Can the Hypothetical Protons Emitted by the Shroud’s Man Furnish an I(z) Correlation?

Recently, we have investigated the hypothesis radiative demonstrating that the two penetrated thicknesses (in air and linen) are not compatible with a single energy of the protons. Furthermore, we deduced that the distribution of energy, released by the above particles, on the burial linen has not a linear trend when the body-burial linen distance changes. Now, in this article we want to deduce the I(z) relationship, between the Image Intensity of the colour produced by protons on a linen and the z distance from the source (of Protons) and the same linen. To achieve the result in an analytical form and make a comparison with the same function extracted from the Shroud, we used the empirical expression Range-Energy for protons in air of Wilson-Brobeck. Thus, we obtain a result I(z) = Im [1 − (z/R)5/9] that is different from the one extracted from the Turin Linen I(z) = IM (1 − z/R0). We have also the same information using the Range-Energy curves for protons of Rogozinski. The result is negative for the radiative hypothesis that is unable to produce the Shroud Body Image. Therefore, to investigate the above unknown process of formation, it is necessary to think about another one.

Proton pump inhibitors and all-cause mortality risk among cancer patients

BACKGROUND Proton pump inhibitors(PPIs)are widely used,including among cancer patients,to manage gastroesophageal reflux and other gastric acid-related disorders.Recent evidence suggests associations between long-term PPI use and higher risks for various adverse health outcomes,including greater mortality.AIM To investigate the association between PPI use and all-cause mortality among cancer patients by a comprehensive analysis after adjustment for various confounders and a robust methodological approach to minimize bias.METHODS This retrospective cohort study used data from the TriNetX research network,with electronic health records from multiple healthcare organizations.The study employed a new-user,active comparator design,which compared newly treated PPI users with non-users and newly treated histamine2 receptor antagonists(H2RA)users among adult cancer patients.Newly prescribed PPIs(esomeprazole,lansoprazole,omeprazole,pantoprazole,or rabeprazole)users were compared to non-users or newly prescribed H2RAs(cimetidine,famotidine,nizatidine,or ranitidine)users.The primary outcome was all-cause mortality.Each patient in the main group was matched to a patient in the control group using 1:1 propensity score matching to reduce confounding effects.Multivariable Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios(HRs)and 95% confidence interval(CI).RESULTS During the follow-up period(median 5.4±1.8 years for PPI users and 6.5±1.0 years for non-users),PPI users demonstrated a higher all-cause mortality rate than non-users after 1 year,2 years,and at the end of follow up(HRs:2.34-2.72).Compared with H2RA users,PPI users demonstrated a higher rate of all-cause mortality HR:1.51(95%CI:1.41-1.69).Similar results were observed across sensitivity analyses by excluding deaths from the first 9 months and 1-year post-exposure,confirming the robustness of these findings.In a sensitivity analysis,we analyzed all-cause mortality outcomes between former PPI users and individuals who have never used PPIs,providing insights into the long-term effects of past PPI use.In addition,at 1-year follow-up,the analysis revealed a significant difference in mortality rates between former PPI users and non-users(HR:1.84;95%CI:1.82-1.96).CONCLUSION PPI use among cancer patients was associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality compared to non-users or H2RA users.These findings emphasize the need for cautious use of PPIs in cancer patients and suggest that alternative treatments should be considered when clinically feasible.However,further studies are needed to corroborate our findings,given the significant adverse outcomes in cancer patients.

Single-event effects induced by medium-energy protons in 28 nm system-on-chip

Single-event effects(SEEs)induced by mediumenergy protons in a 28 nm system-on-chip(SoC)were investigated at the China Institute of Atomic Energy.An on-chip memory block was irradiated with 90 MeV and 70 MeV protons,respectively.Single-bit upset and multicell upset events were observed,and an uppermost number of nine upset cells were discovered in the 90 MeV proton irradiation test.The results indicate that the SEE sensitivities of the 28 nm SoC to the 90 MeV and 70 MeV protons were similar.Cosmic Ray Effects on Micro-Electronics Monte Carlo simulations were analyzed,and it demonstrates that protons can induce effects in a 28 nm SoC if their energies are greater than 1.4 MeV and that the lowest corresponding linear energy transfer was 0.142 MeV cm^2 mg^-1.The similarities and discrepancies of the SEEs induced by the 90 MeV and 70 MeV protons were analyzed.

Protons pump inhibitor treatment and lower gastrointestinal bleeding: Balancing risks and benefits

Proton pump inhibitors(PPIs) represent a milestone in the treatment of acid-related diseases, and are the mainstay in preventing upper gastrointestinal bleeding in high-risk patients treated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs(NSAIDs) or low-dose aspirin. However, this beneficial effect does not extend to the lower gastrointestinal tract. PPIs do not prevent NSAID or aspirin-associated lower gastrointestinal bleeding(LGB). PPIs may increase both small bowel injury related to NSAIDs and low-dose aspirin treatment and the risk of LGB. Recent studies suggested that altering intestinal microbiota by PPIs may be involved in the pathogenesis of NSAID-enteropathy. An increase in LGB hospitalization rates may occur more frequently in older patients with more comorbidities and are associated with high hospital resource utilization, longer hospitalization, and increased mortality. Preventive strategies for NSAID and aspirin-associated gastrointestinal bleeding should be directed toward preventing both upper and lower gastrointestinal damage. Future research should be directed toward identifying patients at low-risk for gastrointestinal events associated with the use of NSAIDs or aspirin to avoid inappropriate PPI prescribing. Alternatively, the efficacy of new pharmacologic strategies should be evaluated in high-risk groups, with the aim of reducing the risk of both upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding in these patients.

Optimizing neoadjuvant radiotherapy for resectable and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer using protons

Approximately 25%of patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer present with non-metastatic resectable or borderline resectable disease.Unfortunately,the cure rate for these“curable”patients is only in the range of 20%.Local-regional failure rates may exceed 50%after margin-negative,node-negative pancreatectomy,but up to 80%of resections are associated with regional lymph node or margin positivity.While systemic drug therapy and chemotherapy may prevent or delay the appearance of distant metastases,it is unlikely to have a significant impact on local-regional disease control.Preoperative radiotherapy would represent a rational intervention to improve local-regional control.The barrier to preoperative radiotherapy is the concern that it could potentially complicate what is already a long and complicated operation.When the radiotherapy is delivered with X-rays(photons),the entire cylinder of the abdomen is irradiated;therefore,an operating surgeon may be reluctant to accept the associated risk of increased toxicity.When preoperative radiotherapy is delivered with protons,however,significant bowel and gastric tissue-sparing is achieved and clinical outcomes indicate that proton therapy does not increase the risk of operative complications nor extend the length of the procedure.

Proton Cyclotron Instability Threshold Condition of Suprathermal Protons by Kappa Distribution

Observation has clearly shown that natural space plasmas generally possess a pronounced non-Maxwellian high-energy tail distribution that can be well modeled by a kappa distribution. In this study we investigate the proton cyclotron wave instability driven by the temperature anisotropy （T⊥/TH 〉1） of suprathermal protons modeled with a typical kappa distribution in the magnetosheath. It is found that as in the case for a regular bi-Maxwellian, the supratherreal proton temperature anisotropy is subject to the threshold condition of this proton cyclotron instability and the instability threshold condition satisfies a general form T⊥/T｜｜ - 1 = S/β｜｜^α, with a very narrow range of the fitting parameters： 0.40 ≤ α ≤ 0.45, and a relatively sensitive variation 0.27 ≤ S ≤ 0.65, over 0.01 ≤β｜｜ 〈 10. Furthermore, the difference in threshold conditions between the kappa distribution and the bi-Maxwellian distribution is found to be small for a relatively strong growth but becomes relatively obvious for a weak wave growth. The results may provide a deeper insight into the physics of this instability threshold for the proton cyclotron waves.

Generation of fast protons in moderate-intensity laser-plasma interaction from rear sheath

Forward fast protons are generated by the moderate-intensity laser-foil interaction. Protons with maximum energy 190 keV are measured by using magnetic spectrometer and CR-39 solid state track detectors along the direction normal to the rear surface. The experimental results are also modeled by the paxticle-in-cell method, investigating the timevarying electron temperature and the rear sheath field. The temporal and spatial structure of the sheath electrical field, revealed in the simulation, suggests that these protons are accelerated by target normal sheath acceleration （TNSA） mechanism.

Second-Order Resonant Interaction of Ring Current Protons with Whistler-Mode Waves

We present a study on the second-order resonant interaction between the ring current protons with Whistler-mode waves propagating near the quasi electrostatic limit following the previous second-order resonant theory. The diffusion coefficients are proportional to the electric field amplitude E, much greater than those for the regular first-order resonance, which are proportional to the electric field amplitudes square E^2. Numerical calculations for the pitch angle scattering are performed for typical energies of protons Ek = 50 keV and 100 keV at locations L = 2 and L = 3.5. The timescale for the loss process of protons by the Whistler waves is found to approach one hour, comparable to that by the EMIC waves, suggesting that Whistler waves may also contribute significantly to the ring current decay under appropriate conditions.

A simulation study of protons heated by left/right-handed Alfvén waves generated by electromagnetic proton-proton instability

Most protons in the solar wind belong to one of two different populations,the less dense beam protons and the denser core protons.The beam protons,with a velocity of(1-2)V_(A)(V_(A)is the local Alfvén speed),always drift relative to the core protons;this kind of distribution is unstable and stimulates several kinds of wave mode.In this study,using a 2 D hybrid simulation model,we find that the original right-handed elliptically polarized Alfvén waves become linearly polarized,and eventually become right-handed and circularly polarized.Given that linearly polarized waves are a superposition of left-handed and right-handed waves,cyclotron resonance in the right-handed/left-handed component heats beam/core protons perpendicularly.The resonance between beam protons and right-handed polarized waves is stronger when the beam relative density is lower,resulting in more dramatic perpendicular heating of beam protons,whereas the situation is reversed when the beam relative density is larger.

Mass Stopping Power and Range of Protons in Biological Human Body Tissues (Ovary, Lung and Breast)

In this work, the mass stopping power and range of protons in biological human body tissues (ovary, lung and breast) were calculated at the energy ranging from 0.04 MeV to 200 MeV using the MATLAB Program. The data relating to the densities, average atomic number to mass number and excitation energy for the present tissues were collected from ICRU Report 46. The mass stopping power was calculated by the Bethe formula. Moreover, the simple integration (continuous slowing down approximation) method was employed for calculating protons range at the tissues. The results of the mass stopping power versus energy and the range versus energy were presented graphically and the empirical formulae for calculating the mass stopping power and the ranges were obtained. The present results for mass stopping powers and ranges were compared with the results obtained by others. Good agreements were found between them, especially at the energy ranging from 3 to 200 MeV.

The Phenomenon of Proton Dissolving in Vacuum and of Proton Condensation from Vacuum. Two Forms of Protons, Structure of Nuclei, Electrons and Atoms

It was investigated how react molecular clusters in water, starch, bio-matrices, polymers and in quartz on gravitation radiation from planets. Gravitation radiation (GR) was found to influence the proton jumping in hydrogen bonds that stabilize the cluster structure. There was given a method calculating parameters of GR as well as a mechanism of its resonance interaction with weak GR from molecular matter (WGR). WGR has been defined as the result of proton dissolving in vacuum connected with its simultaneous condensation in the nearest free space. Both dissolving and condensation proceed with super light velocity. The gravitation wave length has been determined experimentally and it depends on the planet masses (between Earth and Sun λ ≥ 62 km, between Earth and Milky Way center λ ≥ 330 km). GR has been characterized with super light velocity. After analyzing the Sun influence on water two forms of protons were found: in a condensed and dissolved state. A new model for the atomic nucleus has been suggested according to which the protons in the nucleus oscillate between condensed and dissolved state, where in the case of isotopes this state is partially destroyed. The models for H2 and Be shall be given. Electron orbitals in atoms and molecules were found to be caused by a stationary front of shock waves from condensing protons.

Spatial and spectral measurement of laser-driven protons through radioactivation

The simultaneous measurement of the spatial profile and spectrum of laser-accelerated protons is important for further optimization of the beam qualities and applications.We report a detailed study regarding the underlying physics and regular procedure of such a measurement through the radioactivation of a stack composed of aluminum,copper,and CR-39 plates as well as radiochromic films(RCFs).After being radioactivated,the copper plates are placed on imaging plates(IPs)to detect the positrons emitted by the reaction products through contact imaging.The spectrum and energy-dependent spatial profile of the protons are then obtained from the IPs and confirmed by the measured ones from the RCFs and CR-39 plates.We also discuss the detection range,influence of electrons,radiation safety,and spatial resolution of this measurement.Finally,insights regarding the extension of the current method to online measurements and dynamic proton imaging are also provided.

Effects of keV protons irradiation on polyimide films

Ground simulation tests of proton irradiation for Kapton films were conducted using the space synthesis irradiating facility,in which the energy of protons was chosen as 90 keV,and the flux was 5.0×1011 cm-2·s-1.After proton irradiation some bulges like fingers appears on the surface of Kapton and the surface roughness increases apparently.UV/Vis analysis demonstrates that the irradiation leads to the red shifting in the edge of optical absorption and a strong increase in absorbance in the visible region.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) analysis indicates that the enrichment of carbon atom due to the bond breaking and reconstruction during the irradiation results in the degradation of the optical properties.

Yield ratio of neutrons to protons in 12C（d,n）13N and 12C（d,p）13C from 0.6 to 3 MeV

The neutron yield in the12C(d,n)13N reaction and the proton yield in the12C(d,p)13C reaction have been measured using deuteron beams of energies 0.6-3 MeV.The deuteron beam is delivered from a 4-MeV electrostatic accelerator and bombarded on a thick carbon target.The neutrons are detected at 0°,24°,and 48°and the protons at135°in the laboratory frame.Further,the ratio of the neutron yield to the proton yield was calculated.This can be used to effectively recognize the resonances.The resonances are found at 1.4 MeV,1.7 MeV,and 2.5 MeV in the12C(d,p)13C reaction,and at 1.6 MeV and 2.7 MeV in the12C(d,n)13N reaction.The proposed method provides a way to reduce systematic uncertainty and helps confirm more resonances in compound nuclei.

New Strategy for Boosting Cathodic Performance of Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells Through Incorporating a Superior Hydronation Second Phase

For protonic ceramic fuel cells,it is key to develop material with high intrinsic activity for oxygen activation and bulk proton conductivity enabling water formation at entire electrode surface.However,a higher water content which benefitting for the increasing proton conductivity will not only dilute the oxygen in the gas,but also suppress the O_(2)adsorption on the electrode surface.Herein,a new electrode design concept is proposed,that may overcome this dilemma.By introducing a second phase with high-hydrating capability into a conventional cobalt-free perovskite to form a unique nanocomposite electrode,high proton conductivity/concentration can be reached at low water content in atmosphere.In addition,the hydronation creates additional fast proton transport channel along the two-phase interface.As a result,high protonic conductivity is reached,leading to a new breakthrough in performance for proton ceramic fuel cells and electrolysis cells devices among available air electrodes.

Nonradiative charge transfer in collisions of protons with rubidium atoms

The nonradiative charge-transfer cross sections for protons colliding with Rb（5s） atoms are calculated by using the quantum-mechanical molecularorbital close-coupling method in an energy range of 10-a keV-10 keV. The total and state-selective charge-transfer cross sections are in good agreement with the experimental data in the relatively low energy region. The importance of rotational coupling for chargetransfer process is stressed. Compared with the radiative charge-transfer process, nonradiative charge transfer is a dominant mechanism at energies above 15 eV. The resonance structures of state-selective charge-transfer cross sections arising from the competition among channels are analysed in detail. The radiative and nonradiative1 charge-transfer rate coefficients from low to high temperature are presented.

Structure of the Quarks and a New Model of Protons and Neutrons: Answer to Some Open Questions

The described structural model tries to answer some open questions such as: Why do quarks not exist in the open state? Where are the antiparticles from the Big Bang?

Effects of proton pump inhibitors on inflammatory bowel disease:An updated review

Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is believed to be caused by various factors,including abnormalities in disease susceptibility genes,environmental factors,immune factors,and intestinal bacteria.Proton pump inhibitors(PPIs)are the primary drugs used to treat acid-related diseases.They are also commonly prescribed to patients with IBD.Recent studies have suggested a potential association between the use of certain medications,such as PPIs,and the occurrence and progression of IBD.In this review,we summarize the potential impact of PPIs on IBD and analyze the underlying mechanisms.Our findings may provide insights for conducting further investigations into the effects of PPIs on IBD and serve as an important reminder for physicians to exercise caution when prescribing PPIs to patients with IBD.

Spatial Distribution of Radiation Belt Protons Deduced from Solar Cell Degradation of the Arase Satellite

Analysis of solar-cell array panel (SAP) data from the Arase satellite orbiting in the inner magnetosphere showed a clear degradation of solar cells that could be attributed to trapped protons with energies greater than 6 MeV. Proton fluence was determined based on variations in the open-circuit voltage (Voc) of the solar cells, which we compared with that expected based on various distribution models (AP8MAX, AP9 mean and CRRESPRO quiet) of trapped protons. We found a general agreement, confirming the major contribution of trapped protons to the degradation, as well as a slight difference in the fluence expected based on the model calculations. To minimize this difference, we slightly modified the models, and found that concentrating the energetic protons on the magnetic equator provided a better agreement. Our results indicate that >6 MeV protons also has the equatorial concentration as reported for >18 MeV protons from the Van Allen Probes observation, and are interpreted as two components of the trapped protons, i.e., those of solar energetic particle (SEP) origin have an anisotropic pitch-angle distribution and are confined near the magnetic equator.

Hydrogen isotopic replacement and microstructure evolution in zirconium deuteride implanted by 150 keV protons

Zirconium tritiated(ZrTx)is an alternative target material for deuteron-triton(D-T)reaction neutron generator.The isotopic replacement and microstructure evolution induced by hydrogen isotope implantation could significantly affect the performance of the target film.In this work,the zirconium deuteride film deposited on Mo/Si substrate was implanted by 150 keV protons with fluence from 1×10^(16 ) to 1×10^(18 )protons/cm^(2).After implantation,the depth profiles of retained hydrogen(H)and deuterium(D)in these target films were analyzed by elastic recoil detection analysis(ERDA),and time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry(ToF-SIMS).Additionally,the microstructure evolution was also observed by x-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscope(SEM).The D concentration in the ZrDx film decreased versus the proton implantation fluence.An analytical model was proposed to describe the hydrogen isotopic trapping and exchange as functions of incident protons fluence.Additionally,the XRD analysis revealed that no new phase was formed after proton implantation.Furthermore,circular flakings were observed on the ZrDx surface from SEM images at fluence up to 1×10^(18) protons/cm^(2),and this surface morphology was considered to associate with the hydrogen atoms congregation in Mo/Si boundary.