Mechanical and numerical models for sea ice dynamics on small-meso scale

On small-meso scale, the sea ice dynamic characteristics are quite different from that on large scale. To model the sea ice dynamics on small-meso scale, a new elastic-viscous-plastic （EVP） constitutive model and a hybrid Lagrangian- Eulerian （HLE） numerical method are developed based on continuum theory. While a modified discrete element model （DEM） is introduced to model the ice cover at discrete state. With the EVP constitutive model, the numerical simulation for ice ridging in an idealized rectangular basin is carried out and the results are comparable with the analytical solution of jam theory. Adopting the HLE numerical model, the sea ice dynamic process is simulated in a vortex wind field. The furthering application of DEM is discussed in details for modeling the discrete distribution of sea ice. With this study, the mechanical and numerical models for sea ice dynamics can be improved with high precision and computational efficiency.

Experimental, Numerical and Simplified Theoretical Model Study for Internal Solitary Wave Load on FPSO with Emphasis on Scale Effect

Scale effect of ISWs loads on Floating Production Storage and Offloading(FPSO) is studied in this paper. The application conditions of KdV, eKdV and MCC ISWs theories are used in the numerical method. The depthaveraged velocities induced by ISWs are used for the velocity-inlet boundary. Three scale ratio numerical models λ=1, 20 and 300 were selected, which the scale ratio is the size ratio of numerical models to the experimental model.The comparisons between the numerical and former experimental results are performed to verify the feasibility of numerical method. The comparisons between the numerical and simplified theoretical results are performed to discuss the applicability of the simplified theoretical model summarized from the load experiments. Firstly, the numerical results of λ=1 numerical model showed a good agreement with former experimental and simplified theoretical results. It is feasible to simulate the ISWs loads on FPSO by the numerical method. Secondly, the comparisons between the results of three scale ratio numerical models and experimental results indicated that the scale ratios have more significant influence on the experimental horizontal forces than the vertical forces. The scale effect of horizontal forces mainly results from the different viscosity effects associated with the model’s dimension.Finally, through the comparisons between the numerical and simplified theoretical results for three scale ratio models, the simplified theoretical model of the pressure difference and friction forces exerted by ISWs on FPSO is applied for large-scale or full-scale FPSO.

Numerical Simulation of Microphysics in Meso-β-Scale Convective Cloud System Associated with a Mesoscale Convective Complex

Numerical simulation of meso-β-scale convective cloud systems associated with a PRE-STORM MCC case has been carried out using a 2-D version of the CSU Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) nonhydrostatic model with parameterized microphysics. It is found that the predicted meso-r-scale convective phenomena arc basically unsteady under the situation of strong shear at low-levels, while the meso-β-scale convective system is maintained up to 3 hours or more. The meso -β- scale cloud system exhibits characteristics of a multi-celled convective storm in which the meso-r-scale convective cells have lifetime of about 30 min. Pressure perturbation depicts a meso-low after a half hour in the low levels. As the cloud system evolves, the meso-low intensifies and extends to the upshear side and covers the entire domain in the mid-lower levels with the peak values of 5-8 hPa. Temperature perturbation depicts a warm region in the middle levels through the entire simulation period. The meso-r-scale warm cores with peak values of 4-8 ℃ are associated with strong convective cells. The cloud top evaporation causes a stronger cold layer around the cloud top levels.Simulation of microphysics exhibits that graupel is primarily concentrated in the strong convective cells forming the main source of convective rainfall after one hour of simulation time. Aggregates are mainly located in the stratiform region and decaying convective cells which produce the stratiform rainfall. Riming of the ice crystals is the predominant precipitation formation mechanism in the convection region, whereas aggregation of ice crystals is the predominant one in the stratiform region, which is consistent with observations. Sensitivity experiments of ice-phase mierophysical processes show that the microphysical structures of the convective cloud system can be simulated better with the diagnosed aggregation collection efficiencies.

Numerical failure analysis of a continuous reinforced concrete bridge under strong earthquakes using multi-scale models

Previous failure analyses of bridges typically focus on substructure failure or superstructure failure separately. However, in an actual bridge, the seismic induced substructure failure and superstructure failure may influence each other. Moreover, previous studies typically use simplified models to analyze the bridge failure; however, there are inherent defects in the calculation accuracy compared with using a detailed three-dimensional （3D） finite element （FE） model. Conversely, a detailed 3D FE model requires more computational costs, and a proper erosion criterion of the 3D elements is necessary. In this paper, a multi-scale FE model, including a corresponding erosion criterion, is proposed and validated that can significantly reduce computational costs with high precision by modelling a pseudo-dynamic test of an reinforced concrete （RC） pier. Numerical simulations of the seismic failures of a continuous RC bridge based on the multi-scale FE modeling method using LS-DYNA are performed. The nonlinear properties of the bridge, various connection strengths and bidirectional excitations are considered. The numerical results demonstrate that the failure of the connections will induce large pounding responses of the girders. The nonlinear deformation of the piers will aggravate the pounding damages. Furthermore, bidirectional earthquakes will induce eccentric poundingsto the girders and different failure modes to the adjacent piers.

Meso-scale modeling of chloride diffusion in concrete with consideration of effects of time and temperature

A meso-scale truss network model was developed to predict chloride diffusion in concrete. The model regards concrete as a three-phase composite of mortar matrix, coarse aggregates, and the interfacial transition zone （ITZ） between the mortar matrix and the aggregates. The diffusion coefficient of chloride in the mortar and the ITZ can be analytically determined with only the water-to-cement ratio and volume fraction of fine aggregates. Fick＇s second law of diffusion was used as the governing equation for chloride diffusion in a homogenous medium （e.g., mortar）; it was discretized and applied to the truss network model. The solution procedure of the truss network model based on the diffusion law and the meso-scale composite structure of concrete is outlined. Additionally, the dependence of the diffusion coefficient of chloride in the mortar and the ITZ on exposure duration and temperature is taken into account to illustrate their effect on chloride diffusion coefficient. The numerical results show that the exposure duration and environmental temperature play important roles in the diffusion rate of chloride ions in concrete. It is also concluded that the meso-scale truss network model can be applied to chloride transport analysis of damaged （or cracked） concrete.

Case study on the three-dimensional structure of meso-scale eddy in the South China Sea based on a high-resolution model

Meso-scale eddies are important features in the South China Sea（SCS）. The eddies with diameters of 50–200 km can greatly impact the transport of heat, momentum, and tracers. A high-resolution wave-tide-circulation coupled model was developed to simulate the meso-scale eddy in the SCS in this study. The aim of this study is to examine the model ability to simulate the meso-scale eddy in the SCS without data assimilations The simulated Sea Surface Height（SSH） anomalies agree with the observed the AVISO SSH anomalies well. The simulated subsurface temperature profiles agree with the CTD observation data from the ROSE（Responses of Marine Hazards to climate change in the Western Pacific） project. The simulated upper-ocean currents also agree with the main circulation based on observations. A warm eddy is identified in winter in the northern SCS. The position and domain of the simulated eddy are confirmed by the observed sea surface height data from the AVISO. The result shows that the model has the ability to simulate the meso-scale eddy in the SCS without data assimilation.The three-dimensional structure of the meso-scale eddy in the SCS is analyzed using the model result. It is found that the eddy center is tilted vertically, which agrees with the observation. It is also found that the velocity center of the eddy does not coincide with the temperature center of the eddy. The result shows that the model has the ability to simulate the meso-scale eddy in the SCS without data assimilations. Further study on the forming mechanism and the three-dimensional structure of the meso-scale eddies will be carried out using the model result and cruise observation data in the near future.

Numerical Analysis of the Adhesive Forces in Nano-Scale Structure

Nanohairs, which can be found on the epidermis of Tokay gecko＇s toes, contribute to the adhesion by means of van der Waals force, capillary force, etc. This structure has inspired many researchers to fabricate the attachable nano-scale structures. However, the efficiency of artificial nano-scale structures is not reliable sufficiently. Moreover, the mechanical parameters related to the nano-hair attachment are not yet revealed qualitatively. The mechanical parameters which have influence on the ability of adhesive nano-hairs were investigated through numerical simulation in which only van der Waals force was considered. For the numerical analysis, finite element method was utilized and van der Waals force, assumed as 12-6 Lennard-Jones potential, was implemented as the body force term in the finite element formulation.

Observation and Numerical Simulation of Cloud Physical Processes Associated with Torrential Rain of the Meiyu Front

Cloud micro-physical structures in a precipitation system associated with the Meiyu front are observed using the balloon-borne Precipitation Particle Image Sensor at Baoshan observatory station, Shanghai during June and July 1999. The vertical distributions of various cloud particle size, number density, and mass density are retrieved from the observations. Analyses of observations show that ice-phase particles (ice crystals, graupel, snowflakes, and frozen drops) often exist in the cloud of torrential rain associated with the Meiyu front. Among the various particles, ice crystals and graupel are the most numerous, but graupel and snow have the highest mass density. Ice-phase particles coexist with liquid water droplets near the 0°C level. The graupel is similarly distributed with height as the ice crystals. Raindrops below the 0°C level are mainly from melted grauple, snowflakes and frozen drops. They may further grow larger by coalescence with smaller ones as they fall from the cloud base. Numerical simulations using the non-hydrostatic meso-scale model MM5 with the Reisner graupel explicit moisture scheme confirm the main observational results. Rain water at the lower level is mainly generated from the melting of snow and graupel falling from the upper level where snow and graupel are generated and grown from collection with cloud and rain water. Thus the mixed-phase cloud process, in which ice phase coexists and interacts with liquid phase (cloud and rain drops), plays the most important role in the formation and development of heavy convective rainfall in the Meiyu frontal system.

基于CMA-MESO冰粒子含量的雨雪相态判据应用

利用中国气象局中尺度模式(CMA-MESO)云降水物理直接输出的水凝物混合比,确定基于冰相水凝物占比的雨雪相态判据,并应用于2023年1月14—15日我国大范围降水过程的雨雪相态判别。结果表明:该判据明显改善了基于温度和高度场的厚度判据对我国东部地区雨夹雪范围判别偏大、对分散性雨夹雪漏报的问题,6~18 h时效雨夹雪预报TS评分较厚度判据提升75%~100%,24 h时效降雪预报TS评分较厚度判据提升67%;对全国雨雪范围判别合理,对小范围雨夹雪具有指示作用;对全国3~36 h时效降雨、降雪和雨夹雪预报TS评分为0.76~0.62,0.69~0.63和0.11~0.08;对降雨和降雪存在一定空报和漏报,对24 h时效雨夹雪空报明显;对相态转换过程有较好指示效果,判别代表站相态转换开始时间误差为1~2 h,对我国东部地区代表站的相态转换和雨夹雪持续时间判别优于厚度判据,基于厚度判据雨夹雪预报持续时间偏长。研究结果可为雨雪相态业务预报提供客观预报产品参考。

Numerical simulation of avascular tumor growth based on p27 gene regulation

A multi-scale continuous-discrete model based on the effects of the p27 gene control is built to simulate the avascular tumor growth. At the tissue level, the continuous Eulerian model is adopted to determine the distribution of the concentration of oxygen, the extracellular matrix （ECM）, and the matrix-degradative enzyme （MDE）. At the cellular level, the discrete Lagrangien model is adopted to determine the movement, the proliferation, and the death of single tumor cells （TCs）. At the genetic level, whether a cell is committed to mitosis is determined by solving a set of equations modeling the effects of the p27 gene control. The avascular morphological evolution of the solid tumor growth is simulated, including the radius the oxygen distribution over time, and the expression. of the solid tumor, the number of the TCs, inhibiting effect＇ of the up-regulating p27 gene

3-D Modelling of the Confederation Bridge Using Data of Full Scale Tests

Long-span bridges are special structures that require advanced analysis techniques to examine their performance. This paper presents a procedure developed to model the Confederation Bridge using 3-D beam elements. The model was validated using the data collected before the opening of the bridge to the public. The bridge was instrumented to conduct fullscale static and dynamic tests. The static tests were to measure the deflection of the bridge pier while the dynamic tests to measure the free vibrations of the pier due to a sudden release of the static load. Confederation Bridge is one of the longest reinforced concrete bridges in the world. It connects the province of Prince Edward Island and the province of New Brunswick in Canada. Due to its strategic location and vital role as a transportation link between these two provinces, it was designed using higher safety factors than those for typical highway bridges. After validating the present numerical model, a procedure was developed to evaluate the performance of similar bridges subjected to traffic and seismic loads. It is of interest to note that the foundation stiffness and the modulus of elasticity of the concrete have significant effects on the structural responses of the Confederation Bridge.

Stochastic Computational Heuristic for the Fractional Biological Model Based on Leptospirosis

The purpose of these investigations is to find the numerical outcomes of the fractional kind of biological system based on Leptospirosis by exploiting the strength of artificial neural networks aided by scale conjugate gradient,called ANNs-SCG.The fractional derivatives have been applied to get more reliable performances of the system.The mathematical form of the biological Leptospirosis system is divided into five categories,and the numerical performances of each model class will be provided by using the ANNs-SCG.The exactness of the ANNs-SCG is performed using the comparison of the reference and obtained results.The reference solutions have been obtained by using theAdams numerical scheme.For these investigations,the data selection is performed at 82%for training,while the statics for both testing and authentication is selected as 9%.The procedures based on the recurrence,mean square error,error histograms,regression,state transitions,and correlation will be accomplished to validate the fitness,accuracy,and reliability of the ANNs-SCG scheme.

CFRP布加固RC柱细观力学分析模型及抗扭分析

为了探究配纤率、截面形状、截面尺寸、轴压比对碳纤维增强复合材料(carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP)加固钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete,RC)柱抗扭性能的影响,采用了可以同时考虑混凝土材料非均质性、钢筋与混凝土间黏结-滑移关系、CFRP布与混凝土间界面关系的细观力学分析方法。首先,建立了用于CFRP布加固RC柱抗扭性能分析的三维数值模型;进而,将基于该模型的数值模拟结果与试验结果对比,验证了模型中加载方式、外贴CFRP布方法的合理性及材料参数的准确性;最后,基于建立的细观力学分析模型,探讨了配纤率、截面形状、截面尺寸、轴压比对扭转作用下CFRP布加固RC柱破坏模式和力学性能的影响机制。分析结果表明:CFRP布加固RC柱抗扭承载力随配纤率增大而提高,但提高幅度随配纤率增大而降低;受到围压分布的影响,圆形截面的有效约束面积大于方形截面,使得CFRP布对圆柱的约束效果好于方柱;CFRP布加固RC柱的名义扭转强度存在尺寸效应;轴压比的增大使其抗扭承载力先增大后减小,在轴压比为0.4时达到最大值。进一步,采用叠加规范公式方法提出了FRP布加固RC构件抗扭承载力计算公式,与数值模拟结果对比发现,该公式可给出安全储备冗余度30.2%的设计值,可初步用于CFRP布加固RC柱抗扭承载力的安全设计。

Voronoi-RBSM耦合的混凝土细观建模方法研究

为解决已有混凝土细观数值模拟方法计算效率低、对象尺寸受限的问题,提出一种基于Voronoi网格拓扑和刚体弹簧模型(RBSM)的混凝土细观建模新思路。该模型将混凝土视为由骨料、水泥砂浆组成的二相材料,骨料通过Voronoi单胞描述,视为刚性体,水泥砂浆简化为Voronoi单胞交界面的均布弹簧,弹簧刚度依据局部砂浆的实际情况自动定义。无需对骨料和水泥砂浆进行网格细化,可大大减少单元数量,允许Voronoi单胞在界面处侵入和分离,描述混凝土的变形、开裂等。为验证该文模型的有效性和适用性,开展了室内试验与数值模拟的对比研究,并分析了骨料占比等参数的敏感性。结果表明:基于Voronoi-RBSM的混凝土细观模型,可以较为高效、准确预测混凝土构件在加载过程中细观力学响应,对于尺寸较小的混凝土试件、尺寸较大钢筋混凝土简支梁均有较好的细观模拟效果,尤其是当网格尺寸与骨料平均粒径接近时,预测结果与试验结果最为接近。此外,模型的预测精度受骨料体积占比影响,骨料体积占比越小精度越低,因此,并不适用于浆体占比高的混凝土材料细观数值模拟。

利用DQCT实现2018年8月超历史极值暴雨的高质量模拟

构建较全面的双级质量控制技术(DQCT).利用中尺度天气预报模式(WRF)对2018年8月下旬华南地区一次超历史极值的暴雨过程进行高分辨率数值模拟,并用DQCT评判暴雨的模拟效果.结果表明,在暴雨形势背景场中用WRF成功模拟大尺度季风风场、西南暖湿气流与低压交汇过程,并准确复制了造成高潭镇极端降雨的中尺度对流系统.总降雨量中的中γ尺度极值暴雨中心模拟得较为准确.该模式在24 h降雨量模拟中成功复制了暴雨中心的演变过程;在6 h降雨量模拟中较好地再现了中γ尺度雨带的演变过程.在暴雨重灾区高潭镇1 h降雨量演变过程的模拟中,总体降雨趋势与实况吻合较好.定性分析结果同步得到定量指标的验证.

基于断裂相场的高分子黏结炸药裂纹演化及其力学性能退化分析

为了解高分子黏结炸药裂纹演化过程及其力学行为,综合考虑弹性、黏性以及热特性的影响及作用机制,提出了该材料热黏弹性断裂相场模型。基于断裂相场,建立了热黏弹性体的单一单元模型,对不同温度和应变率进行参数分析。然后,针对高分子黏结炸药开展该材料断裂相场的模拟及其模型参数校准。从而基于断裂相场在细观层面上阐明不同应变率、不同环境温度作用下高分子黏结炸药材料的裂纹演化及其力学性能退化的规律。结果表明,驱动断裂的能量和抗压强度随着应变率降低和温度的升高而呈现出减小的趋势,因此裂纹出现的时间越晚,扩展速度越慢。

弯-剪-扭复合受力CFRP布加固RC梁抗扭性能细观数值分析

为了研究弯-剪-扭复合受力条件下碳纤维增强复合材料(carbon fiber reinforced polymer, CFRP)布加固钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete, RC)梁的抗扭性能,建立体现混凝土材料非均质性、钢筋-混凝土黏结滑移关系和CFRP布-混凝土相互作用关系的细观数值分析模型。由于缺乏CFRP布加固RC梁在弯-剪-扭复合受力作用下失效破坏的典型物理试验,采用复合对比验证法对数值模型的合理性进行验证,即分别与单独受剪、单独受扭以及受弯-扭复合作用下RC梁和CFRP布加固RC梁的试验结果进行对比验证。进而,基于建立的细观数值分析模型探究了配纤率和扭弯比对CFRP布加固RC梁在弯-剪-扭复合受力作用下抗扭力学性能的影响。结果表明:1)采用CFRP布加固能够显著提高RC梁的峰值扭矩;2)随配纤率增加,RC梁损伤分布范围逐渐变大,CFRP布应变逐渐减小,梁整体峰值扭矩增大,但其增大幅度减小;3)随扭弯比增加,RC梁裂缝分布愈加集中,裂缝与水平方向夹角逐渐减小,梁整体峰值扭矩增大,CFRP布应变减小。建立的考虑弯-剪-扭复合受力作用的数值模拟方法可为后续研究复杂应力状态下CFRP布加固RC梁尺寸效应行为等奠定基础。

超深层裂缝性致密砂岩气藏多尺度耦合流动数值模拟

塔里木盆地克拉苏气田白垩系气藏是罕见的超深层裂缝性致密砂岩气藏,该类气藏的储渗空间具有显著的多尺度特征,基质与多尺度裂缝、断层介质的渗透率级差相差5~6个数量级,常规渗流理论难以准确描述其流动规律和开发机理。为此,基于单裂缝流动物理实验结果及流体力学理论,结合多尺度裂缝几何信息,应用均化理论和体积平均尺度升级方法,将多尺度介质划分为5个流动系统,建立了考虑介质间的非稳态窜流多尺度耦合流动数学模型,并应用有限体积法对耦合流动模型进行了数值求解和数值试井分析。研究结果表明:(1)不同尺度裂缝中具有不同的流动特征,随缝宽增加流速加快,流动模态发生变化;(2)多尺度耦合流动模型与双重介质模型结果存在较大差异,导数曲线具有不同趋势特征;(3)应用所建立的多尺度耦合流动模型成功解释了气藏实际试井数据,模型能够反映实际地层中的流动过程。结论认为,超深层裂缝性致密砂岩气藏多尺度耦合流动模型揭示了多尺度裂缝以及致密基质间逐级动用、协同供气的开发机理,可为类似气藏制订合理开发技术政策及气藏提高采收率提供理论和技术支撑。

两尺度视角下准脆性材料的损伤:从几何不连续度到自由能折减

多尺度损伤演化法则的构建是损伤力学从现象学走向理性坚实基础的核心之一.然而,迄今鲜有人注意到,存在两类损伤变量:几何意义上表征材料不连续程度的损伤与自由能折减(即材料受力性能退化)意义上的损伤.如何实现从几何意义上的损伤向能量耗散意义上的损伤转化,乃是固体破坏问题的枢机.本文从两尺度视角给出了损伤演化法则及几何意义上的损伤向能量耗散(即受力性能的退化)转化过程的定量刻画,进一步夯实了非局部宏-微观损伤模型的理性基础.在本文模型中,连续体被看作物质点的集合.宏观物质点与其作用域中的其他物质点组成一系列物质点偶,由此形成附加于其上的细观结构.在外部载荷作用下,物质点的位移引起物质点偶的变形.当物质点偶的某种几何变形量(如正伸长量)超过临界值时,微细观损伤开始发展.细观层次物质点偶的渐进破坏引起宏观固体不连续程度的变化,最终导致宏观连续体拓扑的改变.因此,将微细观损伤在作用域中的累积定义为该点的拓扑损伤,以刻画宏观固体的不连续程度,这在本质上是几何意义上的损伤.另一方面,损伤发展引起自由能耗散,导致连续体力学性能的退化.由于宏观能量耗散是作用域中细观物质点偶因损伤而导致的耗散能量之和,因此能量(受力)意义上的损伤为作用域中细观物质点偶上的总耗能与总弹性自由能之比.由此,在细观层次上实现了从几何意义上的损伤向能量耗散(受力退化)意义上的损伤的转化.在本文模型中,不需要经典连续介质损伤力学或断裂相场模型中经验假定的能量退化函数,物质点处的几何-能量转绎关系由该点的两尺度变形状态决定,而非固定形式,从而可能对复杂受力状态具有更好的适应性.计算结果表明,模型不仅可以捕捉到裂纹萌生、扩展全过程,而且可以定量反映加载过程中的载荷-位移曲线.与在宏观层次进行几何-能量转绎的宏-微观损伤模型相比,本文模型可以更准确地捕捉到试验结果的细节.

江淮地区一次特大暴雨过程预报偏差分析

利用加密自动气象观测站资料、ERA5再分析资料和欧洲中心ECMWF(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)模式、中国气象局CMA-MESO(China Meteorological Administration Mesoscale Model)模式产品,对2020年7月17—18日江淮地区一次特大暴雨过程的预报效果进行检验与分析,并对数值模式降水预报出现偏差的可能原因进行了讨论。结果表明:低涡切变和低层急流的共同影响,为强降水提供了充沛的水汽和有利的动力条件。高空干冷空气叠加在低层暖区之上形成的位势不稳定层结和垂直风切变为强降水的发生提供了不稳定条件。17日20时—19日08时CMA-MESO模式逐12 h暴雨、大暴雨以及暴雨以上量级降水的TS评分均优于ECMWF模式,但2种模式对18日08—20时暖区降水的预报结果均较差。CMA-MESO模式预报的降水区域和实况区域重叠面积的比例均显著高于ECMWF模式,预报形态也与实况更为接近。模式对冷空气强度预报偏弱造成了冷切辐合偏北,对中层湿舌的位置预报偏北,水汽强度预报偏弱,与强降水落区预报偏北相对应,可能是降水预报出现明显偏差的原因。