Microplastic exposure disturbs sleep structure,reduces lifespan,and decreases ovary size in Drosophila melanogaster

The organ-specific toxicity resulting from microplastic(MP)exposure has been extensively explored,particularly concerning the gut,liver,testis,and lung.However,under natural conditions,these effects are not restricted to specific organs or tissues.Investigating whether MP exposure presents a systemic threat to an entire organism,impacting factors such as lifespan,sleep,and fecundity,is essential.In this study,we investigated the effects of dietary exposure to two different doses of MPs(1–5μm)using the terrestrial model organism Drosophila melanogaster.Results indicated that the particles caused gut damage and remained within the digestive system.Continuous MP exposure significantly shortened the lifespan of adult flies.Even short-term exposure disrupted sleep patterns,increasing the length of daytime sleep episodes.Additionally,one week of MP exposure reduced ovary size,with a trend towards decreased egg-laying in mated females.Although MPs did not penetrate the brain or ovaries,transcriptome analysis revealed altered gene expression in these tissues.In the ovary,Gene Ontology(GO)analysis indicated genotoxic effects impacting inflammation,circadian regulation,and metabolic processes,with significant impacts on extracellular structure-related pathways.In the brain,GO analysis identified changes in pathways associated with proteolysis and carbohydrate metabolism.Overall,this study provides compelling evidence of the systemic negative effects of MP exposure,highlighting the urgent need to address and mitigate environmental MP pollution.

Naringin ameliorates H_(2)O_(2)-induced oxidative damage in cells and prolongs the lifespan of female Drosophila melanogaster via the insulin signaling pathway

Naringin exists in a wide range of Chinese herbal medicine and has proven to possess several pharmacological properties.In this study,PC12,HepG2 cells,and female Drosophila melanogaster were used to investigate the antioxidative and anti-aging effects of naringin and explore the underlying mechanisms.The results showed that naringin inhibited H_(2)O_(2)-induced decline in cell viability and decreased,the content of reactive oxygen species in cells.Meanwhile,naringin prolonged the lifespan of flies,enhanced the abilities of climbing and the resistance to stress,improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes,and decreased malondialdehyde content.Naringin also improved intestinal barrier dysfunction and reduced abnormal proliferation of intestinal stem cells.Moreover,naringin down-regulated the mRNA expressions of inr,chico,pi 3k,and akt-1,and up-regulated the mRNA expressions of dilp2,dilp3,dilp5,and foxo,thereby activating autophagy-related genes and increasing the number of lysosomes.Furthermore,the mutant stocks assays and computer molecular simulation results further indicated that naringin delayed aging by inhibiting the insulin signaling(IIS)pathway and activating the autophagy pathway,which was consistent with the result of network pharmacological predictions.

Effects of Sodium Cyclohexyl Sulfamate on Growth and Development of Drosophila melanogaster

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different concentrations of sodium cyclohexyl sulfamate on the growth and development of Drosophila melanogaster.[Methods]Different concentrations of sodium cyclohexyl sulfamate were added to the culture medium,and the effects of different concentrations of sodium cyclohexyl sulfamate on the development time and weight of D.melanogaster in various life stages were statistically analyzed.[Results]High concentration of sodium cyclohexyl sulfamate delayed the time of pupation and eclosion of D.melanogaster,which made D.melanogaster lose weight.The number of male D.melanogaster in the first generation was much larger than that of female individuals,which indicated that the effect of sodium cyclohexyl sulfamate on male D.melanogaster was greater than that of female individuals.In a word,high concentration of sodium cyclohexyl sulfamate significantly inhibited the growth and development of D.melanogaster.[Conclusions]This study provides some reference data for the research perspective of food additives and the safe use of sodium cyclohexyl sulfamate.

不同日龄毛锤角细蜂寄生黑腹果蝇蛹的生物学特性研究

为了调查不同日龄毛锤角细蜂寄生黑腹果蝇的生物学特性,本研究对1~10日龄毛锤角细蜂成虫对黑腹果蝇蛹的寄生率及其后代的发育历期和雌性比进行统计,同时对寄生后黑腹果蝇蛹重的动态变化进行分析。结果表明,不同日龄毛锤角细蜂对黑腹果蝇蛹的寄生率有显著差异,7日龄寄生率最高,为(58.89±2.94)%,1日龄寄生率最低,仅为(30.00±1.94)%,但对毛锤角细蜂后代的发育历期和雌性比没有显著影响。黑腹果蝇蛹被毛锤角细蜂寄生后,重量显著降低。因此,1~10日龄毛锤角细蜂成虫均可大量寄生黑腹果蝇蛹,以7日龄为最佳寄生时期,这为毛锤角细蜂的大量扩繁和应用提供了理论依据。

一种适用于实验教学的果蝇DNA提取新方法

南开大学遗传学实验课程组将科研中常用的动物组织DNA提取方法改造后用于实验教学,获得了1种适用于实验教学的果蝇DNA提取新方法。该方法由碱裂解、酸中和、离心3个步骤组成,具有操作简单、时间短、成本低、效果稳定等特点,获得的DNA无论是浓度还是纯度均可满足后续PCR扩增的需要,符合实验教学的要求。该方法简化了果蝇DNA的提取流程,为与果蝇基因表达分析相关实验项目的改革奠定了基础,有助于提升实验教学效果,推动课程建设。

薏米对果蝇生长发育的影响

以黑腹果蝇为试验材料,设置不同浓度的薏米培养基(0%、10%、15%、20%),探究薏米培养基对果蝇繁殖力、雌雄比例、体重、寿命及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响,以期为薏米的合理使用提供理论依据.结果显示:随着薏米浓度的逐渐提高,果蝇的成蛹数、羽化数、寿命和体重均呈现先升高后降低的趋势.当薏米浓度在0%~15%区间时,果蝇的成蛹数、羽化数、寿命和体重均呈现为逐渐提高,15%时各项所测指标最高:成蛹数、羽化数分别为64.33只和60.00只,雌、雄果蝇的寿命分别为65 d和62 d,雌、雄果蝇的体重分别达1.382 g和1.180 g.果蝇的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性也随薏米浓度的增加而增加,当浓度为20%时,过氧化氢酶活性最高,雌、雄果蝇分别达15.77 U/mg和14.96 U/mg.可见,15%的薏米培养基最适宜果蝇的生长发育,20%的薏米培养基对果蝇CAT活性的提高最显著,但薏米浓度对果蝇的雌雄比例影响不明显.

Research on the Karyotype and Evolution of Drosophila melanogaster Species Group

Mitotic metaphase chromosomes of 34 species of Drosophila melanogaster species group were examined. Certain new karyotypes were described for the first time, and their evolutionary and interspecific genetic relationships among 8 subgroups of D. melanogaster species group were analyzed systematically. The results were as follows. The basic karyotype of elegans subgroup was type A. The karyotypes of eugracilis subgroup, melanogaster subgroup, and ficusphila subgroup were all type C. The karyotypes of takahashii subgroup and suzukii subgroup were both type C and type D. The montium subgroup had six kinds of karyotypes types B, C, C＇, D, D＇, and E. The ananassae subgroup had three kinds of karyotypes： types F, G, and H. Thus, the melanogaster species group was classified into five pedigrees based on the diversity of these karyotypes： 1） elegans; 2） eugracilis-melanogasterficusphila; 3） takkahashii-suzukii; 4） montium; 5） ananassae. The above-mentioned results in karyotypic evolution were consistent with those of DNA sequence analysis reported by Yang except for the elegans subgroup and this subgroup was considered as the ancestral subgroup. Karyotype analysis of the same drosophila from different isofemale lines indicated that the same Drosophila from different places showed karyotypic variation which might be due to different geographical environment and evolutionary degree or interaction between the two factors.

元宝枫油对衰老果蝇生理指标及肠道菌群的影响

探究元宝枫油对衰老果蝇生理指标及肠道菌群的影响。在基础培养基中分别添加10、20 g/kg和40 g/kg的元宝枫油对野生黑腹果蝇进行干预,观察果蝇寿命、爬行能力、嗅觉记忆能力和热耐受能力等行为学变化情况;检测超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活力和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)活力;收集果蝇中肠,进行16S rRNA基因扩增子测序,检测肠道微生物组的变化。结果表明,与对照组相比,不同含量的元宝枫油干预均能显著延长果蝇的寿命(P<0.000 1),其中,20 g/kg元宝枫籽油抗衰老效果最佳,平均延长寿命31%。另外,20 g/kg元宝枫油干预可明显改善衰老果蝇的爬行能力、嗅觉记忆能力和热耐受能力,提高SOD和GSH-Px活力。衰老改变了果蝇肠道微生物的组成和结构,线性判别分析结果显示衰老果蝇中Enterobacteriaceae、Gluconobacter和Morganella morganii 3类细菌相对丰度增加,而元宝枫油抑制了衰老过程中以上3类细菌相对丰度的增加。综上,元宝枫油具有抗衰老作用,可改善果蝇的生理功能衰退,延长寿命,其机制可能与改变衰老果蝇肠道微生物的丰富度、均匀度和菌群结构,从而调节肠道菌群和提高抗氧化能力有关。

Exploiting fly models to investigate rare human neurological disorders

Rare neurological diseases,while individually are rare,collectively impact millions globally,leading to diverse and often severe neurological symptoms.Often attributed to genetic mutations that disrupt protein function or structure,understanding their genetic basis is crucial for accurate diagnosis and targeted therapies.To investigate the underlying pathogenesis of these conditions,researchers often use non-mammalian model organisms,such as Drosophila(fruit flies),which is valued for their genetic manipulability,cost-efficiency,and preservation of genes and biological functions across evolutionary time.Genetic tools available in Drosophila,including CRISPR-Cas9,offer a means to manipulate gene expression,allowing for a deep exploration of the genetic underpinnings of rare neurological diseases.Drosophila boasts a versatile genetic toolkit,rapid generation turnover,and ease of large-scale experimentation,making it an invaluable resource for identifying potential drug candidates.Researchers can expose flies carrying disease-associated mutations to various compounds,rapidly pinpointing promising therapeutic agents for further investigation in mammalian models and,ultimately,clinical trials.In this comprehensive review,we explore rare neurological diseases where fly research has significantly contributed to our understanding of their genetic basis,pathophysiology,and potential therapeutic implications.We discuss rare diseases associated with both neuron-expressed and glial-expressed genes.Specific cases include mutations in CDK19 resulting in epilepsy and developmental delay,mutations in TIAM1 leading to a neurodevelopmental disorder with seizures and language delay,and mutations in IRF2BPL causing seizures,a neurodevelopmental disorder with regression,loss of speech,and abnormal movements.And we explore mutations in EMC1 related to cerebellar atrophy,visual impairment,psychomotor retardation,and gain-of-function mutations in ACOX1 causing Mitchell syndrome.Loss-of-function mutations in ACOX1 result in ACOX1 deficiency,characterized by very-long-chain fatty acid accumulation and glial degeneration.Notably,this review highlights how modeling these diseases in Drosophila has provided valuable insights into their pathophysiology,offering a platform for the rapid identification of potential therapeutic interventions.Rare neurological diseases involve a wide range of expression systems,and sometimes common phenotypes can be found among different genes that cause abnormalities in neurons or glia.Furthermore,mutations within the same gene may result in varying functional outcomes,such as complete loss of function,partial loss of function,or gain-of-function mutations.The phenotypes observed in patients can differ significantly,underscoring the complexity of these conditions.In conclusion,Drosophila represents an indispensable and cost-effective tool for investigating rare neurological diseases.By facilitating the modeling of these conditions,Drosophila contributes to a deeper understanding of their genetic basis,pathophysiology,and potential therapies.This approach accelerates the discovery of promising drug candidates,ultimately benefiting patients affected by these complex and understudied diseases.

甜蜜素对果蝇繁殖生长及运动能力的影响

为了研究甜蜜素对果蝇繁殖力、发育和运动能力的影响,本文以黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)为研究对象,分析不同质量浓度(0~8 mg/mL)甜蜜素的玉米琼脂培养基对果蝇子代出蛹时间和5 d内出蛹总数的影响,并以此为依据判断果蝇的繁殖能力;通过对子代果蝇在不同质量浓度甜蜜素培养基中开始羽化时间、羽化5 d内成蝇出现总只数、成蝇的体质量与身长统计,研究该因素对果蝇发育的影响作用;以攀爬指数的变化说明甜蜜素对果蝇运动能力的影响。研究结果显示:1 mg/mL的甜蜜素培养基可增强黑腹果蝇的繁殖能力、正向促进生长发育、降低运动能力,但均未达到显著性水平;而2~8 mg/mL的甜蜜素培养基抑制了果蝇的繁殖能力、发育和运动能力,且抑制作用随质量浓度增大效应更强。与0相比,4~8 mg/mL甜蜜素培养基对果蝇繁殖、生长及运动能力均具有显著抑制作用(t=2.622~5.000,P<0.05),其中4 mg/mL甜蜜素培养基使雌果蝇的体质量和雄果蝇的运动能力达到差异极显著标准(t=5.831和3.801,P<0.01),8 mg/mL甜蜜素培养基使雌果蝇的体质量、体长和雌、雄果蝇的运动能力均达到差异极显著标准(t=9.970、3.798、8.994和10.451,P<0.01)。本文结果表明,甜蜜素对果蝇的繁殖力、发育和运动能力均有一定的影响。果蝇DNA分子与人类具有高度同源性,故建议在食品生产和食用中应谨慎。

黑腹绒鼠(Eothenomys melanogaster)种群年龄的研究

对贵州省余庆县2000～2008年51只黑腹绒鼠（雌鼠21只，雄鼠30只）以体重指标划分种群年龄，根据体重频次分布特征，参照繁殖状况，将黑腹绒鼠划分为5个年龄组，制定了各年龄组的体重划分标准：幼年组（Ⅰ）体重小于或等于18．0g；亚成年组（Ⅱ）18．1—23．0g；成年Ⅰ组（Ⅲ）23．1～28．0g；成年Ⅱ组（Ⅳ）28．1～33．0g；老年组（Ⅴ）33．0g以上。结果表明：不同年龄组之间体重、胴体重、体长、尾长具有极显著差异，不同年龄组种群繁殖力存在明显差异，随着种群年龄的增长，种群繁殖力不断增加，成年Ⅰ组、成年Ⅱ组和老年组是种群繁殖的主体，平均怀孕率为68．42％，平均胎仔数为2．31只，平均睾丸下降率为91，67％。种群年龄结构存在着明显的季节变化。

Stability and Refolding of Prophenol Oxidase Protein with 2-Propanol in Drosophila melanogaster

Phenol oxidase in Drosophila melanogaster occurs as folded phase precursors designated as prophenol oxidase A1 and A3, and prophenol oxidase is activated with alcohol, especially 2-propanol, within a few minutes as unfolded-phase in vitro. To clarify a common effect of alcohols on proteins and peptides, the extract containing prophenol oxidase protein was prepared. Phenol oxidase activity activated with 2-propanol has been maintained stable at least 24 hours remains as it is. Protein of prophenol oxidase was not denatured opposite hypnoses known as the instability of protein with alcohol. Activated prophenol oxidase with 2-propanol remain enzyme activity with no aggregation, stable, renaturation, and the refolding phenomena occurred around the active phase within the catalytic active center of prophenol oxidase protein in Drosophila melanogaster. This study is important to induce the wide range applications of the effect in many fields for rational drag design.

果蝇对不同甜味物质的选择偏好及其感知机制

为了有效应对因过量糖摄入而引发的健康问题,探究甜味物质选择偏好及其感知机制至关重要。本研究以黑腹果蝇为模式动物,通过评估果蝇对能量糖(蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖)和非能量代糖(山梨醇)的选择偏好,探究糖类偏好的特异性甜味感知受体机制。结果显示:与山梨糖醇相比,能量糖可以刺激雌性果蝇产更多的卵并显著影响产卵位置偏好。在甜味受体Gr5a层面,研究发现该受体在低浓度甜味基质的感知和行为调节中发挥了关键作用。在高浓度甜味基质中,即使Gr5a功能受损,雌性果蝇仍能进行有限的产卵,提示可能存在其它感知机制补偿了部分功能,多样化的感知机制使动物能够更有效地在环境中选择适合其需求的食物,从而优化营养选择。本研究揭示了果蝇在复杂糖环境中的感知和行为响应机制,为代糖在食品中的应用提供了科学依据,并为更广泛地减糖策略和健康饮食研究提供了新的视角和理论支持。

黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)视觉系统显微结构的研究

采用CP(Colophony-Paraffin,CP,专利号:ZL98125709.7)切片和定向包埋技术,首次对黑腹果蝇(Drosophilamelanogaster)的头部进行了3μm的连续切片及制片,经常规染色后,在光学显微镜下对其视觉系统的显微结构进行了详细的观察研究.结果表明,黑腹果蝇的视觉系统主要由复眼、视叶和一些纤维通路组成.复眼由许多形态相同的小眼构成,每个小眼由外向内分别由半球形的角膜、倒锥形的晶体和柱形的视觉柱组成,视觉柱中有7个感光细胞,其轴突穿过复眼底部的视神经孔与视叶相连;视叶由外向内又依次分为神经节层、外髓、内髓板和内髓4个髓质区以及视网膜底部与神经节层之间的网膜后交叉、神经节层与外髓之间的外交叉和外髓与内髓之间的内交叉.黑腹果蝇视觉系统中主要包括角膜细胞、晶锥细胞、网膜细胞(光感细胞)、色素细胞、柱状神经元、无长突细胞和切向神经元7种类型的神经细胞,其胞体直径均小于3μm.

余甘子水提物对黑腹果蝇寿命及攀爬能力的保护作用

目的:余甘子(PE)是一种富含多种酚类物质和有机酸等化合物的药食两用植物资源。本研究拟探讨PE水提物对正常生理条件和镉(Cd)胁迫条件下果蝇寿命及攀爬能力的影响。方法:采用1.6、8、16 mg/mL PE水提物分别作用于野生型雌雄红黑腹果蝇,寻找有效提高其寿命及攀爬能力的最佳PE水提物浓度和最佳处理时间,并检测最佳浓度PE水提物处理后对雌雄果蝇体内SOD、CAT活性、MDA含量的影响。用5、10、20、40 mg/L CdCl_(2)单独作用于雌雄果蝇,摸索有效降低果蝇寿命的最适CdCl_(2)浓度,在此基础上采用1.6、8、16 mg/mL PE水提物联合最适浓度CdCl_(2)处理雌雄果蝇,探讨PE水提物对Cd胁迫下雌雄果蝇寿命及攀爬能力的影响。结果:与对照组相比,16 mg/mL PE水提物有助于延长正常生理条件下雌雄果蝇寿命(P<0.05);在最佳浓度(雌性1.6 mg/mL、雄性8 mg/mL)PE水提物处理下,有效提高雌雄果蝇攀爬能力的最佳处理时间呈现出性别差异,雌果蝇的最佳处理时间为22 d,雄果蝇为10 d,但最佳浓度PE水提物分别处理雌雄果蝇10、22、33、45 d均不能提高其体内抗氧化酶活性。与对照组相比,40 mg/L CdCl_(2)作用下雌雄果蝇的平均寿命降低最多(P<0.01),后续以40 mg/L作为最适Cd胁迫浓度。与对照组比较,8和16 mg/mL PE水提物有助于延长40 mg/L CdCl_(2)胁迫下雄果蝇的寿命但处理18 d后其攀爬能力显著降低(P<0.05),1.6、8和16 mg/mL PE水提物处理对雌果蝇的寿命和攀爬能力则均无显著影响(P>0.05)。结论:PE水提物有助于延长正常生理条件下雌雄果蝇的寿命和攀爬能力,延长Cd胁迫下雄果蝇的寿命但降低其攀爬能力,表明PE对果蝇的保护作用存在性别差异。

裁翅对果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)生殖行为的影响

选用野生型、残翅和白眼3种不同基因型的果蝇,人为地将野生型和白眼果蝇的翅膀分别剪去0/3,1/3,1/2,2/3,1/1,设计39种不同的杂交组合,培养在相同大小的容器中,置于室温条件下,统计各种组合的子代果蝇发生量。结果显示:果蝇的生殖过程中,不同性状的个体之间存在一定的生殖“歧视”,同时进入繁殖期时,翅是两性吸引的重要的结构部分,雄性主要依靠振翅的频率来吸引异性,因此果蝇的翅是繁殖交尾的一种关键辅助结构。

模式生物果蝇在食品毒理学实验教学改革中的应用

黑腹果蝇是生命科学领域经典模式生物之一,具有体积小、易饲养、繁殖快和遗传背景清晰等特点,已助力科学家获得六次诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。目前,黑腹果蝇已成为食源性污染物毒作用评价及深入机制研究的新兴动物模型,且不受伦理限制,符合毒理学替代法3R原则。该文简述了模式生物果蝇在食品毒理学实验教学应用中的可行性和优势,及其在寿命、神经和生殖毒作用机制方面的应用研究。将果蝇模型应用于食品毒理学实验教学,有助于实现教学与科研相融合,推动食品毒理学教学的发展。

果蝇在阿尔茨海默病研究中的应用

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是较为常见的慢性神经退行性改变。果蝇遗传背景清晰、实验操作简便、与人类疾病有关的基因或是与其高度相似的同源基因都可以在果蝇体内找到。利用果蝇经典的半乳糖调节上游启动子元件4-上游激活序列(GAL4-UAS)系统已建立了多种AD果蝇模型,开展了AD的分子机制及药物筛选研究。本文针对不同类型的AD果蝇模型的制备原理、方法及应用作一综述,为利用果蝇进行AD研究提供思路。

基于随机森林与长短期记忆网络结合的蓝莓黑腹果蝇发生预测

黑腹果蝇侵害严重影响蓝莓产量,现已成为遏制贵州省蓝莓产业发展的主要原因之一,快速、准确预测黑腹果蝇发生有利于及时采取防控措施,但目前对蓝莓园黑腹果蝇发生预测的研究尚少。为此,本研究提出了一种蓝莓黑腹果蝇发生预测模型。首先,利用Pearson相关系数分析温度、湿度、风速等相关气候特征指标与黑腹果蝇发生的相关性;然后,利用随机森林算法选出影响黑腹果蝇发生的重要气候特征指标;最后,提出一种随机森林和长短期记忆网络相结合的虫害预测模型。将该模型与其他传统模型的预测效果进行对比,结果表明其在预测黑腹果蝇发生方面表现出良好的性能,均方根误差为2.1203,平均绝对误差为1.8659,决定系数为0.9795。本研究结果可为预测黑腹果蝇发生并及时采取相应防治策略提供技术支持。

毛锤角细蜂寄生对黑腹果蝇转录组的影响

黑腹果蝇是水果近成熟期的主要害虫,直接影响葡萄、蓝莓等浆果的品质和商品价值。本研究选用黑腹果蝇蛹期优势寄生蜂——毛锤角细蜂为试材,利用Illumina测序平台的RNA-Seq技术对被毛锤角细蜂寄生6 h和未寄生的黑腹果蝇蛹进行转录组测序分析。结果显示,寄生前后两组样本间共得到294个差异表达基因,其中上调基因98个,下调基因196个;对差异表达基因进行GO和KEGG功能富集分析,并探究寄生对寄主免疫相关基因表达的影响,发现毛锤角细蜂可能属于免疫逃避型寄生蜂。研究结果可为黑腹果蝇的生物防治提供参考。