Proton conductivity performance and its correlation with physiochemical properties of proton exchange membrane(PEM)

Graphene oxide(GO)filler containing diversified Nafion-based proton exchange membrane(PEM)is studied to know the unique physical and chemical properties and performances of PEM.Nafion-SPEEK 1%-GO 0.75%(NSG-0.75%)composite shows the highest proton conductivity of 0.327 S·cm^(-1) at 90℃ and 100%RH(relative humidity)among all the PEM investigated.The descending order of significant proton conductivity is found as;Nafion-sPGO(1%)0.306 S·cm^(-1)>Nafion/ZIF-8@GO 0.280 S·cm^(-1)>Nafion/PGO(2%)0.277 S·cm^(-1)>Nafion/GO-sulfur(3%)0.232 S·cm^(-1)>Nafion/GO-poly-SPM-co-PEGMEMA(1%)0.229 S·cm^(-1)>Nafion/Ce-sPGO(1%)0.215 S·cm^(-1).The proton conductivity,water uptake capacity and ion exchange capacity,hydration number,thermal and oxidative stability,mechanical integrity(tensile strength),maximum power,and current density are found to be increased while activation energy and fuel crossover show a decrement as GO or modified GO is incorporated in the Nafion matrix.Principal component analysis(PCA)predicted a significant correlation between the proton conductivity and the properties;the water uptake capacity,ion exchange capacity,hydration number,maximum power density,and maximum current density are 0.598%,0.688%,0.894%,0.980%,and 0.852%accordingly.A multiple linear model equation of proton conductivity is defined with the parameters of water uptake capacity,ion exchange capacity,hydration number,maximum power density,and maximum current density whereas the regression coefficient is 0.9923.

考虑耐久性的PEM燃料电池有轨电车自适应优化控制策略

针对燃料电池/锂电池/超级电容混合储能有轨电车在动态负载、启停循环、怠速循环、大功率运行时质子交换膜(PEM)燃料电池寿命衰减情况,提出Pontryagin极小值原理(PMP)与耐久性结合的能量管理策略。通过启停控制策略控制燃料电池的启动与停止,有效降低燃料电池启动次数;利用储能系统总体氢气消耗为经济性代价,燃料电池性能衰退指数为耐久性代价,构建联合代价函数;在满足期望条件下,实现协态变量随荷电状态实时变化的在线适应;将所提策略与传统极小值策略和状态机策略进行仿真对比。结果表明:城市循环工况中所提策略较于传统Pontryagin策略燃料电池峰值电流降低了33.2%,氢气消耗下降了12.50%;郊区循环工况中所提策略较传统Pontryagin策略峰值电流降低了21.88%,氢气消耗下降了40.39%。所提管理策略在不同工况下均有良好的适应能力,解决了传统PMP只能离线应用的缺点,将启停次数控制在较低水平,具有延寿燃料电池的能力。

面向PEM电解制氢的虚拟同步控制技术研究

配有储氢环节的电解水制氢系统能够对功率进行调整,促进可再生能源大规模消纳,是一种理想的调节资源。在电解电源的控制中,引入虚拟同步机控制技术,以暂时改变电解制氢功率为代价,为大量新能源与清洁能源接入电网带来的转动惯量不足、频率稳定性较差等问题提供一种新的解决思路。本文以质子交换膜(proton exchange membrane,PEM)电解制氢系统为例,提出了一种虚拟同步电动机(virtual synchronous motor,VSM)的控制策略。首先,通过引入直流电流控制环节实现电解槽功率的自主调整,减小了负荷波动期间的电网频率变化量;其次,考虑到电解槽电流调节存在速率限制,分析了对频率调整过渡过程的影响。最后,基于MATLAB/Simulink搭建微电网仿真系统,实验结果表明,相较于传统的双闭环控制,基于VSM控制的PEM电解制氢系统在电网负荷变动期间能够自主调节制氢系统的功率,电网频率变化量减少了64.71%。

加长加宽的PEMFC电堆应力分布一致性仿真与优化

质子交换膜燃料电池可以通过扩大电堆的活性区域反应面积来获得更高的功率,但电堆反应面积扩大后,容易导致膜电极应力分布的不均匀性增加,从而引起燃料电池电化学性能的下降.为此,本研究设计了4种不同结构尺寸的燃料电池电堆,结合等效刚度模型法和有限元软件,分析了扩大反应面积的电堆结构对膜电极应力分布均匀性的影响,并进一步优化电堆内钢带的安装位置,以提升电堆内部接触压力分布均匀性.研究结果表明,膜电极接触压力分布的均匀性对反应区域宽度的变化较为敏感,当活性区域尺寸加宽,电堆内部活性区域的平均应力标准差增加了23.2%.而当活性区域加长,或同时加长和加宽时,相应增加一根捆扎钢带使电堆内部活性区域的平均应力标准差分别减小了8.6%和8.7%,表明适当增加捆扎钢带的数量可以提高电堆内部接触压力分布的均匀性.此外,钢带位置优化结果显示,电堆外侧钢带越靠近端板侧面时,电堆内部活性区域的应力分布越均匀.

兆瓦级PEMFC系统的设计和应用

质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)可实现电力和热力的联合供应,是支持零碳能源战略的重要技术路径。对兆瓦级PEMFC系统进行介绍与分析,对工程化应用中的实践提供逆变器、变压器、板式换热器和能量管理系统等部件的选型依据与建议,并指出在系统运行中自耗电占比最高的部件为空压机和散热风扇,分别占自耗电总功率的82.0%和10.7%。兆瓦级PEMFC系统在氯碱工厂中的商业化应用,可将原本排空的氢气发电,提高厂区能量利用效率,创造经济效益。

考虑平抑风光波动的ALK-PEM电解制氢系统容量优化模型

为提高风光资源的利用率,电解水制氢受到了广泛关注,但氢能在生产过程中易受到风光波动性的影响。由此,提出考虑平抑风光波动的碱性-质子交换膜(alkaline-proton exchange membrane,ALK-PEM)电解制氢系统容量优化模型。首先,为降低风光瞬时功率波动对电解制氢系统安全稳定运行的影响,采用EMD算法分析原始风电和光伏功率的瞬时波动特性,并经超级电容(supercapacitor,SC)进行平抑,构建了基于EMD的SC容量配置模型。其次,考虑不同电解槽运行特性因素,将质子交换膜(proton exchange membrane,PEM)电解槽和碱性(alkaline,ALK)电解槽相组合替代单类型电解槽的制氢系统,提出了ALK-PEM电解制氢系统容量优化模型,以提高制氢系统经济效益。最后,以某风电场和光伏电站数据为例,通过仿真计算得到系统的容量规划结果,验证所提模型在平抑波动和提高可再生能源利用率方面的有效性,并提高了制氢系统的经济性。

基于LSTM-MPC的PEMFC运行状态建模与容错控制

质子交换膜燃料电池(proton exchange membrane fuel cell,PEMFC)具有多物理场耦合特性易产生不同故障且难以控制。为了能在故障状态下快速有效控制,提出基于模型预测控制(modelpredictivecontrol,MPC)的容错控制方案。首先,以长短时记忆神经网络(long short-term memory,LSTM)的预测误差为遗传算法的适应度函数,寻优获取LSTM的最优超参数组合,基于数据驱动构建PEMFC系统在4种不同运行状态下的LSTM预测模型作为预测模型模块。然后,建立基于神经网络的控制器作为优化控制器模块,根据上述模块制定以PEMFC系统阴阳极输入气体压强为控制量、电堆电压为输出量的容错控制方案。最后,仿真验证LSTM预测模型与容错控制方案得到,LSTM预测模型在训练集和测试集的评估指标均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)指标值分别为0.0489和0.0558,具有较好的拟合效果。在不同故障状态下,MPC相较于传统PID容错控制方案电压恢复时间缩短50%及以上,并在氢气泄露故障状态下,最大压降降低22.2%,证明了所提控制策略的有效性和正确性。

In situ grown nanoscale platinum on carbon powder as catalyst layer in proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)

An extensive study has been conducted on the proton exchange membrane fuel cells （PEMFCs） with reducing Pt loading. This is commonly achieved by developing methods to increase the utilization of the platinum in the catalyst layer of the electrodes. In this paper, a novel process of the catalyst layers was introduced and investigated. A mixture of carbon powder and Nafion solution was sprayed on the glassy carbon electrode （GCE） to form a thin carbon layer. Then Pt particles were deposited on the surface by reducing hexachloroplatinic （IV） acid hexahydrate with methanoic acid. SEM images showed a continuous Pt gradient profile among the thickness direction of the catalytic layer by the novel method. The Pt nanowires grown are in the size of 3 nm （diameter） x l0 nm （length） by high solution TEM image. The novel catalyst layer was characterized by cyclic voltammetry （CV） and scanning electron microscope （SEM） as compared with commercial Pt/C black and Pt catalyst layer obtained from sputtering. The results showed that the platinum nanoparticles deposited on the carbon powder were highly utilized as they directly faced the gas diffusion layer and offered easy access to reactants （oxygen or hydrogen）.

Comparison of catalyst-coated membranes and catalyst-coated substrate for PEMFC membrane electrode assembly:A review

Catalyst-coated membranes(CCMs)have gained popularity among membrane electrode assembly(MEA)fabricators for their abilities and advantages compared with those of other methods,such as catalyst-coated substrates(CCSs).CCMs show a profound new analysis for reducing platinum(Pt)catalyst loading.In addition,they increase the total number of reactions that occur on the MEA because of their active area amplification,which leads to an improved catalyst-utilization efficiency rate.Moreover,several characteristics are involved in the MEA fabrication methods.Material-manufacturing effects with regard to catalyst inks and analysis of the overall performance of MEAs prepared by the CCM and CCS methods are deliberated.This deliberation emphasizes the practical approaches in minimizing performance deterioration during the fabrication of MEAs using the CCM method and converses the commercialization of the CCM fabrication method toward developing an end product.Novel research is required for MEA fabrication using the CCM methods to ensure that the fuel cell performance is improved.Therefore,this review is focusing on the pros and cons of both distinguished methods,that is,CCM and CCS fabrication,for better comparison.

Performance Characteristics of an Irreversible Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell

A model of an irreversible proton exchange membrane （PEM） fuel cell working at steady-state was established, in which overpotenfials, internal currents, and crossover losses were taken into account. The expressions of some key parameters of the fuel cell were derived from the point of electrochemistry and thermodynamics. Based on the irreversible model of the PEM fuel ceil, the influence of multi-irreversibilities on fuel cell performance were characterized and compared systematically. The general performance characteristic curves were generated. Moreover, when the electrical circuit was dosed with a load in it, the relations between the load resistance and power output density and efficiency were analyzed. The results provide a theoretical basis for both the operation and optimal design of real PEM fuel cells.

PEMFC空气系统流量和压力协同控制策略设计

为提高质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)空气系统的动态响应性能,避免局部缺气而导致其输出性能降低等问题的出现,针对空气系统存在流量和压力耦合的问题,分别采用PID、前馈解耦控制和模型预测控制(MPC)对空气系统进行控制,通过仿真和台架测试,验证控制算法的有效性。结果表明,两种控制算法相比较PID均具有较好的控制效果,空气流量和空气压力均能快速跟随设定值,PEMFC发动机的输出性能平稳。

基于改进鲸鱼算法优化GRU的PEMFC老化预测

为提高质子交换膜燃料电池(protonexchange membranefuelcells,PEMFC)老化预测的可控性和预测精度,提出一种基于改进的鲸鱼优化算法(improvedwhale optimizationalgorithm, IWOA)优化门控循环单元(gated recurrent unit,GRU)神经网络的PEMFC电压预测方法。采用IWOA获得GRU的最优超参数组,再利用GRU准确预测PEMFC电压。采用静态、准动态和动态工况下3组老化实验数据集,将提出的方法与反向传播神经网络、极限学习机、循环神经网络、长短期记忆神经网络、GRU和鲸鱼算法优化门控循环单元这6种方法相比较,所提出方法具有最高的老化预测和剩余使用寿命(remainingusefullife,RUL)估计精度。在静态、准动态和动态工况下,训练集占比为50%时,相比于GRU,所提出方法的预测结果的均方根误差分别降低56.99%、35.12%和9.95%。因此,该方法能够实现高精度PEMFC老化趋势和RUL预测。

Particle Swarm Optimization based predictive control of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are the main focus of their current development as power sources because they are capable of higher power density and faster start-up than other fuel cells. The humidification system and output performance of PEMFC stack are briefly analyzed. Predictive control of PEMFC based on Support Vector Regression Machine (SVRM) is presented and the SVRM is constructed. The processing plant is modelled on SVRM and the predictive control law is obtained by using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The simulation and the results showed that the SVRM and the PSO re-ceding optimization applied to the PEMFC predictive control yielded good performance.

PEMFC船形堵块阴极流场的性能

建立流体体积(VOF)两相流模型,研究船形堵块流道的排水性能。建立不同开孔率的船形堵块流道三维模型,研究船形堵块及开孔率对质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)性能的影响。船形堵块流道峰值净功率密度相较于传统直流道可提升9.4%,相较于同堵塞率下的梯形堵块流道可提高2.9%,具有较好的强化传质作用。通过提高船形堵块流道的开孔率,PEMFC可以获得更好的性能。在相同开孔率下,船形堵块流道的氧气摩尔浓度较直流道和梯形堵块流道分别提高28.6%和14.0%。结果表明,相较于传统直流道,船形堵块流道可降低排水周期和流道内平均水含量,具有更好的排水性能。

Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) in Automotive Applications: Environmental Relevance of the Manufacturing Stage

This study presents a state of the art of several studies dealing with the environmental impact assessment of fuel cell (FC) vehicles and the comparison with their conventional fossil-fuelled counterparts, by means of the Life Cycle As-sessment (LCA) methodology. Results declare that, depending on the systems characteristics, there are numerous envi-ronmental advantages, but also some disadvantages can be expected. In addition, the significance of the manufac-turing process of the FC, more specifically the Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) type, in terms of environmental impact is presented. Finally, CIEMAT’s role in HYCHAIN European project, consisting of supporting early adopters for hydrogen FCs in the transport sector, is

SULPHONATED POLY ETHER ETHER KETONE/POLYVINYL ALCOHOL/PHOSPHOTUNGSTIC ACID COMPOSITE MEMBRANES FOR PEM FUEL CELLS

Composite membranes with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA),sulphonated poly ether ether ketone (SPEEK) and phosphotungstic acid (PWA) were prepared using solvent casting method.The proton conductivities of such membranes were found to be in the order of 10^(-3) S/cm in the fully hydrated condition at room temperature as measured by impedance spectroscopy.The crystalline properties were studied by X-ray diffraction analysis.The thermal properties were determined by TGA and DSC techniques.The tensile strength and perce...

PEM电解制氢技术问题及现状分析

对国内外质子交换膜(Proton exchange membrane,简称PEM)电解制氢市场、技术进行了全面的分析,同时对PEM电解槽、制氢系统及可再生能源制氢存在的技术问题进行了探讨,提出了解决措施。分析表明,国外PEM制氢系统无论市场还是技术都处于领先地位,其中电解槽电流密度和寿命,以及制氢系统腐蚀防护技术、系统内部纯水净化控制技术、系统噪音控制技术和安全控制技术都优于国内产品。膜电极的氢气渗透率、催化剂的负载种类和形式,气体扩散层的材料替代、加工制造技术和耐久性的改性优化,以及双极板的厚度、板材替代、制造工艺和表面涂层沉积工艺等是PEM电解槽主要研究方向和突破点。如何解决可再生能源电源质量波动对电解制氢系统的不利影响是未来的发展方向。

Sustained release of vascular endothelial growth factor A and basic fibroblast growth factor from nanofiber membranes reduces oxygen/glucose deprivation-induced injury to neurovascular units

Upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor A/basic fibroblast growth factor(VEGFA/b FGF)expression in the penumbra of cerebral ischemia can increase vascular volume,reduce lesion volume,and enhance neural cell proliferation and differentiation,thereby exerting neuroprotective effects.However,the beneficial effects of endogenous VEGFA/b FGF are limited as their expression is only transiently increased.In this study,we generated multilayered nanofiber membranes loaded with VEGFA/b FGF using layer-by-layer self-assembly and electrospinning techniques.We found that a membrane containing 10 layers had an ideal ultrastructure and could efficiently and stably release growth factors for more than 1 month.This 10-layered nanofiber membrane promoted brain microvascular endothelial cell tube formation and proliferation,inhibited neuronal apoptosis,upregulated the expression of tight junction proteins,and improved the viability of various cellular components of neurovascular units under conditions of oxygen/glucose deprivation.Furthermore,this nanofiber membrane decreased the expression of Janus kinase-2/signal transducer and activator of transcription-3(JAK2/STAT3),Bax/Bcl-2,and cleaved caspase-3.Therefore,this nanofiber membrane exhibits a neuroprotective effect on oxygen/glucose-deprived neurovascular units by inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 pathway.

Machine learning for membrane design and discovery

Membrane technologies are becoming increasingly versatile and helpful today for sustainable development.Machine Learning(ML),an essential branch of artificial intelligence(AI),has substantially impacted the research and development norm of new materials for energy and environment.This review provides an overview and perspectives on ML methodologies and their applications in membrane design and dis-covery.A brief overview of membrane technologies isfirst provided with the current bottlenecks and potential solutions.Through an appli-cations-based perspective of AI-aided membrane design and discovery,we further show how ML strategies are applied to the membrane discovery cycle(including membrane material design,membrane application,membrane process design,and knowledge extraction),in various membrane systems,ranging from gas,liquid,and fuel cell separation membranes.Furthermore,the best practices of integrating ML methods and specific application targets in membrane design and discovery are presented with an ideal paradigm proposed.The challenges to be addressed and prospects of AI applications in membrane discovery are also highlighted in the end.

PEMFC压差流道构型特征参数对电池性能的影响

针对质子交换膜燃料电池PEMFC(proton exchange membrane fuel cell)压差流道构型尺寸对电池电化学性能影响机理不明的问题,研究流道高度和脊背宽度对压差流道和直流道在氧气浓度、水浓度分布特征和电流密度、功率密度、压降等方面影响规律,并对两者进行了对比分析,结果表明流道高度对压差流道和直流道性能影响较小,压差流道在脊背宽度为1.25 mm和1.50 mm时具有明显优势;进一步研究压差流道变压区对流道性能的影响,结果表明变压区高度为0.05 mm和长度为1.50 mm时,压差流道峰值功率密度最高。综合考虑功率密度和压降的影响,选择压差流道高0.40 mm、宽1.25 mm、脊背宽1.25 mm、变压区长1.50 mm、高0.05 mm,此时压差流道峰值功率密度为0.3661 W/cm^(2),相较于直流道峰值功率密度提升6.3%。