Causal relationship between circulating vitamin C and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and common mental disorders-a Mendelian randomization study

Mental disorders seriously affect people’s health and social stability.This Mendelian randomization(MR)study was designed to investigate the causal relationship between circulating vitamin C(VC)or 25-hydroxyvitamin D(25(OH)D)levels and mental disorders.The data used for the MR analysis were derived from the summary genome-wide association studies(GWAS)database for VC and 25(OH)D and from the Finn Gen consortium for fourteen mental disorders.Based on the inverse variance weighted(IVW)method,we found a potential causal association between circulating VC and anxiety disorders(IVW:OR=1.139,95%CI:1.023-1.269,P=0.018).However,no causal association was found between VC or 25(OH)D and other mental disorders(P>0.05).In the reverse MR analysis,individuals with Alzheimer’s disease was causally associated with higher concentrations of circulating VC(P=0.012),while individuals with anxiety disorders had a negative association between the concentrations of 25(OH)D(P=0.012).However,the current evidence does not support a causal relationship between VC or 25(OH)D and other mental disorders.In addition,there was no causal association between circulating VC and 25(OH)D(P>0.05).Future studies are needed to confirm these findings and to elucidate the mechanisms of potential causality.

Need for education of psychiatric evaluation of offenders with mental disorders:A questionnaire survey for Japanese designated psychiatrists

BACKGROUND The management of offenders with mental disorders has been a significant concern in forensic psychiatry.In Japan,the introduction of the Medical Treatment and Supervision Act in 2005 addressed the issue.However,numerous psychiatric patients at risk of violence still find themselves subject to the administrative involuntary hospitalization(AIH)scheme,which lacks clarity and updated standards.AIM To explore current as well as optimized learning strategies for risk assessment in AIH decision making.METHODS We conducted a questionnaire survey among designated psychiatrists to explore their experiences and expectations regarding training methods for psychiatric assessments of offenders with mental disorders.RESULTS The findings of this study’s survey suggest a prevalent reliance on traditional learning approaches such as oral education and on-the-job training.CONCLUSION This underscores the pressing need for structured training protocols in AIH consultations.Moreover,feedback derived from inpatient treatment experiences is identified as a crucial element for enhancing risk assessment skills.

Adherence to 24-hour movement guidelines in children with mental,behavioral,and developmental disorders:Data from the 2016-2020 National Survey of Children's Health

Background:Adopting a healthy lifestyle during childhood could improve physical and mental health outcomes in adulthood and reduce relevant disease burdens.However,the lifestyles of children with mental,behavioral,and developmental disorders(MBDDs)remains under-described within the literature of public health field.This study aimed to examine adherence to 24-hour movement guidelines among children with MBDDs compared to population norms and whether these differences are affected by demographic characteristics.Methods:Data were from the 2016-2020 National Survey of Children’s Health—A national,population-based,cross-sectional study.We used the data of 119,406 children aged 6-17 years,which included 38,571 participants with at least 1 MBDD and 80,835 without.Adherence to the 24-hour movement guidelines was measured using parent-reported physical activity,screen time,and sleep duration.Results:Among children with MBDDs,20.3%,37.0%,60.7%,and 77.3%met the physical activity,screen time,sleep,and at least 1 of the 24-hour movement guidelines.These rates were lower than those in children without MBDDs(22.8%,46.2%,66.7%,and 83.4%,respectively;all p<0.001).Children with MBDDs were less likely to meet these guidelines(odds ratio(OR)=1.21,95%confidence interval(95%CI):1.13-1.30;OR=1.37,95%CI:1.29-1.45;OR=1.29,95%CI:1.21-1.37;OR=1.45,95%CI:1.35-1.56)than children without MBDDs.Children with emotional disorders had the highest odds of not meeting these guidelines(OR=1.43,95%CI:1.29-1.57;OR=1.48,95%CI:1.37-1.60;OR=1.49,95%CI:1.39-1.61;OR=1.72,95%CI:1.57-1.88)in comparison to children with other MBDDs.Among children aged12-17 years,the difference in proportion of meeting physical activity and screen time guidelines for children with vs.children without MBDD was larger than that among children aged 6-11 years.Furthermore,the above difference of meeting physical activity guidelines in ethnic minority children was smaller than that in white children.Conclusion:Children with MBDDs were less likely to meet individual or combined 24-hour movement guidelines than children without MBDDs.In educational and clinical settings,the primary focus should be on increasing physical activity and limiting screen time in children aged 12-17 years who have MBDDs;and specifically for white children who have MBDDs,increasing physical activity may help.

Transdiagnostic considerations of mental health for the post-COVID era:Lessons from the first surge of the pandemic

BACKGROUND The Coronavirus disease 19(COVID-19)-related psychiatric burden partly results from prolonged social stress world-wide.Studies have examined the psychiatric impact of COVID-19 on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition(DSM 5)and International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision(ICD-11)categories,implicating multiple diagnoses,complicating clinical management.AIM To verify whether COVID-19-related psychopathology spans multiple DSM-5 and ICD-11 diagnoses,but not in a random pattern.Consequently,empirical analysis of the multiple associated symptoms will better describe COVID-19-related psychopathology.METHODS We conducted a bi-national study during the first surge of the pandemic:an Italian sample(n=21217,studied March-April 2020);and three representative longitudinal samples from Israel(n=1276,1189,and 1432 respectively,studied May-July 2020).Data in Italy were collected by a national internet-based survey with an initially approached sample of about one million persons and in Israel by the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics using probability-based national representative sampling.Data analysis focused on the frequency and patterns of reported multiple mental health symptoms.RESULTS Combinations with all symptoms were more prevalent than combinations with fewer symptoms,with no majorities-minorities differences in both countries,demonstrating the generalizability of the transdiagnostic pattern of mental health issues in both nations.A history of previous mental disorder(Italian study)and an increase in symptom prevalence over time(Israel study)were associated with an increased number of symptoms.Conclusions:Based on finding correlated symptom diversity spanning conventional diagnostic categories,we suggest that the pattern of mental health issues associated with the COVID-19 pandemic is transdiagnostic.CONCLUSION The findings have implications for improving prevention and treatment of COVID-19 related psychopathology and for post-pandemic times in conditions resulting from multiplicity of stressors with mixed symptomatology in the clinical picture.

Real-world effectiveness and safety of direct-acting antivirals in hepatitis C virus patients with mental disorders

BACKGROUND It is estimated that 58 million people worldwide are infected with the hepatitis C virus(HCV).Patients with severe psychiatric disorders could not be treated with previously available interferon-based therapies due to their unfavorable side effect profile.This has changed with the introduction of direct-acting antivirals(DAA),although their real-life tolerance and effectiveness in patients with different psychiatric disorders remain to be demonstrated.AIM To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of DAA in patients with various mental illnesses.METHODS This was a retrospective observational study encompassing 14272 patients treated with DAA for chronic hepatitis C in 22 Polish hepatology centers,including 942 individuals diagnosed with a mental disorder(anxiety disorder,bipolar affective disorder,depression,anxiety-depressive disorder,personality disorder,schizophrenia,sleep disorder,substance abuse disorder,and mental illness without a specific diagnosis).The safety and effectiveness of DAA in this group were compared to those in a group without psychiatric illness(n=13330).Antiviral therapy was considered successful if serum ribonucleic acid(RNA)of HCV was undetectable 12 wk after its completion[sustained virologic response(SVR)].Safety data,including the incidence of adverse events(AEs),serious AEs(SAEs),and deaths,and the frequency of treatment modification and discontinuation,were collected during therapy and up to 12 wk after treatment completion.The entire study population was included in the intent-to-treat(ITT)analysis.Per-protocol(PP)analysis concerned patients who underwent HCV RNA evaluation 12 wk after completing treatment.RESULTS Among patients with mental illness,there was a significantly higher percentage of men,treatmentnaive patients,obese,human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus-coinfected,patients with cirrhosis,and those infected with genotype 3(GT3)while infection with GT1b was more frequent in the population without psychiatric disorders.The cure rate calculated PP was not significantly different in the two groups analyzed,with a SVR of 96.9% and 97.7%,respectively.Although patients with bipolar disorder achieved a significantly lower SVR,the multivariate analysis excluded it as an independent predictor of treatment non-response.Male sex,GT3 infection,cirrhosis,and failure of previous therapy were identified as independent negative predictors.The percentage of patients who completed the planned therapy did not differ between groups with and without mental disorders.In six patients,symptoms of mental illness(depression,schizophrenia)worsened,of which two discontinued treatments for this reason.New episodes of sleep disorders occurred significantly more often in patients with mental disorders.Patients with mental illness were more frequently lost to follow-up(4.2%vs 2.5%).CONCLUSION DAA treatment is safe and effective in HCV-infected patients with mental disorders.No specific psychiatric diagnosis lowered the chance of successful antiviral treatment.

Diabetes mellitus type 2 as an underlying,comorbid or consequent state of mental disorders

Somatic disturbances that occur in parallel with psychiatric diseases are a major challenge in clinical practice.Various factors contribute to the development of mental and somatic disorders.Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is a significant health burden worldwide,and the prevalence of diabetes in adults is increasing.The comorbidity of diabetes and mental disorders is very common.By sharing a bidirectional link,both T2DM and mental disorders influence each other in various manners,but the exact mechanisms underlying this link are not yet elucidated.The potential mechanisms of both mental disorders and T2DM are related to immune and inflammatory system dysfunction,oxidative stress,endothelial dysfunction,and metabolic disturbances.Moreover,diabetes is also a risk factor for cognitive dysfunction that can range from subtle diabetesassociated cognitive decline to pre-dementia and dementia.A complex relationship between the gut and the brain also represents a new therapeutic approach since gut-brain signalling pathways regulate food intake and hepatic glucose production.The aim of this minireview is to summarize and present the latest data on mutual pathogenic pathways in these disorders,emphasizing their complexity and interweaving.We also focused on the cognitive performances and changes in neurodegenerative disorders.The importance of implementing integrated approaches in treating both of these states is highlighted,along with the need for individual therapeutic strategies.

Psychological and Physiological Health Benefits of a Structured Forest Therapy Program for Children and Adolescents with Mental Health Disorders

Mental health conditions in children and adolescents can be improved by slow mindful nature connection known as forest therapyor bathing.Forest therapy has recently received growing attention as an enabler of relaxation and preventive health care withdemonstrated clinical efficacy.However,it is not well-known that forest therapy also decreases mental health issues amongindividuals with mental health disorders.This study explored the psychological and physiological health benefits of structuredforest therapy programs for children and adolescents with mental health disorders.A one-group pre-test-posttest design wasemployed for our study participants.Twelve participants(aged 9–14 years)engaged in two one-hour guided standard sequenceforest therapy experiences.A Mindful Attention Awareness Scale(MAAS),Connectedness to Nature Scale(CNS),Profile ofMood States(POMS),place meanings(e.g.,functional,emotional,and cognitive attachment to the forest)questionnaire,andphysiological health assessment were administered to the participants.Our results showed that negative mood states weresignificantly reduced and that a positive mood state was significantly improved after the structured forest therapy programs.Also,mindfulness,nature connection,place meanings,and physiological health were significantly boosted after theinterventions.The results demonstrate substantial psychological and physiological health and well-being outcomes ofstructured forest therapy for similar individuals.

Progress in Application of CBT Therapy in Patients with Post-stroke Mental Disorders

The application effects of CBT therapy in patients with post-stroke mental disorders were summarized to better understand the application effects of CBT therapy in patients with post-stroke mental disorders,so as to provide reference suggestions for better providing psychological treatment to patients with post-stroke mental disorders.

The Relationship between Mental Disorders and Personality of Outpatients in a Psychiatric Clinic in Nanjing, China

Psychosis has increasingly become a social problem,emphasizing the need to understand the relationship between mental disorders and personality.This study aimed to investigate the relationship between mental disorders and personality among psychiatric outpatients based on real-world data.Symptom Checklist 90(SCL-90)and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire(EPQ)were used to evaluate the personality and psychopathological symptoms of patients(n=8409)in the Psychiatric Outpatient Department at Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital.t-test was used to compare scores between patients and national norms.Pearson’s correlation coefficient and path analysis were used to explore the relationship between mental health status and personality.The correlation coefficient between the neuroticism(N)score and each factor score of the SCL-90 test,as well as the correlation between psychoticism(P)and hostility and paranoia,exceeded 0.4.Path analysis revealed that the standardized path coefficients of N score and SCL-90 were all higher than 0.4.In addition,the standardized path coefficient of hostility and paranoia on P score were 0.313 and 0.280,respectively.Interpersonal sensitivity,depression and obsessive-compulsive symptoms were affected by extraversion(E)score,with standardized path coefficients of-0.149,-0.138,and-0.105,respectively.The path analysis also showed the direct and indirect effects of age,gender,education,and marital status on SCL-90.Patients characterized as melancholic had higher scores in all factors of SCL-90.In conclusion,mental health was related to personality traits of neuroticism,psychoticism and introversion.

Population-based affective-disorder-related biomedical/biophysical multi-hyper-morbidity across the lifespan:A 16-year population study

BACKGROUND There are few if any life-span population-based studies of psychiatric disorderassociated biomedical and biophysical disorders and diseases(morbidity).AIM To scope the present state of research regarding the biomedical and biophysical morbidity associated with affective and mental disorder in epidemiological samples,and to examine the life-span relationship between affective disorders and biomedical/biophysical disorders to illustrate a novel approach employing the odds ratio to represent the intensity of biomedical and biophysical morbidity associated in time in a population.METHODS A repeatable systematic literature search of PubMed was represented in summary.Additionally,a regional population-based dataset was constructed and analyzed to represent the age-and sex-specific diagnoses(International Classification of Diseases Version 9,ICD-9)for those with and without affective disorder.The analysis presents a novel index of the relative age-specific frequency of life-span biomedical and biophysical diagnoses associated with affective disorder.RESULTS The volume of biomedical and biophysical morbidity associated with mental disorder literature has increased,yet few studies measure comprehensive temporal hyper-morbidity(over-representation of diseases over time,either before or after the index diagnostic event)in populations.Further,there have been only a few population-based studies examining the morbidity associated with affective disorder and only one that examines the full diagnostic range of lifespan morbidity.Substantial differences arose between males and females with more females than males having greater frequencies of diagnoses.The age-specific distributions of the maximum proportional diagnosis frequency ratios for each sex illustrate the greatest diagnosis-specific differences when comparing the biomedical and biophysical diagnoses of those with and without affective disorder when the same diagnosis was represented in each grouping at the same age.CONCLUSION Clinical research needs to focus on more than one or two comorbid biomedical or biophysical disorders at a time.Comprehensive population-based examination of the lifespan biomedical and biophysical multi-morbidity associated with affective disorder has the potential to directly inform clinical practice.Representing the proportional ratios of age-specific frequency of diagnoses for the full range of ICD-9 diagnoses is a novel analytical model.Diagnostic frequency appears a viable representation of a given disease state,such as affective disorder.Fortunately,the WPA has developed a global education section to better understand the biomedical and biophysical morbidity associated with all psychiatric disorders.This has been identified by the WPA as the psychiatric practice challenge of the 21st century.

Operational definitions and measurement of externalizing behavior problems:An integrative review including research models and clinical diagnostic systems

Measurement of externalizing disorders such as antisocial disorders,attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder or borderline disorder have relevant implications for the daily lives of people with these disorders.While the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM)and the International Classification of Diseases(ICD)have provided the diagnostic framework for decades,recent dimensional frameworks question the categorical approach of psychopathology,inherent in traditional nosotaxies.Tests and instruments develop under the DSM or ICD framework preferentially adopt this categorical approach,providing diagnostic labels.In contrast,dimensional measurement instruments provide an individualized profile for the domains that comprise the externalizing spectrum,but are less widely used in practice.Current paper aims to review the operational definitions of externalizing disorders defined under these different frameworks,revise the different measurement alternatives existing,and provide an integrative operational definition.First,an analysis of the operational definition of externalizing disorders among the DSM/ICD diagnostic systems and the recent Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology(HiTOP)model is carried out.Then,in order to analyze the coverage of operational definitions found,a description of measurement instruments among each conceptualization is provided.Three phases in the development of the ICD and DSM diagnosis systems can be observed with direct implications for measurement.ICD and DSM versions have progressively introduced systematicity,providing more detailed descriptions of diagnostic criteria and categories that ease the measurement instrument development.However,it is questioned whether the DSM/ICD systems adequately modelize externalizing disorders,and therefore their measurement.More recent theoretical approaches,such as the HiTOP model seek to overcome some of the criticism raised towards the classification systems.Nevertheless,several issues concerning this model raise mesasurement challenges.A revision of the instruments underneath each approach shows incomplete coverage of externalizing disorders among the existing instruments.Efforts to bring nosotaxies together with other theoretical models of psychopathology and personality are still needed.The integrative operational definition of externalizing disorders provided may help to gather clinical practice and research.

Clinical Profile of Women with Mental Disorders in Dakar Hospitals

Introduction: In Senegal, knowledge of the clinical profile of mental disorders in women has not been the subject of many studies, even though it is of vital importance to those involved in mental health. Thus, the aim of our study was to describe the clinical aspects of psychiatric disorders in women hospitalized at Fann. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional, retrospective, and descriptive study over a five-year period. We identified 402 cases that met the selection criteria. The data collection form provided information on aspects of the clinical profile of mental disorders, such as medical, surgical, gynecological, obstetrical and psychiatric history, instigator of the request for care, diagnosis, duration and number of hospitalizations. ICD-10 was used for the various pathologies identified. Results: Asthma was noted in 7% of patients, as was hypertension. Gynecological surgery was found in 43 patients (11%). Eight patients were menopausal (2%). The mean number of gestations was 2.09, with a standard deviation of 2.257 and extremes between 0 and 10 gestations. Patients with a history of abortion numbered 58 (14%). The decision to hospitalize the patients was made by 96% (384 patients) of those around them. Hetero aggression was the most recurrent reason for hospitalization (19%). Pathology group F20-29 (schizophrenia, schizotypal disorder, and delusional disorders) was the majority group. Conclusion: The clinical profile of the mentally ill woman in Dakar is a woman in her mid-forties who most often presents with a personal psychiatric history, and her hospitalization is prompted by hetero-aggression and/or logorrhea. She usually suffers from schizophrenia and related disorders. Hospitalization usually lasts between 11 and 20 days.

Psychedelic Drug Therapy for Mental Disorders?

Objective: Psychedelic drug therapy is banned in all countries of the world except Australia, where the government regulatory watchdog, the Therapeutic Goods Administration, is planning to allow approved psychiatrists, as of July 1, 2023, to prescribe psilocybin to treat depression and MDMA to treat post-traumatic stress disorder, a move precipitated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s designation of these two drugs as “breakthrough therapy”. The objective of the present article is to demonstrate that the evidence on which the FDA and then the TGA relied is irretrievably flawed and should be dismissed. Method: Expert review of psychedelic therapy clinical trials and specifically of the methodology and measures used. Results: The present review demonstrates that the studies the U.S. FDA and the Australian TGA relied on to approve these two psychedelic drugs for therapy are irretrievably flawed. All future trials will follow the same procedure and are therefore bound to be flawed as well. Conclusions: Psychedelic drug studies have so far provided no trustworthy evidence of their effectiveness for treating mental disorders and are not likely to produce this evidence in the future. Psychedelic drug therapy is in any event impractical because of its specialized training requirements and very high treatment costs. It is also dangerous because false publicity about its effectiveness will almost certainly lead to unsupervised self-dosing with drugs that not only are illegal but have an unacceptably high addiction rate.

Epidemiological Profile of Women with Mental Disorders in Hospital in Dakar

Introduction: Women are currently more likely than men to suffer from mental health problems. The prevalence of mental health problems among women is also increasing. However, few studies conducted in Africa provide epidemiological data on women. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological profile of women with mental health problems in Dakar. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional, retrospective, descriptive study over a five-year period, from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2021. It concerned all women hospitalised for psychiatric reasons at the Psychiatry Department of Fann Hospital, Dakar, Senegal. The data collection form provided information on the sociodemographic profile, i.e., age, current address, marital status, ethnicity, religion, level of education, professional activity, and use of psychoactive substances. Results: The prevalence of mental disorders was 34.9% and concerned the following ICD-10 pathology groups [F00 - 09], [F10 - F19], [F20 - F29], [F30 - F39], [F40 - 48], [F50 - F59] and [F60 - F69]. The mean age of the patients was 37 years, with a standard deviation of 13 and extremes from 16 to 74 years. Most patients were unmarried (56%). Among the married patients, the monogamous regime was in the majority in our study: 56% compared with 44% for the polygamous regime. Women had to attend French school in 74% of cases. In our study, 32% of patients had reached university level. The majority were unemployed (67%). The notion of mourning was found in 214 patients (30.2%). The birth of one or more children marked the lives of 184 patients (26%). Divorce was noted in 103 patients (14.5%). Marital conflicts were experienced by 94 patients (13.3%). Twenty percent of the patients had used psychoactive substances. Conclusion: The epidemiological profile of a woman with a mental disorder in Dakar is that of a single woman in her forties who had attended university and was a housewife. She does not use psychoactive substances and has experienced at least one mourning in her life.

A Meta-Analysis of Pension Models for Patients with Mental Disorders

Objective:To analyze the pension models available for patients with mental disorders and design a more suitable one.Methods:A total of 135 pieces of literature in the database of China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI)published from August 11,1970,to November 17,2022,were classified and analyzed.A knowledge map was drawn and the research context was sorted out from the aspects of temporal distribution,spatial distribution,research hotspots,and evolutionary trend,so as to reveal the research status and development trend in the field of pension for patients with mental disorders.Results:The temporal distribution of the literature in this review involved 20 disciplines,41 papers,2 information articles,40 authors,13 research levels,and 20 research institutions.In terms of research hotspots and evolutionary trends,the keywords“disability pension,”“pension institutions,”and“patients with mental disorders”play a fundamental role in the dynamic evolution and diversification of research topics in the field of the mental disorder pension model.Conclusion:There has been not much research on elderly care for patients with mental disorders,and it is still in the exploratory stage without a sustainable and stable research theme.In recent years,keywords such as“the combination of medical care,”“community care for the elderly,”and“intelligent care”for the elderly have become prominent and the number of related studies has increased,and the research quality in this field has also improved.Intelligent medical care for elderly patients with mental disorders will become the trend of future research.

Police Emergency Commitment Powers in Cases of Persons Experiencing Mental Health Crisis in “Public Spaces”: Review of the Commitment Process in England and Wales, in Comparison to the Practice in the United States of America (USA)

Police emergency commitment powers for detention of persons in the community perceived to be seriously mentally ill for further specialist examination in a designated facility have always raised interest in medical and legal circles on both sides of the Atlantic. The objective of this article is to detail the police commitment procedure in England and Wales, as dictated by the mental health act of 1983 (MHA 1983) amended in 2007 (MHA 2007);and compare this with similar legal provisions as prevails under current state mental health statutes in the United States of America (USA). The comparative review of the commitment processes in England and Wales to that of the USA reveals that the process in England and Wales seeks to primarily ensure that persons with mental disorder (PWMD) in crisis are directed to a specialist hospital for evaluation and appropriate specialist care. In the USA such persons in a good number of cases may end up in the criminal justice system due to application of the “dangerousness” standard. Additionally whereas in England and Wales the commitment law is uniform in law and application, the federal system in the USA is such that the commitment law may have minor variations depending on the individual states. The minor variation in state commitment laws may engender a situation where the commitment law in England and Wales may seem relatively equitable and just towards PWMD in crisis, compared to the state commitment laws in the USA.

Predictive power of abnormal electroencephalogram for post-cerebral infarction depression

Electroencephalography is a sensitive indicator for measuring brain condition, and can reflect early changes in brain function and severity of cerebral ischemia. However, it is not yet known whether electroencephalography can predict development of post-cerebral infarc- tion depression. A total of 321 patients with ischemic stroke underwent electroencephalography and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale assessment to analyze the relationship between electroencephalography and post-cerebral infarction depression. Our results show that electroencephalograms of ischemic stroke patients with depression exhibit low-amplitude alpha activity and slow theta activity. In con- trast, electroencephalograms of ischemic stroke patients without depression show fast beta activity and slow delta activity. ＂Ihese findings confirm that low-amplitude alpha activity and slow theta activity can be considered as independent predictors for post-cerebral infarction depression.

Microglia regulation of synaptic plasticity and learning and memory

Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system.Microglia possess varied morphologies and functions.Under normal physiological conditions,microglia mainly exist in a resting state and constantly monitor their microenvironment and survey neuronal and synaptic activity.Through the C1 q,C3 and CR3"Eat Me"and CD47 and SIRPα"Don't Eat Me"complement pathways,as well as other pathways such as CX3 CR1 signaling,resting microglia regulate synaptic pruning,a process crucial for the promotion of synapse formation and the regulation of neuronal activity and synaptic plasticity.By mediating synaptic pruning,resting microglia play an important role in the regulation of experience-dependent plasticity in the barrel cortex and visual cortex after whisker removal or monocular deprivation,and also in the regulation of learning and memory,including the modulation of memory strength,forgetfulness,and memory quality.As a response to brain injury,infection or neuroinflammation,microglia become activated and increase in number.Activated microglia change to an amoeboid shape,migrate to sites of inflammation and secrete proteins such as cytokines,chemokines and reactive oxygen species.These molecules released by microglia can lead to synaptic plasticity and learning and memory deficits associated with aging,Alzheimer's disease,traumatic brain injury,HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder,and other neurological or mental disorders such as autism,depression and post-traumatic stress disorder.With a focus mainly on recently published literature,here we reviewed the studies investigating the role of resting microglia in synaptic plasticity and learning and memory,as well as how activated microglia modulate disease-related plasticity and learning and memory deficits.By summarizing the function of microglia in these processes,we aim to provide an overview of microglia regulation of synaptic plasticity and learning and memory,and to discuss the possibility of microglia manipulation as a therapeutic to ameliorate cognitive deficits associated with aging,Alzheimer's disease,traumatic brain injury,HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder,and mental disorders.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation: potential treatment for co-occurring alcohol, traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorders

Alcohol use disorder （AUD）, mild traumatic brain injury （mTBI）, and posttraumatic stress disorder （PTSD） commonly co-occur （AUD ＋ mTBI ＋ PTSD）. These conditions have overlapping symptoms which are, in part, reflective of overlapping neuropathology. These conditions become problematic because their co-occurrence can exacerbate symptoms. Therefore, treatments must be developed that are inclusive to all three conditions. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation （rTMS） is non-invasive and may be an ideal treatment for co-occurring AUD ＋ mTBI ＋ PTSD. There is accumulating evidence on rTMS as a treatment for people with AUD, mTBI, and PTSD each alone. However, there are no published studies to date on rTMS as a treatment for co-occurring AUD ＋ mTBI ＋ PTSD. This review article advances the knowledge base for rTMS as a treatment for AUD ＋ mTBI ＋ PTSD. This review provides background information about these co-occurring conditions as well as rTMS. The existing literature on rTMS as a treatment for people with AUD, TBI, and PTSD each alone is reviewed. Finally, neurobiological findings in support of a theoretical model are discussed to inform TMS as a treatment for co-occurring AUD ＋ mTBI ＋ PTSD. The peer-reviewed literature was identified by targeted literature searches using PubMed and supplemented by cross-referencing the bibliographies of relevant review articles. The existing evidence on rTMS as a treatment for these conditions in isolation, coupled with the overlapping neuropathology and symptomology of these conditions, suggests that rTMS may be well suited for the treatment of these conditions together.

Effects of mindfulness-based intervention programs on sleep among people with common mental disorders:A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Sleep problems are particularly prevalent in people with depression or anxiety disorder.Although mindfulness has been suggested as an important component in alleviating insomnia,no comprehensive review and meta-analysis has been conducted to evaluate the effects of different mindfulness-based intervention(MBI)programs on sleep among people with depression or anxiety disorder.AIM To compare the effects of different MBI programs on sleep among people with depression or anxiety disorder.METHODS Related publications in Embase,Medline,PubMed and PsycINFO databases were systematically searched from January 2010 to June 2020 for randomised controlled trials.Data were synthesized using a random-effects or a fixed-effects model to analyse the effects of various MBI programs on sleep problems among people with depression or anxiety disorder.The fixed-effects model was used when heterogeneity was negligible,and the random-effects model was used when heterogeneity was significant to calculate the standardised mean differences(SMDs)and 95%confidence intervals(CIs).RESULTS We identified 397 articles,of which 10 randomised controlled trials,involving a total of 541 participants,were included in the meta-analysis.Studies of internet mindfulness meditation intervention(IMMI),mindfulness meditation(MM),mindfulness-based cognitive therapy(MBCT),mindfulness-based stress reduction(MBSR)and mindfulness-based touch therapy(MBTT)met the inclusion criteria.The greatest effect sizes are reported in favour of MBTT,with SMDs of-1.138(95%CI:-1.937 to-0.340;P=0.005),followed by-1.003(95%CI:-1.645 to-0.360;P=0.002)for MBCT.SMDs of-0.618(95%CI:-0.980 to-0.257;P=0.001)and-0.551(95%CI:-0.842 to-0.260;P<0.0001)were reported for IMMI and MBSR in the pooling trials,respectively.Significant effects on sleep problem improvement are shown in all reviewed MBI programs,except MM,for which the effect size was shown to be nonsignificant.CONCLUSION All MBI programs(MBTT,MBCT,IMMI and MBSR),except MM,are effective options to improve sleep problems among people with depression or anxiety disorder.