Background: There is a lack of reliable epidemiological data on prevalence and comorbidity rates of mental disorders in the migrant population in Germany. Despite existing national and international data on the extent...Background: There is a lack of reliable epidemiological data on prevalence and comorbidity rates of mental disorders in the migrant population in Germany. Despite existing national and international data on the extent of psychosocial burdens in migrant populations the prevalence among the study population remains unclear. The aim of this study was to collect prevalence data for the largest migrant population in Germany-individuals with Turkish migration backgrounds—using a culturally and linguistically sensitive approach. Methods: The study employs a cross-sectional design. The multi-centre study (Hamburg, Berlin) is based on a sample of individuals with Turkish migration backgrounds living in the two cities stratified by age, gender, and education. The study programme consists of three phases: 1) a qualitative focus group to collect information on how to increase the participation rate of the target population as a minority group in Germany;2) a translation phase to create culture and linguistic sensitive versions of the assessment tools (e.g., the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) for Turkish speaking individuals;and 3) a baseline community study to assess the lifetime, 12-month and four-week prevalence and comorbidity rates of mental disorder, health care utilization and help-seeking behaviour in individuals of Turkish migration backgrounds living in Germany. Discussion: The study provides important data on the lifetime prevalence of mental disorders and health care utilization of individuals with Turkish migration backgrounds. Furthermore, the study is an important step towards gaining a better understanding of potential barriers to participation, creating resources for difficult-to- reach minorities, and understanding the need for assessing mental disorders in migrant populations. These results can offer a starting point for the initiation of the necessary structural changes for mental health care services and policies for groups with migration backgrounds.展开更多
为推动稠油降黏技术的发展,获得稠油黏度的控制因素,以塔河、轮古油田的15个稠油样为研究对象,考察了稠油的黏温关系,进行了饱和分、芳香分、胶质、沥青质(SARA)四组分分离和元素组成分析并将其与黏度进行关联分析,研究了水热催化裂解...为推动稠油降黏技术的发展,获得稠油黏度的控制因素,以塔河、轮古油田的15个稠油样为研究对象,考察了稠油的黏温关系,进行了饱和分、芳香分、胶质、沥青质(SARA)四组分分离和元素组成分析并将其与黏度进行关联分析,研究了水热催化裂解法对稠油的降黏作用效果。研究结果表明,稠油中存在结构黏度,黏温关系较好地符合Arrhenius方程。稠油黏度与组成有关,随稠油中饱和分、芳香分、胶质含量增加,稠油黏度降低;随沥青质含量增多,稠油黏度呈近似指数关系升高;随胶体稳定性参数(胶质/沥青质量比)增大,稠油黏度降低并呈近似指数关系;稠油黏度与N、Ni含量正相关,与S、V含量关系不明显;氢碳原子比越小、芳碳率越高,稠油黏度越大。对LG-01稠油进行水热裂解降黏实验结果表明,反应后油样的黏度变化与组成变化相对应,在80℃的黏度由反应前的34965 m Pa·s变为12165数295858 m Pa·s,水热反应后对应的沥青质含量为21.50%数29.22%,胶体稳定性参数为1.19数0.63,氢碳原子比依次降低,杂原子S、N含量依次增加。展开更多
文摘Background: There is a lack of reliable epidemiological data on prevalence and comorbidity rates of mental disorders in the migrant population in Germany. Despite existing national and international data on the extent of psychosocial burdens in migrant populations the prevalence among the study population remains unclear. The aim of this study was to collect prevalence data for the largest migrant population in Germany-individuals with Turkish migration backgrounds—using a culturally and linguistically sensitive approach. Methods: The study employs a cross-sectional design. The multi-centre study (Hamburg, Berlin) is based on a sample of individuals with Turkish migration backgrounds living in the two cities stratified by age, gender, and education. The study programme consists of three phases: 1) a qualitative focus group to collect information on how to increase the participation rate of the target population as a minority group in Germany;2) a translation phase to create culture and linguistic sensitive versions of the assessment tools (e.g., the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) for Turkish speaking individuals;and 3) a baseline community study to assess the lifetime, 12-month and four-week prevalence and comorbidity rates of mental disorder, health care utilization and help-seeking behaviour in individuals of Turkish migration backgrounds living in Germany. Discussion: The study provides important data on the lifetime prevalence of mental disorders and health care utilization of individuals with Turkish migration backgrounds. Furthermore, the study is an important step towards gaining a better understanding of potential barriers to participation, creating resources for difficult-to- reach minorities, and understanding the need for assessing mental disorders in migrant populations. These results can offer a starting point for the initiation of the necessary structural changes for mental health care services and policies for groups with migration backgrounds.
文摘为推动稠油降黏技术的发展,获得稠油黏度的控制因素,以塔河、轮古油田的15个稠油样为研究对象,考察了稠油的黏温关系,进行了饱和分、芳香分、胶质、沥青质(SARA)四组分分离和元素组成分析并将其与黏度进行关联分析,研究了水热催化裂解法对稠油的降黏作用效果。研究结果表明,稠油中存在结构黏度,黏温关系较好地符合Arrhenius方程。稠油黏度与组成有关,随稠油中饱和分、芳香分、胶质含量增加,稠油黏度降低;随沥青质含量增多,稠油黏度呈近似指数关系升高;随胶体稳定性参数(胶质/沥青质量比)增大,稠油黏度降低并呈近似指数关系;稠油黏度与N、Ni含量正相关,与S、V含量关系不明显;氢碳原子比越小、芳碳率越高,稠油黏度越大。对LG-01稠油进行水热裂解降黏实验结果表明,反应后油样的黏度变化与组成变化相对应,在80℃的黏度由反应前的34965 m Pa·s变为12165数295858 m Pa·s,水热反应后对应的沥青质含量为21.50%数29.22%,胶体稳定性参数为1.19数0.63,氢碳原子比依次降低,杂原子S、N含量依次增加。
