Analysis for Effects of Temperature Rise of PV Modules upon Driving Distance of Vehicle Integrated Photovoltaic Electric Vehicles

The development of vehicle integrated photovoltaics-powered electric vehicles (VIPV-EV) significantly reduces CO2 emissions from the transport sector to realize a decarbonized society. Although long-distance driving of VIPV-EV without electricity charging is expected in sunny regions, driving distance of VIPV-EV is affected by climate conditions such as solar irradiation and temperature rise of PV modules. In this paper, detailed analytical results for effects of climate conditions such as solar irradiation and temperature rise of PV modules upon driving distance of the VIPV-EV were presented by using test data for Toyota Prius and Nissan Van demonstration cars installed with high-efficiency InGaP/GaAs/InGaAs 3-junction solar cell modules with a module efficiency of more than 30%. The temperature rise of some PV modules studied in this study was shown to be expressed by some coefficients related to solar irradiation, wind speed and radiative cooling. The potential of VIPV-EV to be deployed in 10 major cities was also analyzed. Although sunshine cities such as Phoenix show the high reduction ratio of driving range with 17% due to temperature rise of VIPV modules, populous cities such as Tokyo show low reduction ratio of 9%. It was also shown in this paper that the difference between the driving distance of VIPV-EV driving in the morning and the afternoon is due to PV modules’ radiative cooling. In addition, the importance of heat dissipation of PV modules and the development of high-efficiency PV modules with better temperature coefficients was suggested in order to expand driving range of VIPV-EV. The effects of air-conditioner usage and partial shading in addition to the effects of temperature rise of VIPV modules were suggested as the other power losses of VIPV-EV.

The Effect of Lateral Offset Distance on the Aerodynamics and Fuel Economy of Vehicle Queues

The vehicle industry is always in search of breakthrough energy-saving and emission-reduction technologies.In recent years,vehicle intelligence has progressed considerably,and researchers are currently trying to take advantage of these developments.Here we consider the case of many vehicles forming a queue,i.e.,vehicles traveling at a predetermined speed and distance apart.While the majority of existing studies on this subject have focused on the influence of the longitudinal vehicle spacing,vehicle speed,and the number of vehicles on aerodynamic drag and fuel economy,this study considers the lateral offset distance of the vehicle queue.The group fuel consumption savings rate is calculated and analyzed.As also demonstrated by experimental results,some aerodynamic benefits exist.Moreover,the fuel consumption saving rate of the vehicle queue decreases as the lateral offset distance increases.

An Efficient Memory Management for Mobile Operating Systems Based on Prediction of Relaunch Distance

Recently,various mobile apps have included more features to improve user convenience.Mobile operating systems load as many apps into memory for faster app launching and execution.The least recently used(LRU)-based termination of cached apps is a widely adopted approach when free space of the main memory is running low.However,the LRUbased cached app termination does not distinguish between frequently or infrequently used apps.The app launch performance degrades if LRU terminates frequently used apps.Recent studies have suggested the potential of using users’app usage patterns to predict the next app launch and address the limitations of the current least recently used(LRU)approach.However,existing methods only focus on predicting the probability of the next launch and do not consider how soon the app will launch again.In this paper,we present a new approach for predicting future app launches by utilizing the relaunch distance.We define the relaunch distance as the interval between two consecutive launches of an app and propose a memory management based on app relaunch prediction(M2ARP).M2ARP utilizes past app usage patterns to predict the relaunch distance.It uses the predicted relaunch distance to determine which apps are least likely to be launched soon and terminate them to improve the efficiency of the main memory.

A Workable Solution for Reducing the Large Number of Vehicle and Pedestrian Accidents Occurring on a Yellow Light

Traffic intersections are incredibly dangerous for drivers and pedestrians. Statistics from both Canada and the U.S. show a high number of fatalities and serious injuries related to crashes at intersections. In Canada, during 2019, the National Collision Database shows that 28% of traffic fatalities and 42% of serious injuries occurred at intersections. Likewise, the U.S. National Highway Traffic Administration (NHTSA) found that about 40% of the estimated 5,811,000 accidents in the U.S. during the year studied were intersection-related crashes. In fact, a major survey by the car insurance industry found that nearly 85% of drivers could not identify the correct action to take when approaching a yellow traffic light at an intersection. One major reason for these accidents is the “yellow light dilemma,” the ambiguous situation where a driver should stop or proceed forward when unexpectedly faced with a yellow light. This situation is even further exacerbated by the tendency of aggressive drivers to inappropriately speed up on the yellow just to get through the traffic light. A survey of Canadian drivers conducted by the Traffic Injury Research Foundation found that 9% of drivers admitted to speeding up to get through a traffic light. Another reason for these accidents is the increased danger of making a left-hand turn on yellow. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Association (NHTSA), left turns occur in approximately 22.2% of collisions—as opposed to just 1.2% for right turns. Moreover, a study by CNN found left turns are three times as likely to kill pedestrians than right turns. The reason left turns are so much more likely to cause an accident is because they take a driver against traffic and in the path of oncoming cars. Additionally, most of these left turns occur at the driver’s discretion—as opposed to the distressingly brief left-hand arrow at busy intersections. Drive Safe Now proposes a workable solution for reducing the number of accidents occurring during a yellow light at intersections. We believe this fairly simple solution will save lives, prevent injuries, reduce damage to public and private property, and decrease insurance costs.

Kinematic characterization and optimization of vehicle front-suspension design based on ADAMS

To improve the suspension performance and steering stability of light vehicles, we built a kinematic simulation model of a whole independent double-wishbone suspension system by using ADAMS software, created random excitations of the test platforms of respectively the left and the right wheels according to actual running conditions of a vehicle, and explored the changing patterns of the kinematic characteristic parameters in the process of suspension motion. The irrationality of the suspension guiding mechanism design was pointed out through simulation and analysis, and the existent problems of the guiding mechanism were optimized and calculated. The results show that all the front-wheel alignment parameters, including the camber, the toe, the caster and the inclination, only slightly change within corresponding allowable ranges in design before and after optimization. The optimization reduces the variation of the wheel-center distance from 47.01 mm to a change of 8.28 mm within the allowable range of ?10 mm to 10 mm, promising an improvement of the vehicle steering stability. The optimization also confines the front-wheel sideways slippage to a much smaller change of 2.23 mm; this helps to greatly reduce the wear of tires and assure the straight running stability of the vehicle.

A Secure-Efficient Data Collection Algorithm Based on Self-Adaptive Sensing Model in Mobile Internet of Vehicles

Existing research on data collection using wireless mobile vehicle network emphasizes the reliable delivery of information.However,other performance requirements such as life cycle of nodes,stability and security are not set as primary design objectives.This makes data collection ability of vehicular nodes in real application environment inferior.By considering the features of nodes in wireless IoV,such as large scales of deployment,volatility and low time delay,an efficient data collection algorithm is proposed for mobile vehicle network environment.An adaptive sensing model is designed to establish vehicular data collection protocol.The protocol adopts group management in model communication.The vehicular sensing node in group can adjust network sensing chain according to sensing distance threshold with surrounding nodes.It will dynamically choose a combination of network sensing chains on basis of remaining energy and location characteristics of surrounding nodes.In addition,secure data collection between sensing nodes is undertaken as well.The simulation and experiments show that the vehicular node can realize secure and real-time data collection.Moreover,the proposed algorithm is superior in vehicular network life cycle,power consumption and reliability of data collection by comparing to other algorithms.

Human Memory/Learning Inspired Control Method for Flapping-Wing Micro Air Vehicles

The problem of flapping motion control of Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs) with flapping wings was studied in this paper.Based upon the knowledge of skeletal and muscular components of hummingbird, a dynamic model for flapping wing wasdeveloped.A control scheme inspired by human memory and learning concept was constructed for wing motion control ofMAVs.The salient feature of the proposed control lies in its capabilities to improve the control performance by learning fromexperience and observation on its current and past behaviors, without the need for system dynamic information.Furthermore,the overall control scheme has a fairly simple structure and demands little online computations, making it attractive for real-timeimplementation on MAVs.Both theoretical analysis and computer simulation confirms its effectiveness.

LSTM-DPPO based deep reinforcement learning controller for path following optimization of unmanned surface vehicle

To solve the path following control problem for unmanned surface vehicles(USVs),a control method based on deep reinforcement learning(DRL)with long short-term memory(LSTM)networks is proposed.A distributed proximal policy opti-mization(DPPO)algorithm,which is a modified actor-critic-based type of reinforcement learning algorithm,is adapted to improve the controller performance in repeated trials.The LSTM network structure is introduced to solve the strong temporal cor-relation USV control problem.In addition,a specially designed path dataset,including straight and curved paths,is established to simulate various sailing scenarios so that the reinforcement learning controller can obtain as much handling experience as possible.Extensive numerical simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method has better control performance under missions involving complex maneuvers than trained with limited scenarios and can potentially be applied in practice.

Distribution of Deviation Distance to Alternative Fuel Stations

This paper derives the distribution of the deviation distance to visit an alternative fuel station. Distance is measured as the Euclidean distance on a continuous plane. The distribution explicitly considers the vehicle range and whether the round trip between origin and destination can be made. Three cases are examined: fuel is available at both origin and destination, fuel is available at either origin or destination, and fuel is available at neither origin nor destination. The analytical expressions for the distribution demonstrate how the vehicle range, the shortest distance, and the refueling availability at origin and destination affect the deviation distance. The distribution will thus be useful to estimate the number of vehicles refueled at a station.

Neural Network-Based State of Charge Estimation Method for Lithium-ion Batteries Based on Temperature

Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used in electric vehicles,mobile phones,and laptops.These batteries demonstrate several advantages,such as environmental friendliness,high energy density,and long life.However,battery overcharging and overdischarging may occur if the batteries are not monitored continuously.Overcharging causesfire and explosion casualties,and overdischar-ging causes a reduction in the battery capacity and life.In addition,the internal resistance of such batteries varies depending on their external temperature,elec-trolyte,cathode material,and other factors;the capacity of the batteries decreases with temperature.In this study,we develop a method for estimating the state of charge(SOC)using a neural network model that is best suited to the external tem-perature of such batteries based on their characteristics.During our simulation,we acquired data at temperatures of 25°C,30°C,35°C,and 40°C.Based on the tem-perature parameters,the voltage,current,and time parameters were obtained,and six cycles of the parameters based on the temperature were used for the experi-ment.Experimental data to verify the proposed method were obtained through a discharge experiment conducted using a vehicle driving simulator.The experi-mental data were provided as inputs to three types of neural network models:mul-tilayer neural network(MNN),long short-term memory(LSTM),and gated recurrent unit(GRU).The neural network models were trained and optimized for the specific temperatures measured during the experiment,and the SOC was estimated by selecting the most suitable model for each temperature.The experimental results revealed that the mean absolute errors of the MNN,LSTM,and GRU using the proposed method were 2.17%,2.19%,and 2.15%,respec-tively,which are better than those of the conventional method(4.47%,4.60%,and 4.40%).Finally,SOC estimation based on GRU using the proposed method was found to be 2.15%,which was the most accurate.

运用路径动态预览模型的低速智能汽车侧向跟踪控制研究

采用速度自适应的动态预瞄距离是提高智能车侧向跟踪控制效果的有效办法。针对目前基本采用基于当前车速的预瞄距离自适应策略,提出一种结合规划路径和规划速度信息的动态预瞄距离跟踪控制算法以提高智能车在低速侧向跟踪控制的精确性。本文以几何学纯跟踪算法为基础,推导了前行和倒车时的侧向跟踪控制律;依据实时规划的路径和速度信息,设计了预瞄距离动态调整方法,最终获取具有速度自适应性的前视距离-车辆前轮转角关系。最后,在CarSim-MATLAB/Simulink联合仿真环境下验证了算法的有效性和准确性,并通过实车测试,验证了所提出的方法较基于动力学模型的LQR算法具有更低计算消耗和更高跟踪精度。

LSTM-based lane change prediction using Waymo open motion dataset: The role of vehicle operating space

Lane change prediction is critical for crash avoidance but challenging as it requires the understanding of the instantaneous driving environment.With cutting-edge artificial intelligence and sensing technologies,autonomous vehicles(AVs)are expected to have exceptional perception systems to capture instantaneously their driving environments for predicting lane changes.By exploring the Waymo open motion dataset,this study proposes a framework to explore autonomous driving data and investigate lane change behaviors.In the framework,this study develops a Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)model to predict lane changing behaviors.The concept of Vehicle Operating Space(VOS)is introduced to quantify a vehicle's instantaneous driving environment as an important indicator used to predict vehicle lane changes.To examine the robustness of the model,a series of sensitivity analysis are conducted by varying the feature selection,prediction horizon,and training data balancing ratios.The test results show that including VOS into modeling can speed up the loss decay in the training process and lead to higher accuracy and recall for predicting lane-change behaviors.This study offers an example along with a methodological framework for transportation researchers to use emerging autonomous driving data to investigate driving behaviors and traffic environments.

基于IDP的重型商用车自适应距离域预见性巡航控制策略

为降低重型商用车燃油消耗、减少运输成本,本文协调“人-车-路”交互体系,将车辆与智能网联环境下的多维度信息进行融合,提出了一种基于迭代动态规划(iterative dynamic programming,IDP)的自适应距离域预见性巡航控制策略(adaptive range predictive cruise control strategy,ARPCC)。首先结合车辆状态与前方环境多维度信息,基于车辆纵向动力学建立自适应距离域模型对路网重构,简化网格数量并利用IDP求取全局最优速度序列。其次,在全局最优速度序列的基础上,求取自适应距离域内的分段最优速度序列,实现车辆控制状态的快速求解。最后,利用Matlab/Simulink进行验证。结果表明,通过多次迭代缩小网格,该算法有效提高了计算效率和车辆燃油经济性。

智能汽车内外饰造型意象耦合度评价方法研究

为帮助设计人员在智能汽车造型设计早期更好地控制内外饰传达的整体意象,提出一种基于眼动实验,结合感性工学理论的智能汽车内外饰造型意象耦合度评价方法。以耦合理论为核心,通过调研获取感性意象词汇集和内外饰并存图库,引入观察距离作为调剂因子统一内外饰意象评价,运用语义差分法构建内外饰总体意象空间并获取意象过渡线;运用眼动实验获取车内外关键设计要素及客观认知权重,经专家评审修正后计算其综合权重并与意象评分结合,探索基于意象认知耦合的智能汽车内外饰造型耦合度评价方法。该方法以3款智能汽车为评价对象,将评价结果与语义差分所得评分进行对比验证,结果表明该方法准确性良好,可以指导后续智能汽车内外饰造型耦合设计。

基于RRT算法的远距离自动泊车路径规划及仿真

泊车路径规划是自动泊车技术的重要组成部分。本文分析了现有的泊车路径规划方法,针对远距离自动泊车,提出基于BRT算法的路径规划。根据实际泊车操作过程,将自动泊车划分为远距离靠近泊位和泊入泊位两个阶段,采用基于反向RRT算法分别设计满足车辆运动模型和避障要求的路径规划算法,并在平行泊车、垂直泊车、反向斜方位泊车、正向斜方位泊车和角落平行泊车场景下进行仿真实验。

基于车路协同的快速路合流区可变限速控制方法

针对快速路合流区通行效率低的问题,利用车路协同环境下实时信息采集与交互技术,基于Gipps安全距离模型,对METANET模型进行改进;将动态安全距离融入可变限速控制中,建立起主线可变限速的控制方法和模型,引导匝道车辆利用主线可插间隙汇入,提高了快速路合流区的通行效率和匝道汇入的成功率;利用VISSIM与MATLAB联合搭建仿真控制环境,在不同流量下对所提出的控制策略进行仿真评估。研究结果表明:在中、高流量下,可变限速的控制策略使得速度分别提升了8.75%、 9.28%,密度分别降低了9.45%、 9.77%,行程时间分别降低了9.29%、 8.88%;延误分别降低了9.21%、 8.84%;证明了该可变限速控制策略能提升合流区通行效率,改善交通流运行状态。

基于最优转向曲率的无人车横向控制

为提高无人车横向控制性能,提出一种基于最优转向曲率的控制方法。利用车辆运动学约束,求解最优转向曲率的解析形式;采用线性化方法证明由该控制方法构成的闭环系统在平衡点附近的零输入局部稳定性;用数值方法定量分析保证闭环系统局部稳定的车速与预瞄距离的关系;提出一定车速下的最优预瞄距离的概念,用数值方法求解最优预瞄距离与车速的关系;探讨执行机构动态特性对闭环系统稳定性的影响。仿真和实车实验结果表明:在非零输入下,无人车依然可以稳定运行。

考虑截获交通流量与充电行驶距离的电动汽车充电网络规划

为优化电动汽车充电网络布局,提高充电服务能力与效率,提出了同时考虑截获交通流量与充电行驶距离的充电网络规划模型。电动汽车动力电池初始荷电状态的不确定性导致充电网络截获交通流量具有随机特性,采用蒙特卡洛模拟方法对其概率特性进行了分析。为提升充电网络在任何情况下的充电服务能力,所提模型以充电网络截获交通流量最小值最大为优化目标之一。为提升充电服务效率,模型另一个优化目标为平均充电行驶距离最短。此外,模型考虑了充电行驶距离机会约束及充电站建设数目约束,采用非支配遗传算法对所提模型进行求解,获得Pareto最优解集。最后,以25节点交通网络为例进行了仿真实验,验证了所提方法的有效性。并基于仿真结果,分析了机会约束置信度与充电站数目对规划结果的影响。

混合流下非机动车道基本需求宽度的设计

为弥补在非机动车道设计方面对电动自行车考虑不足的情况,有必要对由人力/电动自行车组成的饱和混合流下非机动车道基本需求宽度进行研究。以非机动车饱和混合流为研究对象,从非机动车的物理运动宽度组成出发,通过构建多重线性回归模型分析了非机动车物理运动宽度的影响因素,对分类自变量进行组合筛选;建立了不同组合类型下的非机动车速度与运行摆幅、路侧安全净距线性模型,得到性别为女性、年龄为老年和车型为电动自行车为最不利组合的结论;根据非机动车道的85%位运营速度确定最不利组合下的非机动车物理运动宽度,进而确定非机动车道基本需求宽度;针对非机动车道宽度合理性验证的准确性问题,从稳定性角度提出了运用速度熵来验证基本需求宽度合理性的方法,并以多条非机动车道路段为例进行了实测验证。研究结果表明:在隔离栏和划线下,非机动车单车道基本需求宽度分别为1.65、1.50 m;在绿化带、隔离栏和划线下,非机动车两车道基本需求宽度分别为2.90、2.80、2.65 m。在同一车道数和隔离方式下,车道宽度越宽,交通流速度熵越高;随着非机动车道宽度增加,以基本需求宽度为拐点,非机动车道的交通流速度熵变化幅度增大,稳定性更差。

基于鱼群效应的智能网联车队形成与演化机理研究

随着智能网联车的快速发展,智能网联车与人工驾驶车辆混行下的交通特性分析和协同控制研究已成为热点。本文构建多车道混合交通流元胞自动机仿真模型,对智能网联车队的形成及状态演化过程进行仿真刻画。首先,基于智能网联车的网联化特征,引入鱼群效应来描述4种智能网联车队的形成过程;其次,从车队角度,利用马尔可夫性计算车队规模转移概率,阐述车队状态演化过程;再次,引入Gipps安全距离原则对NaSch模型进行改进,并对智能网联车和智能网联车队进行速度引导;最后,基于实测的车辆到达率,对建立的基于鱼群效应的混合车流元胞自动机模型进行仿真实验。结果表明:智能网联车队可以有效改善混合交通流的运行状态,缓解交通拥堵;在渗透率60%的条件下,智能网联车队规模为3时,与不存在车队相比,拥堵率可减少43.9%,交通流速度约提升43%,并且随着车队规模的增大,交通流平均速度趋于平稳。