Adiponectin and metabolic cardiovascular diseases:Therapeutic opportunities and challenges

Metabolic cardiovascular diseases have become a global health concern,and some of their risk factors are linked to several metabolic disorders.They are the leading causes of death in developing countries.Adipose tissues secrete a variety of adipokines that participate in regulating metabolism and various pathophysiological processes.Adiponectin is the most abundant pleiotropic adipokine and can increase insulin sensitivity,improve atherosclerosis,have anti-inflammatory properties,and exert a cardioprotective effect.Low adiponectin con-centrations are correlated with myocardial infarction,coronary atherosclerotic heart disease,hypertrophy,hypertension,and other metabolic cardiovascular dysfunctions.However,the relationship between adiponectin and cardiovascular diseases is complex,and the specific mechanism of action is not fully understood.Our summary and analysis of these issues are ex-pected to contribute to future treatment options.

Emerging roles of the acid sphingomyelinase/ceramide pathway in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases:Mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications

Metabolic diseases have emerged as a leading cause of mortality from non-communicable diseases,posing a significant global public health challenge.Al-though the association between ceramides(Cers)and metabolic diseases is well-established,the role of the acid sphingomyelinase(ASMase)/Cer pathway in these diseases remains underexplored.This review synthesizes recent research on the biological functions,regulatory mechanisms,and targeted therapies related to the ASMase/Cer pathway in metabolic conditions,including obesity,diabetes,non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,and cardiovascular disease.The effects of the ASMase/Cer pathway on metabolic disease-related indicators,such as glycolipid metabolism,insulin resistance,inflammation,and mitochondrial homeostasis are elucidated.Moreover,this article discusses the therapeutic strategies using ASMase/Cer inhibitors for inverse prevention and treatment of these metabolic diseases in light of the possible efficacy of blockade of the ASMase/Cer pathway in arresting the progression of metabolic diseases.These insights offered herein should provide insight into the contribution of the ASMase/Cer pathway to metabolic diseases and offer tools to develop therapeutic interventions for such pathologies and their severe complications.

A cohort study on the association between fasting plasma glucose level over 5. 3 mmol / L and risks of abnormal glucose metabolism and cardiovascular diseases in the elderly

Objective To evaluate the association of fasting plasma glucose(FPG)level over 5.3 mmol/L with the development of abnormal glucose metabolism and cardiovascular disease(CVD).Methods This was a retrospec-tive cohort study with 1 064 non-diabetic subjects(980males;84 females)aged 60 or over,who carried out annual health check-up in Chinese PLA General

Pathological conditions re-shape physiological Tregs into pathological Tregs

CD4^(+)FOXP3^(+)regulatory T cells(Tregs)are a subset of CD4 T cells that play an essential role in maintaining peripheral immune tolerance,controlling acute and chronic inflammation,allergy,autoimmune diseases,and anti-cancer immune responses.Over the past 20 years,a significant progress has been made since Tregs were first characterized in 1995.Many concepts and principles regarding Tregs generation,phenotypic features,subsets(tTregs,pTregs,iTregs,and iTreg35),tissue specificity(central Tregs,effector Tregs,and tissue resident Tregs),homeostasis(highly dynamic and apoptotic),regulation of Tregs by receptors for PAMPs and DAMPs,Treg plasticity(re-differentiation to other CD4 T helper cell subsets,Th1,Th2,Tfh,and Th17),and epigenetic regulation of Tregs phenotypes and functions have been innovated.In this concise review,we want to briefly analyze these eight new progresses in the study of Tregs.We have also proposed for the first time a novel concept that“physiological Tregs”have been re-shaped into“pathological Tregs”in various pathological environments.Continuing of the improvement in our understanding on this important cellular component about the immune tolerance and immune suppression would lead to the future development of novel therapeutics approaches for acute and chronic inflammatory diseases,allergy,allogeneic transplantation-related immunity,sepsis,autoimmune diseases,and cancers.