ZmMs33 promotes anther elongation via modulating cell elongation regulators,metabolic homeostasis,and cell wall remodeling in maize

Plant cell elongation depends on well-defined gene regulations,adequate nutrients,and timely cell wall modifications.Anther size is positively correlated with the number and viability of pollen grains,while little is known about molecular mechanisms underlying anther cell elongation.Here,we found that properly activated cell elongation regulators at transcriptional levels in loss-of-function ZmMs33 mutant(ms33-6038)anthers failed to promote maize anther elongation.ZmMs33 deficiency disrupted metabolic homeostasis mainly by inhibiting both photosynthesis in anther endothecium and lipid accumulation in anther tapetum.Importantly,ms33-6038 anthers displayed ectopic,premature and excessive secondary cell wall thickening in anther middle layer,which constrained cell elongation structurally and blocked nutrient flows across different anther wall layers.The metabolic disorder was only found in ms33-6038 mutant rather than several representative male-sterility lines at transcriptional and post-translational levels.Collectively,the disordered metabolisms and blocked nutrient flows defeated the activated cell elongation regulators,and finally inhibited anther elongation and growth with a unique‘‘idling effect”in ms33-6038 mutant.

Green Tea Polyphenols Attenuate High-Fat Diet-Induced Renal Oxidative Stress through SIRT3-Dependent Deacetylation

Fifty male Wistar rats were fed a standard chow diet or a high-fat （HF） diet, and different concentrations of green tea polyphenols （GTPs） （0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 g/L） were administered in the drinking water. We found that the malondialdehyde （MDA） level in the HF diet group was significantly higher than that in the control （CON） group （P〈0.05）. Decreased peroxisome proliferato r-activated receptor （PPAR）-α and sirtuin 3 （SlRT3） expression, and increased manganese superoxide dismutase （MnSOD） acetylation levels were also detected in the HF diet group （P〈0.05）. GTP treatment upregulated SlRT3 and PPARa expression, increased the ppora mRNA level, reduced the MnSOD acetylation level, and decreased MDA production in rats fed a HF diet （P〈0.05）. No significant differences in total renal MnSOD and PPAR-y coactivator-1α （PGCI-α） expression were detected. The reduced oxidative stress detected in kidney tissues after GTP treatment was partly due to the higher SIRT3 expression, which was likely mediated by PPARα.

ORF355 confers enhanced salinity stress adaptability to S-type cytoplasmic male sterility maize by modulating the mitochondrial metabolic homeostasis

Moderate stimuli in mitochondria improve wideranging stress adaptability in animals, but whether mitochondria play similar roles in plants is largely unknown. Here, we report the enhanced stress adaptability of S-type cytoplasmic male sterility(CMS-S) maize and its association with mild expression of sterilizing gene ORF355. A CMS-S maize line exhibited superior growth potential and higher yield than those of the near-isogenic N-type line in saline fields. Moderate expression of ORF355 induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and activated the cellular antioxidative defense system. This adaptive response was mediated by elevation of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide concentration and associated metabolic homeostasis. Metabolome analysis revealed broad metabolic changes in CMS-S lines, even in the absence of salinity stress. Metabolic products associated with amino acid metabolism and galactose metabolism were substantially changed, which underpinned the alteration of the antioxidative defense system in CMS-S plants. The results reveal the ORF355-mediated superior stress adaptability in CMS-S maize and might provide an important route to developing salt-tolerant maize varieties.

Role of transcription factor acetylation n the regulation of metabolic homeostasis

Post-translational modifications （PTMs） of transcription factors play a crucial role in regulating metabolic homeostasis. These modifications include phosphory- lation, methylation, acetylation, ubiqulUnation, SUMOy- lation, and O-GIcNAcylation. Recent studies have shed light on the importance of lysine acetylation at nonhis- tone proteins including transcription factors. Acetyla- tion of transcription factors affects subcellular distribution, DNA affinity, stability, transcriptional activity, and current investigations are aiming to further expand our understanding of the role of lysine acetyla- tion of transcription factors. In this review, we summarize recent studies that provide new insights into the role of protein lysine-acetylation in the transcriptional regulation of metabolic homeostasis.

New ways to maintain or disrupt metabolic homeostasis

Metabolic homeostasis is required for normal functions of multicellular organisms, which relies on complicated interactions among components at molecular and cellular levels. Gene mutations or pathological alterations often disrupt metabolic homeostasis of the body. Papers in this collection implicate new ways to regulate or disregulate such metabolic homeostasis.

Research Progress on Prevention and Treatment of Glucolipid Metabolic Disease with Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine

Hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver and many other metabolic disorder are frequently co-existing in patients. In addition, these diseases are closely related in pathophysiological settings. However, increasing of the disease incidence, lacking of comprehensive prevention and control measurements against the key pathology point concomitant occurrence with the pattem of the single disease, single target therapy, that is leading therapeutic strategy for these metabolic disorders in the setting of Western medicine （WM）. On the basis of the combination of the advantages of integrated Chinese medicine （CM） and WM, with unified understanding of such diseases, the new concept of glucolipid metabolic disease （GLMD） is introduced. In this new concept, disorders in glucose and lipid metabolism are recognized as the key trigger and major driving force for the progress of GLMD. The key points of pathology included dysfunction of neuronal-endocrine-immune system,insulin resistance, oxidative stress, inflammation and intestinal flora imbalance. In the core pathogenic perspective of CM, it can be explained as ＂Gan （Liver） Shi Shu Xie＂ （dysfunction of Gan in metabolism and emotion regulation） that will lead to the occurence/production of endogenous dampness and phlegm, blood stasis and turbid. This leads to the new concept of ＂Liver-based regulatory system for metabolic homeostasis＂ to be introduced further. The comprehensive prevention and control strategy ＂Tiao Gan Qi Shu Hua Zhuo＂ （modulating Gan, trigging key metabolic system to resolve pathogenic factors such as phlegm retention and dampness）. Its representative formula Fufang Zhenzhu Tiaozhi Capsule （复方贞术调脂胶囊） is innovated under such rationales. Comment for some commonly-used CM GLMD therapeutic drugs was presented. High-level evidence-based and epidemiological and mechanism studies should be carded out to further interpret and explain of the scientific connotation of GLMD.

A technological breakthrough in developing a state-of-the-art nutraceutical sports nutrition formulation to enhance vitality, mental acuity, vigilance, energy, and stamina

The researchers demonstrate the development of a novel Prodosome technology-derived PL425 PEC phytonutrient-enriched electrolyte formulation and its significant contribution in fluid homeostasis as well as enhanced neuromuscular function, cardio-protection, pulmonary, and other physiological cellular and organ functions. Electrolytes enriched in phytonutrients including polyphenolic bioflavonoids, anthocyanins, saccharides, sulforaphanes, carotenoids and exotic spices, in conjunction with a full spectrum of sea water-derived electrolytes, such as sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphate, magnesium and bicarbonate, along with vitamin C, all of which are encapsulated in the proprietary Prodosome technology enabling enhanced bioavailability. This technology will maintain important biological functions including metabolic and energy homeostasis, pH equilibration, free radical inhibition, cell-to-cell communication, muscular integrity, enhanced neuronal, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and kidney functions. Moreover, these phytonutrients and electrolytes enhance energy metabolism, ATP production, and activate nitric oxide production without L-Arginine. Ongoing research studies are in progress.