Effect of melting temperature on microstructural evolutions, behavior and corrosion morphology of Hadfield austenitic manganese steel in the casting process

In this study, the effect of melting temperature on the microstructural evolutions, behavior, and corrosion morphology of Hadfield steel in the casting process is investigated. The mold was prepared by the sodium silicate/CO_2 method, using a blind riser, and then the desired molten steel was obtained using a coreless induction furnace. The casting was performed at melting temperatures of 1350, 1400, 1450, and 1500°C, and the cast blocks were immediately quenched in water. Optical microscopy was used to analyze the microstructure, and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffractrometry(XRD) were used to analyze the corrosion morphology and phase formation in the microstructure, respectively. The corrosion behavior of the samples was analyzed using a potentiodynamic polarization test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) in 3.5 wt% NaCl. The optical microscopy observations and XRD patterns show that the increase in melting temperature led to a decrease of carbides and an increase in the austenite grain size in the Hadfield steel microstructure. The corrosion tests results show that with increasing melting temperature in the casting process, Hadfield steel shows a higher corrosion resistance. The SEM images of the corrosion morphologies show that the reduction of melting temperature in the Hadfield steel casting process induced micro-galvanic corrosion conditions.

Effect of Melt Superheating on the Morphology of MC Carbide in a Cast Ni-base Superalloy M963

The effect of the melt superheating temperature on the as cast microstructure of a cast nickel base superalloy M963 has been investigated. The results show that the as cast microstructure of the alloy consists of γ solid solution matrix,γ′ precipitate in cubic shape, (γ+γ′) eutectic and MC carbide, and the morphology of MC carbide in the microstructure can be varied from coarse scriptlike, fine scriptlike to fine cubelike or discontinuous particles by increasing the melt superheating temperature. The mechanism of melt superheating is discussed by means of differential thermal analysis (DTA) technique.

Effect of Carbon Properties on Melting Behavior of Mold Fluxes for Continuous Casting of Steels

During continuous casting of steel, the properties of mold fluxes strongly affect the casting performance, steel quality and environment of casting operation. The high temperature microscopy technique was used to investigate the melting behaviour of mold fluxes, and drip test method was used to determine their melting rate. The results showed that free carbon is a dominant factor in governing the melting behaviour of fluxes, and the melting rate is increased with increasing carbon reactivity and decreasing carbon content.

Graphite Nucleation in Cast Iron Melts Based on Solidification Experiments and Microstructure Simulation

Microstructure strongly influences the mechanical properties of cast iron. By inoculating the melt with proper inoculants, foreign substrates are brought into the melt and eventually the graphite can crystallize on them. The elements and substrates that really play a role for nucleation are yet unknown. Until now there is very little knowledge about the fundamentals of nucleation, such as composition and morphology of nuclei. In this work we utilized EN-GJL-200 as a base material and examined several produced specimens. The specimens were cast with and without inoculants and quenched at different solidification states. Specimens were also examined with a high and low oxygen concentration, but the results showed that different oxygen contents have no influence on the nucleation in cast iron melts. Our research was focused on the microscopic examination and phase-field simulations. For studying the samples we applied different analytical methods, where SEM-EDS, -WDS were proved to be most effective. The simulations were conducted by using the software MICRESS, which is based on a multiphase-field model and has been coupled directly to the TCFE3 thermodynamic database from TCAB. On the basis of the experimental investigations a nucleation mechanism is proposed, which claims MnS precipitates as the preferred site for graphite nucleation. This theory is supported by the results of the phase-field simulations.

Semi-continuous casting of magnesium alloy AZ91 using a filtered melt delivery system

A 3-D numerical simulation of an industrial-sized slab caster for magnesium alloy AZ91 has been carried out for the steady state operational phase of the caster.The simulated model consists of an open-top melt delivery system fitted with a porous filter near the hot-top.The melt flow through the porous filter was modeled on the basis of Brinkmann-Forchimier-Extended non-Darcy model for turbulent flow.An in-house 3-D CFD code was modified to account for the melt flow through the porous filter.Results are obtained for four casting speeds namely,40,60,80,and 100 mm/min.The metal-mold contact region as well as the convective heat transfer coefficient at the mold wall were also varied.In addition to the above,the Darcy number for the porous media was also changed.All parametric studies were performed for a fixed inlet melt superheat of 64℃.The results are presented pictorially in the form of temperature and velocity fields.The sump depth,mushy region thickness,solid shell thickness at the exit of the mold and axial temperature profiles are also presented and correlated with the casting speed through regression analysis.©2015 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Chongqing University.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of melt-conditioned high-pressure die-cast Mg-Al-Ca alloy

A new shape casting process,melt-conditioned high-pressure die-casting(MC-HPDC) was developed.In this process,liquid metal was conditioned under intensively forced convection provided by melt conditioning with advanced shear technology(MCAST) unit before being transferred to a conventional cold chamber high-pressure die-casting(HPDC) machine for shape casting. The effect of melt conditioning was investigated,which was carried out both above and below the liquidus of the alloy,on the microstructure and properties of a Mg-Al-Ca alloy(AZ91D+2%Ca(mass fraction) ,named as AZX912) .The results show that many coarse externally-solidified crystals(ESCs) can be observed in the centre of conventional HPDC samples,and hot tearing occurs at the inter-dendritic region because of the lack of feeding.With the melting conditioning,the MC-HPDC samples not only have considerably refined size of ESCs but also have significantly reduced cast defects,thus provide superior mechanical properties to conventional HPDC castings.The solidification behaviour of the alloy under different processing routes was also discussed.

Thermal Fatigue Behaviour of Co-Based Alloy Coating Obtained by Laser Surface Melt-Casting on High Temperature Alloy

A thermal fatigue behaviour of Co-based alloy coating obtained by laser surface meltcasting on the high temperature alloy GH33 was studied.The results show that after each time of thermal cycling,the final residual stress was formed in the melt-casting layer which is attributed to the thermal stress and structural stress.Through the first 50 times of thermal cycling,the morphology of coating still inherits the laser casting one,but the dendrites get bigger;After the second 50 times of thermal cycling,corrosion pits emerge from coating,and mostly in the places where coating and substrate meet.The fatigue damage type of coating belongs to stress corrosion.

Effect of electromagnetic parameters on melt flow and heat transfer of AZ80 Mg alloy during differential phase electromagnetic DC casting based on numerical simulation

Based on multi-physical field coupling numerical simulation method,magnetic field distribution,melt flow,and heat transfer behavior of aΦ300 mm AZ80 alloy billet during differential phase electromagnetic DC casting(DP-EMC)with different electromagnetic parameters were studied.The results demonstrate that the increase in current intensity only changes the magnitude but does not change the Lorentz force's distribution characteristics.The maximum value of the Lorentz force increases linearly followed by an increase in current intensity.As the frequency increases,the Lorentz force's r component remains constant,and the z component decreases slightly.The change in current intensity correlates with the melt oscillation and convection intensity positively,as well as the liquid sump temperature uniformity.It does not mean that the higher the electric current,the better the metallurgical quality of the billet.A lower frequency is beneficial to generate a more significant melt flow and velocity fluctuation,which is helpful to create a more uniform temperature field.Appropriate DP-EMC parameters for aΦ300 mm AZ80 Mg alloy are 10-20 Hz frequency and 80-100 A current intensity.

Fused Cast Alumina Refractory Products for Glass Melting Furnace

JC/T 494-92(96) 1 ScopeThis standard specifies the technical requirements, test methods, inspection rules, marking, packing, transportation, and storage of fused cast alumina refractory products for glass melting furnace. This standard is applicable to the fused cast alumina refractory products for glass melting furnace (called products for short).2 Normative ReferencesGB 2997 Test method for apparent porosity, water absorption, bulk density and true porosity of dense shaped refractory productsGB 5072 Test method for cold crushing strength of dense shaped refractory productsGB 5989 Test method for refractoriness under load of dense shaped refractory products (Differential, with rising temperature)GB 7320 Test method for thermal expansion of refractory productsGB 10204 Test method for corrosion resistance of refractories for glass melting furnace to molten glassGB 10325 Stacking, sampling, acceptance, storage and transportation of shaped refractory productsGB 10326 Inspections of dimension, appearance and section of refractory productsGB/T 14351 Chemical analysis method of fused cast alumina refractoriesYB 4015 Sample preparation for testing of refractory products for glass melting furnaceYB 4016 Sampling and inspection of refractory products for glass melting furnaceJC 493 Fused cast zirconia corundum refractory products for glass melting furnace

Partial melting and re-solidification in partially melted zone during gas tungsten arc welding of AZ91 cast alloy

During the welding of AZ91 cast alloy,the presence of eutectic β-Mg17Al12 phase results in constitutional liquation in the original interdendritic regions and in the formation of a partially melted zone(PMZ). In this study,gas tungsten arc welding(GTAW) and partial melting(simulated using furnace,salt bath and Gleeble) experiments were conducted. The results show that practically there would not be a critical heating rate during the welding to prevent constitutional liquation. The gradual change of the re-solidification microstructure within PMZ from base metal side to weld metal side was characterized. A sharp transition from base metal to PMZ has been observed. It is found that the original partially divorced eutectic has become a more regular eutectic in most of the PMZ,although close to the fusion boundary the re-solidified eutectic is again a more divorced one. Proceeding the eutectic re-solidification,α-Mg re-solidified with a cellular growth resulting in a serrated interface. The morphological change affected by the peak temperature and cooling rate will be presented and explained.

顺序凝固工艺对大长径比装药缩松的影响研究

针对顺序凝固工艺对大长径比装药易形成缩松的问题,分别以受控生长期、自由凝固期的相界面形貌特征参数为中间量,建立了工艺参数到缩松体积的4层关联路径,选择TNT/RDX(33.8/65)炸药、长径比5∶1的装药模具,进行了正交仿真、极差分析以及Spearman相关系数计算,结果表明,降低水温、入水速度以及提高环境换热系数可提高受控生长期的相界面高度、开口角,从而降低自由凝固期的凝固区间最大厚度,最终减少缩松体积;工艺参数影响强弱为:水温、入水速度、环境换热系数;降低入水速度、提高环境换热系数可减少对低水温的依赖。本研究探明了顺序凝固工艺参数对大长径比装药相界面演化及缩松的影响机理,可为相关工艺设计提供理论支撑。

两种新型炸药的准静态力学性能

为推动炸药在侵爆战斗部中的应用,采用万能材料试验机对HMX基压装高聚物粘结炸药(polymer bonded explosive,PBX)和DNAN基熔铸炸药的准静态力学性能进行研究。获得2种炸药在2.0×10-5 s-1~1.0×10-3 s-1应变率范围内的应力应变试验数据。结果表明:2种炸药的力学性能均具有明显的应变率效应,但前者失效应变约为后者的6倍,呈现出较大区别。基于唯象方法,建立描述2种炸药1维准静态压缩力学行为的幂指数硬化本构模型,并拟合得到本构模型参数。通过与试验结果对比表明,模型计算结果与试验结果误差小于3%,吻合较好。该研究结果可为描述2种炸药的力学行为提供参考。

前箱熔体温度对8011铝合金铸轧板坯组织性能的影响

为了稳定提高双零铝箔用铸轧坯料质量,使用电解铝液配料生产规格为7.0 mm×1300 mm的8011铝合金铸轧铝板卷,并利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)及电子万能拉伸试验机等手段,研究了不同前箱铝熔体温度(680,690,700,710℃)对8011铝合铸轧板坯微观组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明:随着前箱熔体温度的升高,铸轧板坯晶粒的尺寸呈略微增大再急剧变大的趋势,其抗拉强度和断后伸长率均呈先缓慢降低后急剧下降的趋势;当前箱熔体温度控制在680~700℃时,可获得综合力学性能较佳的铸轧板坯,其平均纵向抗拉强度和横向抗拉强度分别不低于141.87 MPa和138.84 MPa,平均纵向断后伸长率和横向断后伸长率分别不低于29.8%和26.4%.

燃气爆炸荷载作用下钢筋混凝土板抗爆性能数值模拟

为了研究不同燃气爆炸荷载下混凝土板的动态响应特点,本文通过已有文献中的钢筋混凝土板抗爆试验,利用LS-DYNA有限元软件建立数值模型并验证其可靠性。然后,在混凝土板面施加不同峰值的简化三角燃气荷载,研究混凝土板在燃气荷载作用下的位移、速度、加速度等。结果表明:试验用钢筋混凝土板的最大位移和振动都出现在板跨中位置,且随着荷载峰值的增大而增大;当荷载峰值超过20 kPa时,随着作用在混凝土板上荷载量值的增加,结构的刚度受到削弱,在受迫振动阶段结构振动加速度的特性会发生变化,出现高频振荡;高频振荡开始时间随着燃气爆炸荷载峰值的提高而提前;当荷载结束后,混凝土板进入自由振动阶段,板的振动周期受残余刚度的影响,随着荷载峰值的提高而增大。

铸造铝合金熔体处理技术发展现状

铸造铝合金具有轻质、高比强度、铸造性能好等一系列优点,是一种优异的轻量化材料,在汽车行业具有广阔的应用前景。合金熔体质量对铸件最终性能具有重要影响,铸造前对其进行净化、晶粒细化和变质处理是获得高性能铸件的必要前提条件。本文介绍了铸造铝合金熔体纯净化技术、晶粒细化技术以及共晶Si变质处理技术的发展现状,以期为先进铝合金熔体处理技术的开发与应用提供参考。

基于ProCAST的熔胶座移动板浇注系统模拟优化

基于ProCAST仿真平台对QT500-7熔胶座移动板进行了充型与凝固模拟及浇注系统的优化设计。鉴于铸件在充型过程中的氧化夹渣与冒口对铸件质量影响很大,因此对铸造过程中的流动场和温度场进行了研究。结果表明,良好的流道可以保证低的氧化夹渣,同时合理的冒口可以降低铸件的缩孔与缩松。该结果对同类铸件工艺设计具有一定的参考价值和指导意义。

不同温度下RDX基熔铸炸药的力学性能研究

为了探究温度对RDX基熔铸炸药的力学性能影响,采用了单轴压缩试验和直接拉伸试验,利用颗粒流数值模拟软件建立相应的数值模型并进行数值模拟试验,对不同温度下RDX基熔铸炸药的力学性能进行了研究。结果表明,研究不同温度下试样在不同应力状态阶段的微观损伤机理,发现温度显著影响试样的抗压强度、抗拉强度和弹性模量,抗变形能力明显依赖于温度。随着温度的升高,试样的峰值强度增大,弹性模量先增大后降低。根据微观裂纹、接触力链以及颗粒位移场的发育演化过程可以看出,温度越低,试样破坏后分块数越少,越容易出现应力集中现象,发生局部破坏,试样完全破坏后,裂纹数量随温度降低而减少,接触力链数量增大,颗粒位移方向由复杂分散逐渐有序,抗变形能力增大。

浇注PBX替代材料的准静态压缩力学行为及本构模型标定

为研究高聚物粘结炸药(PBX)的准静态压缩行为,对两种典型配方(含铝粉与否)的浇注PBX替代材料在不同应变率下进行单轴准静态压缩试验,并对其力学性能进行了对比分析。同时基于朱‑王‑唐(ZWT)模型提出一种新模型来描述材料的准静态压缩行为,通过遗传算法获取本构模型参数,并使用Fortran语言在Abaqus有限元软件的用户材料子程序(UMAT)接口中进行本构模型的建立。结果表明:浇注PBX替代材料的准静态压缩过程可分为弹性压缩、应力衰减以及失稳破坏3个阶段;准静态压缩力学行为与应变率有明显的相关性,随着应变率的提高,材料的有效压缩应变基本不变,而压缩模量、屈服强度和压缩强度的对数与应变率对数近似呈现出线性关系;铝粉的加入使浇注PBX替代材料压缩模量、屈服强度和压缩强度均有所提升。新构建的本构模型能较好描述浇注PBX替代材料的准静态压缩行为,使用有限元软件对本构模型普适性进行验证,得到仿真计算结果与试验结果间可决系数R^(2)均大于0.98,吻合程度较高。

激光工艺参数对H13钢表面淬火层组织及性能影响

为了探究不同激光工艺参数组合对H13钢激光淬火改性层的影响,文章设置了7组对照实验,对改性层的截面宏观形貌、物相组成、微观组织结构、显微硬度及摩擦磨损性能进行了分析,并具体对比了过烧熔凝与淬火后的组织及性能区别。结果表明,增大激光功率或减小扫描速度均能有效提高淬火区的深度和宽度,但当参数组合达到一定的界限时,会产生过烧熔凝现象,影响工件表面平整度。随着激光功率的增长或扫描速度的降低,改性层组织由不完全相变组织转变为完全相变组织;当达到一定的界限时析出的部分碳化物呈结节状特征;过烧熔凝会产生铸态枝晶组织。截面硬度随着激光功率的增加或扫描速度的降低呈现出递增的趋势,最高硬度出现在次表层区域;铸态枝晶组织相较于淬火组织使硬度显著增加。随着磨损时间的增加,激光淬火试样的磨损失重递增范围减小,磨损方式主要表现为磨粒磨损和黏着磨损。