Corrosion Resistance of High-Alumina Graphite Based Refractories to the Smelting Reduction Melts

The corrosion resistance and microstructure of Al2O3-C based refractories in smelting reduction melts were studied and evaluated by the quasi-stationary immersion and rotary immersion test. The corrosion rate of the Al2O3-C based refractories is decreased with the addition of the graphite carbon and ZrO2. The test results showed that the ZrO2 containing bricks had much better corrosion resistance than the ZrO2- free bricks. The ZrO2 addition improved the oxidization resistance of the refractory and decreased the interaction rate between the melts and the refractory. The corrosion of the Al2O3-C based refractories is caused by both the interaction between melts and refractory and the dissolution of the refractory constituents into the melts.

Geotextile protection of glacier:Observed and simulated impacts on energy and mass balance

The detailed physical processes involved in slowing glacier ablation by material cover remain poorly understood so far.In the present study,using the snow cover model SNOWPACK,the effect of geotextile cover on the energy and mass balance at the tongue of the Urumqi Glacier No.1(Chinese Tien Shan)was simulated between July 12,2022 and August 31,2022.The mass changes and the energy fluxes with and without material cover were compared.The results indicated that the geotextile covering reduced glacier ablation by approximately 68%compared to the ablation in the uncovered regions.The high solar reflectivity of the geotextile reduced the net short-wave radiation energy available for the melt by 45%.Thermal insulation of the geotextile reduced the sensible heat flux by 15%.In addition,the wet geotextile exerted a cooling effect through long-wave radiation and negative latent heat flux.This cooling effect reduced the energy available for ablation by 20%.Consequently,only 37%of the energy was used for melting compared to that used in the uncovered regions(67%).Sensitivity experiments revealed that the geotextile cover used at a thickness range of 0.045-0.090 m reduced the ice loss by approximately 68%-72%,and a further increase in the thickness of the geotextile cover led to little improvements.A higher temperature and greater wind speed increased glacier ablation,although their effects were small.When the precipitation was set to zero,it led to a significantly increased melt.Overall,the geotextile effectively protected the glacier tongue from rapid melting,and the observed results have provided inspiration for developing an effective and sustainable approach to protect the glaciers using geotextile cover.