行可靠性分析,得到这两种结构逆变器的可靠性函数和平均无故障时间函数。首先,通过对比来确定判断何种冗余结构具有更高可靠性的边界条件函数。其次,分析边界条件函数随各参数的变化情况以及对冗余结构可靠性的影响,包括环境温度、电流、热阻抗和容错处理机制的成功率。然后,建立N相冗余逆变器的可靠性函数,并给出高可靠冗余结构中并联支路数和备用支路数量的确定方法。最后,以三相永磁电机逆变器为例,通过仿真和实验验证边界条件函数的准确性。