Seasonal variation of atmospheric coupling with oceanic mesoscale eddies in the North Pacific Subtropical Countercurrent

This study investigated the seasonal variation in the atmospheric response to oceanic mesoscale eddies in the North Pacific Subtropical Countercurrent(STCC)and its mechanism,based on satellite altimetric and reanalysis datasets.Although mesoscale eddy in the study area is more active in summer,the sea surface temperature(SST)anomaly associated with mesoscale eddies is more intense and dipolar in winter,which is largely due to the larger background SST gradient.Similarly,the impact of the oceanic eddy on sea surface wind speed and heat flux is strongest in winter,whereas its effect on precipitation rate is more significant in summer.The study revealed that the SST gradient in STCC could impact the atmosphere layer by up to 800 h Pa(900 h Pa)in boreal winter(summer)through the dominant vertical mixing mechanism.Moreover,the intensity of the SST gradient causes such seasonal variation in mesoscale air-sea coupling in the study region.In brief,a stronger(weaker)background SST gradient field in wintertime(summertime)leads to a larger(smaller)eddy-induced SST anomaly,thus differently impacting atmosphere instability and transitional kinetic energy flux over oceanic eddies,leading to seasonal variation in mesoscale air-sea coupling intensity.

Effect of mesoscale wind stress-SST coupling on the Kuroshio extension jet

Effect of mesoscale wind stress-SST coupling on the Kuroshio extension jet is studied using the Regional Ocean Modeling System. The mesoscale wind stress perturbation( τ_(MS)) is diagnostically determined from modelled mesoscale SST perturbation(SST_(MS)) by using their empirical relationship derived from corresponding observation. From comparing two experiments with and without the τ_(MS) feedback, it is found that the interactively represented τ_(MS)-SST_(MS) coupling can modulate the kinetic energy along the Kuroshio extension jet, with little effect on the Kuroshio pathway. Similar results are also obtained in three additional sensitivity experiments, which consider half strength of the τ_(MS), and the momentum flux and heat flux effect induced by τ_(MS), respectively. That means simply taking into account the τ_(MS)-SST_(MS) coupling has little effect on improving the simulation of the Kuroshio Current system.

Mesoscale wind stress-SST coupling induced feedback to the ocean in the western coast of South America

The feedback induced by mesoscale wind stress-SST coupling to the ocean in the western coast of South America was studied using the Regional Ocean Modeling System(ROMS).To represent the feedback,an empirical mesoscale wind stress perturbation model was constructed from satellite observations,and was incorporated into the ocean model.Comparing two experiments with and without the mesoscale wind stress-SST coupling,it was found that SST in the mesoscale coupling experiment was reduced in the western coast of South America,with the maximum values of 0.5℃in the Peru Sea and 0.7℃in the Chile Sea.A mixed layer heat budget analysis indicates that horizontal advection is the main term that explains the reduction in SST.Specifically,the feedback induced by mesoscale wind stress-SST coupling to the ocean can enhance vertical velocity in the nearshore area through the Ekman pumping,which brings subsurface cold water to the sea surface.These results indicate that the feedback due to the mesoscale wind stress-SST coupling to the ocean has the potential for reducing the warm SST bias often seen in the large-scale climate model simulations in this region.

A Numerical Study of a TOGA-COARE Squall-Line Using a Coupled Mesoscale Atmosphere-Ocean Model

An atmosphere-ocean coupled mesoscale modeling system is developed and used to investigate the interactions between a squall line and the upper ocean observed over the western Paci?c warm pool during the Tropical Ocean/Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean and Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA-COARE). The modeling system is developed by coupling the Advanced Regional Prediction Sys- tem (ARPS) to the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) through precipitation and two-way exchanges of mo- mentum, heat, and moisture across the air-sea interface. The results indicate that the interaction between the squall-line and the upper ocean produced noticeable di?erences in the sensible and latent heat ?uxes, as compared to the uncoupled cases. Precipitation, which is often ignored in air-sea heat ?ux estimates, played a major role in the coupling between the mesoscale convective system and the ocean. Precipitation a?ected the air-sea interaction through both freshwater ?ux and sensible heat ?ux. The former led to the formation of a thin stable ocean layer underneath and behind the precipitating atmospheric convection. The presence of this stable layer resulted in a more signi?cant convection-induced sea surface temperature (SST) change in and behind the precipitation zone. However, convection-induced SST changes do not seem to play an important role in the intsensi?cation of the existing convective system that resulted in the SST change, as the convection quickly moved away from the region of original SST response.

Representing surface wind stress response to mesoscale SST perturbations in western coast of South America using Tikhonov regularization method

Interaction between mesoscale perturbations of sea surface temperature(SSTmeso)and wind stress(WSmeso)has great influences on the ocean upwelling system and turbulent mixing in the atmospheric boundary layer.Using daily Quik-SCAT wind speed data and AMSR-E SST data,SSTmeso and WSmeso fields in the western coast of South America are extracted by using a locally weighted regression method(LOESS).The spatial patterns of SSTmeso and WSmeso indicate strong mesoscale SST-wind stress coupling in the region.The coupling coefficient between SSTmeso and WSmeso is about 0.0095 N/(m^2·℃)in winter and 0.0082 N/(m^2·℃)in summer.Based on mesoscale coupling relationships,the mesoscale perturbations of wind stress divergence(Div(WSmeso))and curl(Curl(WSmeso))can be obtained from the SST gradient perturbations,which can be further used to derive wind stress vector perturbations using the Tikhonov regularization method.The computational examples are presented in the western coast of South America and the patterns of the reconstructed WS meso are highly consistent with SSTmeso,but the amplitude can be underestimated significantly.By matching the spatially averaged maximum standard deviations of reconstructed WSmeso magnitude and observations,a reasonable magnitude of WSmeso can be obtained when a rescaling factor of 2.2 is used.As current ocean models forced by prescribed wind cannot adequately capture the mesoscale wind stress response,the empirical wind stress perturbation model developed in this study can be used to take into account the feedback effects of the mesoscale wind stress-SST coupling in ocean modeling.Further applications are discussed for taking into account the feedback effects of the mesoscale coupling in largescale climate models and the uncoupled ocean models.

The Application of the Generalized Differential Formulation of the First Law of Thermodynamics for Evidence of the Tidal Mechanism of Maintenance of the Energy and Viscous-Thermal Dissipative Turbulent Structure of the Mesoscale Oceanic Eddies

The practical significance of the established generalized differential formula-tion of the first law of thermodynamics (formulated for the rotational coor-dinate system) is evaluated (for the first time and for the mesoscale oceanic eddies) by deriving the general (viscous-compressible-thermal) and partial (incompressible, viscous-thermal) local conditions of the tidal maintenance of the quasi-stationary energy and dissipative turbulent structure of the mesoscale eddy located inside of the individual fluid region of the ther-mally heterogeneous viscous (compressible and incompressible, respective-ly) heat-conducting stratified fluid over the two-dimensional bottom topog-raphy characterized by the horizontal coordinate x along a horizon-tal axis X. Based on the derived partial (incompressible) local condition (of the tidal maintenance of the quasi-stationary energy and viscous-thermal dis-sipative turbulent structure of the mesoscale eddy) and using the calculated vertical distributions of the mean viscous dissipation rate per unit mass and the mean thermal dissipation rate per unit mass in four regions near the observed mesoscale (periodically topographically trapped by nearly two-dimensional bottom topography h(x) eddy located near the northern region of the Yamato Rise in the Japan Sea, the combined analysis of the energy structure of the eddy and the viscous-thermal dissipative structure of turbulence is presented. The convincing evidence is presented of the tidal mechanism of maintenance of the eddy energy and viscous-thermal dissipa-tive structure of turbulence (produced by the breaking internal gravity waves generated by the eddy) in three regions near the Yamato Rise subjected to the observed mesoscale eddy near the northern region of the Yamato Rise of the Japan Sea.

Contrasts of bimodal tropical instability waves(TIWs)-induced wind stress perturbations in the Pacific Ocean among observations,ocean models,and coupled climate models

The coupling between wind stress perturbations and sea surface temperature(SST)perturbations induced by tropical instability waves(TIWs)in the Pacific Ocean has been revealed previously and proven crucial to both the atmosphere and ocean.However,an overlooked fact by previous studies is that the loosely defined“TIWs”actually consist of two modes,including the Yanai wave-based TIW on the equator(hereafter eTIW)and the Rossby wave-based TIW off the equator(hereafter vTIW).Hence,the individual feedbacks of the wind stress to the bimodal TIWs remain unexplored.In this study,individual coupling relationships are established for both eTIW and v TIW,including the relationship between the TIW-induced SST perturbations and two components of wind stress perturbations,and the relationship between the TIW-induced wind stress perturbation divergence(curl)and the downwind(crosswind)TIW-induced SST gradients.Results show that,due to different distributions of eTIW and vTIW,the coupling strength induced by the eTIW is stronger on the equator,and that by the vTIW is stronger off the equator.The results of any of eTIW and vTIW are higher than those of the loosely defined TIWs.We further investigated how well the coupling relationships remained in several widely recognized oceanic general circulation models and fully coupled climate models.However,the coupling relationships cannot be well represented in most numerical models.Finally,we confirmed that higher resolution usually corresponds to more accurate simulation.Therefore,the coupling models established in this study are complementary to previous research and can be used to refine the oceanic and coupled climate models.

Framework of Distributed Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean-Wave Modeling System

In order to research the interactions between the atmosphere and ocean as well as their important role in the intensive weather systems of coastal areas, and to improve the forecasting ability of the hazardous weather processes of coastal areas, a coupled atmosphere-ocean-wave modeling system has been developed. The agent-based environment framework for linking models allows flexible and dynamic information exchange between models. For the purpose of flexibility, portability and scalability, the framework of the whole system takes a multi-layer architecture that includes a user interface layer, computational layer and service-enabling layer. The numerical experiment presented in this paper demonstrates the performance of the distributed coupled modeling system.

海气相互作用对“格美”台风发展的影响研究

西北太平洋是全球唯一一年四季都有热带气旋生成的海域,同时,我国沿海紧临该海域,是受热带气旋影响最为严重的国家之一。本文通过建立海气耦合模式,以西北太平洋西边界流系源区为研究区域,通过对"格美"台风的数值模拟结果分析,研究海气相互作用对热带气旋发展的影响,对提高台风的数值模拟及预报水平有重要意义。研究表明:耦合作用引起的海表面温度(SST)降低减弱了台风强度,在模拟前期与实况台风强度更为吻合,在后期弱于实况,而台风移动路径受耦合作用的影响不大。台风移动速度及强度决定了SST降温幅度,降低幅度最大可达4℃以上,但SST对大气的响应具有一定的滞后性,SST下降区在台风移动方向上落后于高风速区。台风中心附近大风的抽吸及挟卷作用引起深层低温海水上涌使得SST降低,该冷尾过程至少持续54小时以上。SST的改变决定了热通量的输送,在SST不变的情况下,近地面层风速影响了热通量的分布。垂直上升对流的加强、减弱与台风强度息息相关,42小时之前不断加强的上升对流运动是台风达到最强的原因,此后下沉运动不断加强,导致台风强度减弱。耦合作用增加台风内部涡度的非对称性,但减弱了中心涡度向高层扩展趋势,这可能是耦合作用通过热力因子间接影响动力结构的途径。

耦合模式在局地辐射雾三维数值模拟研究中的应用

本文利用中尺度数值模式MM5与三维辐射雾模式相耦合,分别对重庆和长沙地区的一次冬季辐射雾过程进行了模拟研究。结果表明,中尺度数值模式与三维辐射雾模式的单向耦合可以较好地模拟出雾的生消演变过程,以及雾的浓度、地理分布特征、形成和维持。由此可以说,利用耦合模式开展雾的预报是可行的。

2000年以来我国长江中游区域暴雨研究进展

长江中游地区是暴雨多发区和重灾区,深入认识该区域暴雨形成的中、小尺度天气系统、分析暴雨发生机理与发展暴雨、洪水预报技术,对于我国防洪减灾具有重要意义。针对长江中游区域暴雨从观测到资料分析、机理研究,再到数值预报与水文应用研究,重点从暴雨外场观测试验及资料反演和中尺度资料融合技术、长江中游暴雨MCS(中尺度对流系统)观测分析和理论研究、中尺度暴雨数值模式研究和长江中游水文气象耦合的暴雨洪水预报系统四个方面介绍了2000年以来我国科研业务单位的主要研究进展,并对制约长江中游区域暴雨研究深入与预报水平提高的主要问题进行了简要讨论,对未来的研究趋势进行了展望。

海浪和海洋飞沫对“珊珊”台风影响的数值研究

台风是剧烈的天气系统,在开放的海上强风激起大浪,改变了海表粗糙度,同时,海浪顶端的白泡沫破碎,在海-气界面处会出现大量的海洋飞沫。基于共享内存的进程间通信技术应用到区域大气和海浪模式的耦合中,大气模式引入了Fairall和Andreas两种海洋飞沫参数化方案,对2006年"珊珊"台风进行了模拟对比试验,结果表明:耦合模式通过海-气相互作用,对台风的强度产生影响,由于耦合模式在海表粗糙度的计算上考虑了海表状况,使得耦合模式模拟的台风强度更接近实况,而对台风的移动路径影响不大;耦合模式中海-气相互作用主要通过动力因素来对台风产生影响,海表状况影响了海表粗糙度,从而使台风的动量输送发生变化,具体的台风强度增强还是减弱主要取决于海表状况与实况的符合程度;海洋飞沫参数化主要通过热力场的改变来影响动力场,Fairall方案中潜热通量和感热通量得到很大程度的加强,使得台风的热力结构得以改变,台风强度明显加强,从而影响了动力场结构;Andreas方案由于其界面通量算法在高相对湿度条件下计算界面通量时得到的量值较小,虽然高风速条件下感热通量加大,但总的潜热通量、感热通量较Fairall方案为弱,因此,模拟的台风强度不强;海洋飞沫参数化方案通过影响台风的结构和强度,对台风移动路径产生一定影响。

绿洲附近荒漠大气逆湿的外场观测和数值模拟

用ＨＥＩＦＥ实验观测资料，给出了临近绿洲的荒漠大气比湿廓线的一些特性。并且用发展的二维中尺度土壤一植被一大气连续体数值模式模拟了绿洲及其临近荒漠大气的湿度廓线结构，再现了荒漠大气的逆湿，得到了荒漠大气比湿廓线几种典型形式及其表现规律，初步解释了荒漠大气逆湿形成的物理过程和机制。

基于分子动力学与耗散粒子动力学串行耦合的面心立方金属粗粒化模型（英文）

通过全原子分子动力学(MD)与等温耗散粒子动力学(DPD)的串行耦合,提出了面心立方金属粗粒化模型的建立方法。该方法将一定数量的原子粗粒化为单个介观DPD粒子,假设DPD粒子间作用势的表达式为Sutton-Chen势函数形式,利用遗传算法,以MD和DPD计算的单晶金属常温(298K)等温线相一致为目标,确定了DPD粒子间作用势函数的参数。对单晶铜纳米棒的轴向拉伸开展MD和DPD对比模拟,发现在纳米棒弹性响应阶段,两者计算结果吻合较好,而屈服应力和屈服应变存在一定差距。建议在优化DPD势函数参数时,引入更多的材料力学响应信息,进一步提高介观DPD模型的准确性。

湿斜压大气中暴雨中尺度系统发展的一种可能机制

根据暴雨中尺度系统发生时的大气运动特征,在绝热、无摩擦条件下,从湿斜压原始方程出发,考虑大气运动的涡度及散度演化不仅受动力场的制约,而且还受到热力场的约束,采用不同于传统研究涡度及散度方程的分析方法,导出了新形式的涡度及散度方程。在此基础上,分析了湿斜压大气中对流层中低层气流旋转与辐合持续增长的动力特征,初步揭示了湿斜压大气中暴雨中尺度系统发展的动力机制。

一次强降水过程中尺度系统发生发展动力机制的诊断分析

利用1°×1°经纬度NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、地面1h观测降水资料和TRMM卫星产品资料,分析了2009年6月8～9日引发贵州南部的强降水天气过程的中尺度对流系统活动,并进一步研究了大气正压非平衡强迫、湿斜压热动力耦合强迫在强降水天气发生发展与维持过程中的作用。结果表明:8～9日贵州南部的强降水主要是由中尺度系统的发生发展引起的。南海季风不仅给贵州南部强降水区带来充足的水汽,同时也带来足够的能量。正压非平衡强迫在降水的开始阶段与降水落区有较好的对应关系,是强降水的启动机制。斜压热动力耦合强迫在降水的维持阶段,特别是当大气层结转为弱湿中性时,其分布和强度与中尺度对流系统和降水的强度与落区有较好的对应关系,可能是强降水的维持机制。

基于WRF中国境内土壤湿度-降水耦合强度的诊断

借助中尺度模式WRF,以粗分辨率GLDAS资料统计出的强耦合2000年和弱耦合2005年夏季为代表时段进行高时空分辨率的模拟.结果表明,在周时间尺度内,土壤湿度-降水耦合强度在时间尺度为6 h时最强,除部分区域外,耦合强度随着时间的增加逐渐减弱.较强耦合区基本位于半干旱和半湿润区,包括山东、山西、河北、天津、北京、内蒙古中南部等,与统计结果一致.2000年夏季耦合强于2005年,但强耦合出现的月份以及空间分布均不固定,内蒙古中南部地区始终为中国夏季土壤湿度-降水共同强耦合区.由于时空分辨率的增加,发现一些零星分布的较强耦合区,而GLDAS统计结果中并没有出现.

Al/Ni粉末复合材料冲击反应细观机制

为阐明含能结构材料冲击反应机理,开展以Al/Ni粉末复合材料为代表的含能结构材料冲击反应细观模拟研究。基于Al/Ni粉末复合材料的扫描电镜照片建立细观有限元模型,并结合Mie-Grüneisen状态方程描述Al/Ni粉末复合材料冲击压缩行为。在此基础上,基于反应扩散模型建立考虑多组分固相反应的Al/Ni粉末复合材料冲击反应细观模型,分析细观尺度上物质输运过程、冲击反应演化规律及冲击波传播特性。研究结果表明:Al/Ni粉末复合材料在冲击压缩速度(即粒子速度)为400 m/s时仅发生了微弱的化学反应,且化学反应程度随着冲击压缩速度的增大的加剧;化学反应最初发生于Al-Ni界面处,然后垂直于界面发展;冲击反应将引起材料冲击温度和压力的增高,同时对冲击波的传播起到强化作用。

斜压热动力耦合强迫在暴雨发生维持过程中的动力诊断分析

利用NCEP1°×1°再分析资料，从新型散度方程出发，针对2007年7月16～20日川渝地区一次持续性大暴雨天气过程，通过计算新型散度方程中的各项，诊断本次暴雨过程中正压大气非平衡强迫与斜压热动力耦合强迫在不同强降水时段的大小与作用，并与地面1h、6h降水观测资料和TRMM云顶亮温资料进行对比分析。结果表明：1）强降水主要是发生在区域内大气状态为弱不稳定层结或中性层结的时段。2）在强降水开始时期，正压非平衡负值中心与未来6小时降水中心重合，正压非平衡强迫对强降水的激发作用显著，是本次降水开始的启动机制。3）在降水发展维持时段，正压非平衡负值中心与未来6小时降水中心对应不好，斜压热动力耦合强迫强负值区与强降水落区相对应，对强降水的发展维持起了至关重要的作用，是本次重庆西南部强降水持续的维持机制。4）正压非平衡强迫和斜压热动力耦合强迫对未来6小时强降水发生的区域、降水强度、中心位置的指示意义，有助于提高暴雨预报准确率。

海温及海浪对台风眼墙中尺度涡的影响

本文利用包括海气耦合、气浪耦合及浪流耦合的完全耦合系统,着重研究了2006年"格美"(Kaemi)台风眼墙内的中尺度涡结构。中尺度涡作为影响台风眼墙非对称结构的内部因子,与风垂直切变密切相关,其发展过程受台风下垫面海洋状况的影响。在顺切变右侧,垂直气流逐渐增强,在顺切变左侧达到最大后逐渐减弱。当不考虑海表温度的冷涌反馈作用时,海气间的热通量输送较大,由此引起眼墙内的中尺度对流加强,但集中爆发区仍然位于顺切变方向,不受热通量输送变化的影响。当不考虑海浪对海表粗糙度的影响时,在较小的海表粗糙度条件下,眼墙非对称性减弱,使得中尺度对流涡在切向方向上的分布较为均匀。