The incidence of bladder cancer(BC) continues to rise with high recurrence and mortality rate, especially in the past three decades. The development of accurate and successful BC treatment relies mainly on early diagn...The incidence of bladder cancer(BC) continues to rise with high recurrence and mortality rate, especially in the past three decades. The development of accurate and successful BC treatment relies mainly on early diagnosis. BC is a heterogeneous disease reflected by the presence of many potential biomarkers associated with different disease phenotypes. Nowadays, cystoscopy and urinary cytology are considered the gold standard diagnostic tools for BC. There are many limitations to cystoscopy including being invasive, labor-intensive and carcinoma in situ of the bladder may easily be missed. Urinary cytology is still a noninvasive technique with high accuracy in high-grade BC with a median sensitivity of 35%. Furthermore, the need for a sensitive, specific, non invasive, easily accessible BC biomarker is a major clinical need. The field of urinary BC biomarkers discovery is still a rapidly evolving discipline in which more recent technologies are evaluated and often optimized if they are not clinically significant to the urologists. Most of the current strategies for BC urinary biomarker detection depend on integration of information gleaned from the fields of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, epigenetics, metabolomics and bionanotechnology. Effort is currently being made to identify the most potentially beneficial urinary biomarkers. The purpose of this review is to summarize and explore the efficacy of gathering the information revealed from the cooperation of different omic strategies that paves the way towards various urinary markers discovery for screening, diagnosis and prognosis of human BC.展开更多
Natural rubber(NR)is an irreplaceable biopolymer of economic and strategic importance owing to its unique physical and chemical properties.The Parárubber tree(Hevea brasiliensis(Willd.ex A.Juss.)Müll.Arg.)is...Natural rubber(NR)is an irreplaceable biopolymer of economic and strategic importance owing to its unique physical and chemical properties.The Parárubber tree(Hevea brasiliensis(Willd.ex A.Juss.)Müll.Arg.)is currently the exclusive commercial source of NR,and it is primarily grown in plantations restricted to the tropical and subtropical areas of Southeast Asia.However,current Parárubber production barely meets the sharply increasing global industrial demand for rubber.Petroleum-based synthetic rubber(SR)has been used to supplement the shortage of NR but its industrial performance is not comparable to that of NR.Thus,there is an urgent need to develop new productive rubber crops with broader environmental adaptability.This review summarizes the current research progress on alternative rubberproducing plants,including horticultural plants(Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin and Lactuca L.species),woody plants(Parthenium argentatum A.Gray and Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.),and other plant species with potential for NR production.With an emphasis on the molecular basis of NR biosynthesis revealed by a multi-omics approach,we highlight new integrative strategies and biotechnologies for exploring the mechanism of NR biosynthesis with a broader scope,which may accelerate the breeding and improvement of new rubber crops.展开更多
文摘The incidence of bladder cancer(BC) continues to rise with high recurrence and mortality rate, especially in the past three decades. The development of accurate and successful BC treatment relies mainly on early diagnosis. BC is a heterogeneous disease reflected by the presence of many potential biomarkers associated with different disease phenotypes. Nowadays, cystoscopy and urinary cytology are considered the gold standard diagnostic tools for BC. There are many limitations to cystoscopy including being invasive, labor-intensive and carcinoma in situ of the bladder may easily be missed. Urinary cytology is still a noninvasive technique with high accuracy in high-grade BC with a median sensitivity of 35%. Furthermore, the need for a sensitive, specific, non invasive, easily accessible BC biomarker is a major clinical need. The field of urinary BC biomarkers discovery is still a rapidly evolving discipline in which more recent technologies are evaluated and often optimized if they are not clinically significant to the urologists. Most of the current strategies for BC urinary biomarker detection depend on integration of information gleaned from the fields of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, epigenetics, metabolomics and bionanotechnology. Effort is currently being made to identify the most potentially beneficial urinary biomarkers. The purpose of this review is to summarize and explore the efficacy of gathering the information revealed from the cooperation of different omic strategies that paves the way towards various urinary markers discovery for screening, diagnosis and prognosis of human BC.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFD1002701-02)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170371)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA24030503).
文摘Natural rubber(NR)is an irreplaceable biopolymer of economic and strategic importance owing to its unique physical and chemical properties.The Parárubber tree(Hevea brasiliensis(Willd.ex A.Juss.)Müll.Arg.)is currently the exclusive commercial source of NR,and it is primarily grown in plantations restricted to the tropical and subtropical areas of Southeast Asia.However,current Parárubber production barely meets the sharply increasing global industrial demand for rubber.Petroleum-based synthetic rubber(SR)has been used to supplement the shortage of NR but its industrial performance is not comparable to that of NR.Thus,there is an urgent need to develop new productive rubber crops with broader environmental adaptability.This review summarizes the current research progress on alternative rubberproducing plants,including horticultural plants(Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin and Lactuca L.species),woody plants(Parthenium argentatum A.Gray and Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.),and other plant species with potential for NR production.With an emphasis on the molecular basis of NR biosynthesis revealed by a multi-omics approach,we highlight new integrative strategies and biotechnologies for exploring the mechanism of NR biosynthesis with a broader scope,which may accelerate the breeding and improvement of new rubber crops.
