Evaluating Privacy Leakage and Memorization Attacks on Large Language Models (LLMs) in Generative AI Applications

The recent interest in the deployment of Generative AI applications that use large language models (LLMs) has brought to the forefront significant privacy concerns, notably the leakage of Personally Identifiable Information (PII) and other confidential or protected information that may have been memorized during training, specifically during a fine-tuning or customization process. We describe different black-box attacks from potential adversaries and study their impact on the amount and type of information that may be recovered from commonly used and deployed LLMs. Our research investigates the relationship between PII leakage, memorization, and factors such as model size, architecture, and the nature of attacks employed. The study utilizes two broad categories of attacks: PII leakage-focused attacks (auto-completion and extraction attacks) and memorization-focused attacks (various membership inference attacks). The findings from these investigations are quantified using an array of evaluative metrics, providing a detailed understanding of LLM vulnerabilities and the effectiveness of different attacks.

On the Role of Memorization in ESL/EFL Learning

Memorization has been long viewed as a bad practice or the opposite of meaningful learning.A survey on the role of memorization in ESL/EFL learning is carried out in Vestal Middle School,Binghamton High School and Binghamton University under the guidance of Professor Jennifer Brondell.The result shows that a majority of subjects were found to emphasize the important role of memorization as a strategy in helping students to obtain better accuracy and fluency,use language knowledge reserve,and gain more self-confidence.

A Possible Approach to Introduce Word Memorizing Methods into College English Teaching

Words acquisition should be the most decisive and basic part, though modern English education does not take enough attention, especially in college English teaching. A recent survey on the Internet reveals that college students are worrying about their words power very much, eager to find an efficient and effective way. Hence, various modes of word memorizing methods are collected and a brief classification and remark are available. By an overall analysis of those methods, a new approach compromised by different kinds of methods turns out. This new approach completely abides by the philosophy of pragmatism, and every idea with practical use will be introduced to it, e.g. psychology of language and so on.

RETROSPECTIVE TIME INTEGRAL SCHEME AND ITS APPLICATIONS TO THE ADVECTION EQUATION

To put more information into a difference scheme of a differential equation for making an accurate prediction, a new kind of time integration scheme, known as the retrospective (RT) scheme, is proposed on the basis of the memorial dynamics. Stability criteria of the scheme for an advection equation in certain conditions are derived mathematically. The computations for the advection equation have been conducted with its RT scheme. It is shown that the accuracy of the scheme is much higher than that of the leapfrog (LF) difference scheme.

A Simple Way of Revealing the Magic:Guesses and Interpretations about Memorizing

In this article, the author proposed guesses about memorizing, basing on the observation of hypnosis and its application on acquisition of vocabulary, and advanced the concepts of meaningful decoding and meaning rebuilding, which are the two main courses in mem- orizing.

A Study on the Application of the Pictographic Memorizing Method in Senior High School English Vocabulary Teaching

In this paper, upon the pictographic theory and the behaviorist theory, based on Xiang's(2007) pictographic memorizing method, the author designs the corresponding procedure of the senior high school English vocabulary teaching. This research results show that, the application of the pictographic memorizing method in senior high school English vocabulary teaching is feasible and the teaching effect is relatively good.

MLSI-RT: memorize LOS range measurements identified residual test location algorithm and performance analysis

The dominant error source of mobile terminal location in wireless sensor networks （WSNs） is the non-line-of-sight （NLOS） propagation error. Among the algorithms proposed to mitigate the influence of NLOS propagation error, residual test （RT） is an efficient one, however with high computational complexity （CC）. An improved algorithm that memorizes the light of sight （LOS） range measurements （RMs） identified memorize LOS range measurements identified residual test （MLSI-RT） is presented in this paper to address this problem. The MLSI-RT is based on the assumption that when all RMs are from LOS propagations, the normalized residual follows the central Chi-Square distribution while for NLOS cases it is non-central. This study can reduce the CC by more than 90%.

Language-Segmented Study Based on TripAdvisor Reviews Related to Memorable Tourist Experiences

The Memorable Tourist Experience(MTE)is a scientific concept within the studies on tourism that is developed based on several related constructions:Perceived Confidence,Sincerity,Authenticity,and Satisfaction.This work takes this model established by the work of Dr.Babak Taheri in 2018 on Monuments World Heritage of UNESCO,adopting an alternative data collection method to the face-to-face survey.Therefore,this work takes as a source of data the reviews collected in the recommendation platform TripAdvisor,working the same constructions of the MTE,with the collection of similar terms and the relationships between them.In order to highlight the terms,a first step is established with the use of Natural Language Processing(NLP),followed by the use of Machine Learning(ML)techniques to generate the relationships between the constructors defined in the models.The study makes a comparison using the method,in immaterial nature such as a flamenco show in the city of Seville;Flamenco has been declared by UNESCO an intangible World Heritage Site since 2010.The results of the study go in two directions:on the one hand to find similarities in the study of the specific MTE of both monuments with the hypotheses worked in the original model of Taheri.In addition to highlighting possible distinctive elements of each case and,and furthermore within the value contribution of the visit when it is led by an official tour guide,on the other hand,give presence to the model of obtaining data by reviews as a complementary data source of any tourist study.The data collection and analysis from both NLP and ML techniques permit the scientific study and the tourist operators to develop better value propositions to users and understanding of heterogeneous behaviors in the tourism industry.The study of reviews within the MTE allows identifying the stimulus that leads the user to choose an activity and hire it.These studies are extendable to other industries and business models,given the importance that references acquire within the consumer willing to buy.For the scientific community,the use of ML is a solid way to initiate studies on behavioral models,supplement them,and accept or reject hypotheses.When the source of the data is taken from free expressions,such as reviews,the appearance of bias in the behavior is attenuated.

A Colour TV Documentary Memorable Years——The seven years the Pughs spent in the hydroelectric plant of China

The documentary film is narrated by the first person.

Developing a useful Vocabulary in English is more Complicated and Effective than Simply Learning Words Based on Lists

Traditional ways of English learning such as memorizing a certain couple of words and reciting from the word list seem much easier than developing a useful vocabulary for L2 learners. However, learners complain that they have suffered from couples of difficulties as the words are easy to be forgotten. Compare with the ways of mechanical memorizing, it argues that providing L2 learners with the development of useful lexical knowledge such as semantic information and morphological structure is more effective in the process of language acquisition. Moreover, developing a useful lexical knowledge is far more complicated for English learners.

An Introduction of word-formation

As we all know,English is considered as an international language,to learn English well means intergrateing into this fast-developing society.With new words flooding,sometimes we may have troubles remembering it. Linguists predict that : in 5 0 years, English vocabulary will be more than 5, 000, 000. So, how to memorize these vast number of new words scientifically and efficiently? This article will introduce some common methods of memorizing words in morphlogical area.It consists of three chapters.The first chapter will introduce the defination of word-formation,the second chapter will demonstrate the benefit of learning word-formation,the third chapter will present the four methods of learning word-formation.

Differences Between American and Chinese Classroom Teaching

Different teaching philosophies derive from different cultural background.There are many differences between American and Chinese teaching philosophies because of their different cultural background.Under the guidance of different philosophies,there are different teaching styles between American and Chinese Classroom teaching.

Memorables in My First Visit to the U.S.

At the beginning of June, 2012, I had the honor to join a CAFIU team to visit Canada and the United States, which was my first visit to this continent across the shining ocean.As an English major, I am not a stranger to the American society, politics and culture. As a girl born in the 1980s, my peers grew up with

A Research of Psycholinguistic Theory as a Tool for Vocabulary Memorization

Vocabulary memorization is the most basic for English learners.Schema theory and chunking theory,which are both based on psychology,provide guidance for English vocabulary memorization.This thesis analyzes and discusses the theories respectively and explores how they are applied to learners who take English as their second language,in accordance with the characteristics of human memory process.It aims at raising learning efficiency when students are memorizing new words and expressions on the basis of their cognition ability.

Memorables in the CAFIU Delegation's Visit to Japan,New Zealand and Australia

At the invitation of the Kazankai Foundation of Japan,New Zealand Rotary and Australian Rotary,a 5-member CAFIU delegation headed by Deputy Secretary-General Liu Kaiyang visited Japan,New Zealand and Australia from October28 to November 6,2013.I have the honor to be a member of the delegation to visit the abovementioned three countries,which left

The visible light-triggered nonvolatile memory performances in melamine-decorated <110>-oriented lead halide perovskites: A photo-responsive structural evolution insight

The exploration of novel photo/thermal-responsive nonvolatile memorizers will be beneficial for energysaving memories.Herein,new<110>-oriented perovskites using single template melamine,i.e.,[(MLAI-H_(2))(PbX_(4))]_n(X=Br (α-1),Cl (α-2),MLAI=melamine) have been prepared and their structures upon irradiation of visible light have been investigated.They have been fabricated as nonvolatile memory devices with structures of ITO/[(MLAI-H_(2))(PbX_(4))]_n/PMMA/Ag (device-1:X=Br,device-2:X=Cl),which can exhibit unique visible light-triggered binary nonvolatile memory performances.Interestingly,the silent or working status can be monitored by visible chromisms.Furthermore,the light-triggered binary resistive switching mechanisms of these ITO/[(MLAI-H_(2))(PbX_(4))]_n/PMMA/Ag memory devices have been clarified in terms of EPR,fluorescence,and single-crystal structural analysis.The presence of light-activated traps in<110>-oriented[(MLAI-H_(2))(PbX_(4))]_n perovskites are dominated in the appearance of light-triggered resistive switching behaviors,based on which the inverted internal electrical fields can be established.According to the structural analysis,the more distorted PbX_6octahedra,higher corrugated<110>-oriented perovskite sheets,and more condensed organic-inorganic packing in Br-containing perovskite are beneficial for the stabilization of light-activated traps,which lead to the better resistive switching behavior of device-1.This work can pave a new avenue for the establishment of novel energy-saving nonvolatile memorizers used in aerospace or military industries.

Memorable full-color circularly polarized luminescence from chiral co-assembled polymer films enabled by multipath transfer

The modulation of circularly polarized luminescence(CPL)is of importance for display and asymmetric chemical synthesis.However,the underlying mechanism of CPL transfer remains rarely studied.Herein,we rationally design a multipath transfer system including multistep chirality transfer(MCT)and sequential fluorescence resonance energy transfer(SFRET),and we are the first to fabricate memorable full-color CPL-active films with a high dissymmetry factor(~10^(-2)).Specifically,(P/M)-helical nanofibers are constructed by co-assembly between an achiral polymer,poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorene)(PF8),and easy-to-remove R/S-limonene.When matching achiral emitters are added,the PF8 mediates MCT and simultaneously triggers the SFRET process.Furthermore,full-color CPL memory is realized after removing the chiral source.Molecular simulation and structure analysis indicate that the robust helical superstructure of PF8 provides chiral sites to accommodate emitters,which is essential for CPL transfer and memory.This work provides a novel strategy for constructing CPL-active materials in an aggregated state and insights into CPL transfer and memory.

基于零维碳量子点/二维MoS2混合维异质结晶体管的视觉失忆脉冲光电治疗模拟

失忆症是一种临床常见的疾病,表现为近期记忆的丧失以及获得新记忆能力的全面受损,它严重影响了人类的正常生活.目前,虽然草药干预、蛋白质合成抑制和激素替代可以预防或逆转失忆行为,但这些疗法都相对昂贵且效率低下.本文利用一种先进的光电协同脉冲疗法,基于零维碳量子点/二维MoS_(2)混合维异质结晶体管对视觉失忆行为治疗进行了模拟.其中,光电脉冲可以诱导足够多的电子来填充陷阱态并聚集于零维/二维混合维界面.同时,该异质结晶体管成功实现了生物中可重构的记忆/失忆行为和可调节的视觉记忆巩固功能.更为重要的是,通过实验还证明了光电协同脉冲修复可能对视觉失忆进行有效治疗.这项工作为医学记忆诊断系统、人机实时交互等领域的发展提供了一个新契机.

Learning to memorize: shedding new light on prefrontal functions

Working memory is one of the essential higher cognitive functions that actively holds behaviorally-relevant information essential for guiding subsequent actions. It includes subsystems that store and manipulate singlemode or multi-modal sensory information, e.g., spatial information, visual images, auditory scenes, olfactory objects, or any combination of these. In addition to merely holding a certain amount of information for a short period of time, as is generally believed, the cognitive processes involved are far more complex, including the executive and attentional control of short-term memory, permitting interim integration, and the processing, disposal, and retrieval of information. Evolution-wise, working memory is essential for the behavioral flexibility that allows humans and animals to quickly adapt to rapidly changing environments.