Effect of Metaxenia on Sugars and Organic Acids and Taste Quality of Bagged Fuji Apple Fruits

In order to provide reference for the selection of appropriate pollination varieties facilitating the improvement of the flavor quality of bagged Fuji apple, the metaxenia effects of 5 pollination varieties on sugars, organic acids and flavor quality of bagged Fuji fruit were studied. The results showed that the 5 pollination varieties had significant metaxenia effects on sugars, organic acids and flavor quality of bagged Fuji fruit. For the sugar components, the fruits pollinated with Golden Delicious and Jinxiuhaitang showed higher glucose contents, and the fruit pollinated with Gala had the highest sucrose content; the fruits pollinated by Gala, Golden Delicious and Ruby exhibited higher malic acids, and the oxalic acid content and the succinic acid content were higher in the fruits pollinated with Jinxiuhaitang and Ruby ; and the fruit pollinated with Gala had the highest total sugar content, and the total acid content was higher in the fruits pollinated by Jinxiuhaitang and Ruby. The sugar-acid ratio was higher in the fruits pollinated with Gala and Golden Delicious, and the lowest in the fruit pollinated with Ruby. The senso- ry evaluation of fruits showed that the fruit pollinated with Ruby tasted sour-sweet, while the fruits pollinated with other 4 pollination varieties were sour and sweet moderately.

Evaluation of sugar and organic acid composition and their levels in highbush blueberries from two regions of China

Sweet and sour are the most important taste of blueberries,and they are produced by sugar and acid,respectively.Their contributions to the taste depend not only on the levels of sugar and acid,but also on the types and relative proportions of sugar and acid.Therefore,it is very important to evaluate the composition and levels of sugar and acid in blueberries.Regional differences and variety diversity also affect the sugar and acid characteristics of fruits.Therefore,this study selected two main producing regions in northern China(Weihai and Yingkou)to examine the sugar and acid characteristics of 11 common blueberry cultivars.The indexes measured included soluble sugars,organic acids,soluble solid content and titratable acidity.The results showed that glucose and fructose were the major sugars,and citric acid and quinic acid were the major organic acids.Correlation analysis showed that glucose,fructose,and sucrose were positively correlated with total sugar content;the citric acid content was positively correlated with the titratable acidity and total organic acids.Titratable acidity,glucose,fructose,sucrose,total sugar content,citric acid,shikimic acid and total acid content of the blueberries varied significantly between regions(P<0.05).In general,compared with Weihai blueberries,Yingkou blueberries had higher sugar content and lower acid content.The results of this study may provide useful references for the evaluation of sweet and sour flavors and cultivar selection of blueberries.

Effects of Exogenous Trehalose on the Metabolism of Sugar and Abscisic Acid in Tomato Seedlings Under Salt Stress

Salt stress a ects the growth and development of plants, which results in a decrease in crop quality and yield. In this study, we used tomato seedlings treated with salt and trehalose as experimental materials and analyzed them using the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution analysis to select the optimal trehalose concentration for treatment. We also determined the contents of sugar and abscisic acid (ABA) and detected the expression of genes involved in the metabolism of sugar and ABA by quantitative real-time PCR. Results showed that the optimal trehalose concentration was 2 mmol/L for tomato seedlings under salt stress. Exogenous trehalose decreased the starch content and increased the soluble sugar con- tent by a ecting the expression of genes related to the metabolism of starch and soluble sugar. Exogenous trehalose altered the accumulation and distribution of sugar by inducing the upregulation of sugar transporter genes. Furthermore, trehalose increased the ABA content to induce salt stress response by regulating the expression of genes related to the synthesis and metabolism of ABA. In conclusion, trehalose can e ectively alleviate salt stress and enhance salt tolerance of tomato. These ndings provide a novel perspective and a better resource to investigate the salt tolerance mechanism and a new method for alleviating salt stress in tomato.

High Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Sugars and Acid Components in ’Xintai Tianhong’ Hawthorn Fruit

[Objectives]This study was conducted to provide basic information for the utilization,quality control and deep processing of‘Xintai Tianhong’hawthorn fruit resources.[Methods]The contents of sugar and acid components in‘Xintai Tianhong’hawthorn fruit were determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).[Results]‘Xintai Tianhong’hawthorn fruit contained such four kinds of sugar components as fructose,sorbitol,glucose and sucrose,and such six kinds of organic acid components as oxalic acid,tartaric acid,malic acid,acetic acid,citric acid and succinic acid.The fruit had the highest sucrose content,accounting for 70.53%of the total sugar content,followed by fructose,glucose and sorbitol.For the organic acid components,the content of succinic acid was the highest,accounting for 47.32%of the total acid content,followed by citric acid,malic acid,oxalic acid and tartaric acid,and acetic acid had the lowest content.[Conclusions]‘Xintai Tianhong’hawthorn should be a succinic acid-type hawthorn variety,which can be used as a parent in genetic research and breeding practice.

Response of Tomato Sugar and Acid Metabolism and Fruit Quality under Different High Temperature and Relative Humidity Conditions

The combined stress of high temperature and high relative air humidity is one of the most serious agrometeorological disasters that restricts the production capacity of protected agriculture.However,there is little information about the precise interaction between them on tomato fruit quality.The objectives of this study were to explore the effects of the combined stress of high temperature and relative humidity on the sugar and acid metabolism and fruit quality of tomato fruits,and to determine the best relative air humidity for fruit quality under high temperature environments.Four temperature treatments(32℃,35℃,38℃,41℃),three relative air humidity(50%,70%,90%)and four duration(3,6,9,12 d)orthogonal experiments were conducted,with 28℃,50%as control.The results showed that under high temperature and relative air humidity,the activity of sucrose metabolizing enzymes in young tomato fruits changed,which reduced fruits soluble sugar content;in addition,enzyme activities involved phosphopyruvate carboxylase(PEPC),mitochondria aconitase(MDH)and citrate synthetase(CS)increased which increased the content of organic acids(especially malic acid).Eventually,vitamin C,total sugar and sugar-acid ratio decreased significantly,while the titratable acid increased,resulting in a decrease in fruit flavor quality and nutritional quality in ripe fruit.Specifically,a temperature of 32℃and a relative air humidity of 70%were the best cultivation conditions for tomato reproductive growth period under high temperature.Our results indicating that fruit quality reduced under high temperature at the flowering stage,while increasing the relative air humidity to 70%could alleviate this negative effect.Our results are benefit to better understand the interaction between microclimate parameters under specific climatic conditions in the greenhouse environment and their impact on tomato flavor quality.

Combined fluorescence and electrochemical investigation on the binding interaction between organic acid and human serum albumin

Human serum albumin （HSA） is a plasma protein responsible for the binding and transport of fatty acids and a variety of exogenous chemicals such as drugs and environmental pollutants. Such binding plays a crucial role in determining the ADME （absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion） and bioavailability of the pollutants. The binding interaction between HSA and acetic acid （C2）, octanoic acid （C8） and dodecanoic acid （C12） has been investigated by the combination of site-specific fluorescent probe, tryptophan intrinsic fluorescence and tyrosine electrochemistry. For the study of the fatty acid interaction with the two drug-binding sites on HSA, two fluorescent probes, dansylamide and dansyl-L-proline were employed in the displacement measurements. Intrinsic fluorescence of tryptophan in HSA was monitored upon addition of the fatty acids into HSA. Electrocatalyzed response of the tyrosine residues in HSA by a redox mediator was used to investigate the binding interaction. Qualitatively, observations from these three approaches were very similar. HSA did not show any change in the fluorescence and electrochemical experiments after mixing with C2, suggesting there is no significant interaction with the short-chain fatty acid. For C8, the measured signal dropped in a single-exponential mode, indicating an independent and non-cooperative binding. The calculated association constant and binding ratio were 3.1 × 10^6 L/mol and 1 with drug binding Site Ⅰ, 1.1 × 107 L/mol and 1 with Site Ⅱ, and 7.0× 0^4 L/mol and 4 with the tryptophan site, respectively. The measurements with C12 displayed multiple phases of fluorescence change, suggesting cooperativity and allosteric effect of the C12 binding. These results correlate well with those obtained by the established methods, and validate the new approach as a viable tool to study the interactions of environmental pollutants with biological molecules.

Direct conversion of corn cob to formic and acetic acids over nano oxide catalysts

Considering energy shortage, large molecules in corn cob and easy separation of solid catalysts, nano oxides are used to transform corn cob into useful chemicals. Because of the microcrystals, nano oxides offer enough accessible sites for cellulose, hemicellulose and monosaccharide from corn cob hydrolysis and oxidant. Chemical conversion of corn cob to organic acids is investigated over nano ceria, alumina, titania and zirconia under various atmospheres. Liquid products are mainly formic and acetic acids. A small amount of other compounds, such as D-xylose,D-glucose, arabinose and xylitol are also detected simultaneously. The yield of organic acids reaches 25%–29% over the nano oxide of ceria,zirconia and alumina with 3 h reaction time under 453 K and 1.2 MPa O2. The unique and fast conversion of corn cob is directly approached over the nano oxides. The results are comparative to those of biofermentation and offer an alternative method in chemically catalytic conversion of corn cob to useful chemicals in a one-pot chemical process.

Study of the Rooting Potential of Humic and Fulvic Acids,Amino Acids and Seaweed Extracts in Maize Culture

Corn is a commodity of great expression. For high yields, it is necessary that plants have availability of resources to develop and rely on vigorous root systems and adequate initial development. The inclusion in crops of products with humic and fulvic acids, seaweed and amino acids, is among resources. The objective was to present the results of a study conducted, the effect of the use of amino acids, humic and fulvic acids and seaweed associated with plant nutrients in the initial development of corn (Zea mays L.) cultivated in pots. The trial, with corn cultivate Bandeirante, was conducted outdoors in the Department of Plant Nutrition of the UniPinhal Agronomic Engineering Course, in Espirito Santo do Pinhal—SP (latitude 22°06′57″ N, longitude 46°40′58″ W and altitude of 892.7 m), from March to April 2018, in randomized blocks with eight treatments and four replicates. The products studied were applied in two periods: V1 and V3, by drench. Each plot consisted of a 20 L plastic container containing soil (classified as Acrisols-World Reference Base/FAO), corrected for fertility. At 55 d after germination were evaluated: root mass and length and culm diameter. All the results were treated statistically (analysis of variance and Duncan test at 5%). The treatments applied in the trial benefited the root development and culm diameter;humic and fulvic acids + N, P, Mo and Co + humic and fulvic acids + N, P and K, when considering all the criteria, was shown to be the most efficient.

Effects of Bagging with Paper Bags and Non-woven Bags on Flavor Compounds of Feicheng Peach

With Hongli Feicheng Peach as the test material, the effects of bagging with 4 kinds of paper bags and 3 kinds of non-woven bags on the soluble sugar, organic acids and aroma compounds in peach fruits were investigated using headspace solid-phase microextraction （HS-SPME） combined with gas chromatogra- phy-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） and high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The results showed that there were significant differences in sugar and acids contents of peach fruits between different bagging treatments. The sugar con- tent of peach fruits was increased when bagged with single-layer inner-black outer- yellow paper bags and double-layer inner-white outer-yellow paper bags. The organ- ic acid content in peach fruits bagged with all the types of bags except the single- layer inner-black outer-yellow paper bag was increased greatly. The count and rela- tive content of aroma compounds were all decreased after bagging. Combined with the detection results of soluble sugar, organic acids and aroma compounds, the sin- gle-layer inner-black outer-yellow paper bag was suitable for bagging of Hongli Fe- icheng peach.

Grafting effects on bioactive compounds,chemical and agronomic traits of‘Corbarino’tomato grown under greenhouse healthy conditions

In tomatoes,grafting onto resistant rootstocks represents an effective strategy to control several soil-borne diseases that reduce crop profitability,especially for landraceswith little or no resistance tomultiple pathogens/pests.In this study,the high-value‘Corbarino’tomato landrace was grafted onto seven commercial Solanum interspecific rootstocks to evaluate graft compatibility,yield performance,and qualitative characteristics under greenhouse healthy conditions.Three rootstocks were themost effective in improving fruit yield without negatively affecting the carpometric,technological,and health-related traits of the traditional tomato.‘Dinafort’rootstock increased fresh and dry yield,harvest index,and fruit/clusters,while mean fruit weight,shape index,total and soluble solid content,simple sugars,organic acids,flavonoids,ascorbic acid,and trans-lycopene content did not differ with respect to the ungrafted‘Corbarino’.‘Interpro’rootstock also showed promising results for the overall yield and quality traits,although it reduced the trans-lycopene content in the fruit.‘Silex’rootstock showed the highest harvest index as result of decreased vigour.The fruit quality induced by‘Silex’was satisfactory and high levels of simple sugars,flavonoids,ascorbic acid,and trans-lycopene were also observed.However,graft success,especially for‘Dinafort’and‘Silex’,needs to be improved by investigating more suitable methods for seedling production,grafting,acclimatization,etc.

Pomological, Organoleptic and Biochemical Characterizations of Tunisian Pomegranate Fruits <i>Punica granatum</i>L.

Pomological characterization and biochemical study were conducted on five pomegranate fruits cultivars. Results show statistically significant difference between varieties. Indeed, pomegranate seeds play a key role in determining the pomological quality of the fruit. Interestingly, Kalai ranks first with 256.06 g of the mass of fresh seeds which has 73% of the Total fresh weight (TFW). Besides, the mass of fresh seeds and TFW showed a significant negative correlation with the percentage of fresh peel (r = -0.987 and r = -0.930, respectively, p ). Parallelly, two major sugars were detected in seeds: glucose, fructose followed by arabinose. Meanwhile, malic and citric acids are both main organic acids accumulated in pomegranate seeds. By determining the acidity index “AI”, citric acid was found to be the most predominant organic acid in sour pomegranate varieties like Kalai and Garsi. Though, Tounsi and Zahri variety are the sweetest, thus, having least amounts of citric acid and highest AI levels.

Comparative Study of Bioactive Components and Quality from Juices of Different Mandarins: Discriminant Multivariate Analysis of Their Primary and Secondary Metabolites

A comparative study of the primary and secondary metabolites of the juice of several mandarin cultivars with different pollination, seed production and parthenocarpic abilities was carried out, and the antioxidant capacity of the hydrophilic fraction was measured. Correlation by a Principal Component Analysis and a Cluster Analysis was used. By a multivariate analysis, the 15 citrus cultivars were clustered into four groups consistently with citrus types. The presented data are an important factor for choosing varieties with high potential as a nutraceutical source. These aspects are necessary as consumers demand prevention of health problems through nutrition and certain fruit quality traits, including fruit size, internal quality, good rind color and easy peeling.

Changes in the sugars,amino acids and organic acids of postharvest sperminetreated immature vegetable soybean(Glycine max L.Merr.)as determined by^(1)H NMR spectroscopy

^(1)H NMR spectroscopy was adopted to determine compositional changes(mainly sugars,organic acids and amino acids)involved in cold-stored immature soybean grains after exogenous spermine treatment.Significant changes of sugars,including sucrose,galactose,myo-inositol,glucose and fructose were detected in soybean after spermine treatment.As for the organic acids related to tricarboxylic acid cycle,the levels of malic and fumaric acids decreased but the level of citric acid increased.However,no significant changes were observed for amino acids in spermine-treated soybeans.By using metabolic profile analysis,a difference was observed between the aging of soybean grains as such and those treated with spermine.This study provides an insight into the accumulation of metabolites in postharvest immature soybeans after exogenous spermine-treatment.

Candida glycerinogenes不同碳源代谢的初步研究

研究了不同碳源对Candida glycerinogenes的菌体生长、发酵液pH值及代谢产物的影响,结果发现以葡萄糖、果糖等单糖为碳源时菌体生长较快,最终生物量比以蔗糖、麦芽糖等二糖为碳源时高20%～30%;导致发酵前12 h发酵液pH值明显下降的主要因素是乳酸;与葡萄糖为碳源转化为甘油相比,果糖为碳源时更易累积乙醇;以蔗糖、麦芽糖为碳源时,用于转化生成甘油的碳源明显降低,碳源主要用于菌体自身生物合成及HMP途径,以蔗糖为碳源时,用于乳酸、丙酸及柠檬酸生物合成的碳源较麦芽糖明显提高,TCA途径代谢较为活跃。

Difference of a citrus late-ripening mutant (Citrus sinensis) from its parental line in sugar and acid metabolism at the fruit ripening stage

‘Fengjiewancheng’(FW) (Citrus sinensis), a bud sport of‘Fengjie 72-1’navel orange (FJ), ripens one month later than its parental line. Differences in sugar and acid content and the transcript level of su-crose- and citric-metabolic enzymes for the two cultivars were investigated during fruit ripening. Re-sults showed that both sugar and acid metabolisms of the mutant were affected by the mutation. In the pulp of FW, sugar content was significantly lower than that in FJ before 227 DAF (days after flowering) and higher at 263 DAF; the mutant’s gene expression of one isoform of citrus sucrose synthase (CitSS1) was delayed, and its gene expression of citrus acid invertase (CitAI) was stronger than that in its pa-rental cultivars at 207 and 263 DAF. In the peel, only the sucrose content in FW was significantly lower than those in FJ at the early periods of fruit ripening (165 and 187 DAF); however the transcripts of the sucrose-cleaving enzymes in the mutant were higher than those in FJ at different ripening points. As regards acid accumulation in the two cultivars, it was observed that in the pulp of the mutant, the malic acid content was significantly lower than that in its parental cultivars from 187 to 263 DAF, and in the peel, remarkably higher during the whole fruit ripening period. The citric acid content in both the pulp and the peel of FW was higher than that in those of FJ during the early ripening period and lower during the late ripening period, which were correspondingly associated in part with the higher transcript level of citrus mitochondrial citrate synthase (CitCS) and with lower or undetectable transcript level of citrus cytosolic aconitase (CitAC). Hence, it could be concluded that the mutation in FW affected sugar and acid metabolism, which might be related with other late-ripening phenotypes.

Analysis of Nutritional Constituents in Twenty Citrus Cultivars from the Mediterranean Area at Different Stages of Ripening

Twenty Citrus cultivars grown in the Mediterranean climate were analysed at different stages of fruit maturity to determinate changes in organic acids, vitamin C and sugars. High-performance liquid chromatographic methods were used to identify and quantify of these compounds. The influences of variety, rootstocks and different stages of fruit maturity were observed. Generally, the vitamin C content was higher in varieties grafted on Troyer citrange that the corresponding cultivars grafted on Cleopatra mandarin. At commercial harvest stage, lemons, clementine mandarins and sweet oranges, showed the highest concentrations of vitamin C;citrons, limes and lemons, the higher amounts of organic acids;and mandarins and hybrids the highest amounts of sugars. Since sugars and acids played an important role in fruit flavor and their nature and concentration largely affect taste characteristic and organoleptic quality, we hope to relate genotypes and differences in final fruit quality. We have found clear differences in the content of sugars, ascorbic and organic acids for the different groups in agreement with the Citrus classification. Also climatic and cultural factors have affected to fruit quality, and anticipate or delay the collection generally results in a loss of bioactive compounds. The fruit quality was affected differently and we have observed differences in accordance with the rootstocks used but, the major differences in nutritional composition must be attributed mainly to genetic factors. The data presented are an important factor to chose varieties with a high potential as nutraceutical source.

Analysis of Metabolic Products by Response Surface Methodology for Production of Human-like Collagen II

Recombinant Escherichia coli BL21 is used to produce human-like collagen. The key constituents of media are optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Before thermal induction, the highest biomass production and the lowest production of some hazardous by-products, especially acetic acid, were obtained in the media containing 0.085 mol·L-1 glucose and 0.019 mol·L-1 nitrogen (carbon-nitrogen ratio, 4.47:1). After thermal induction, when the concentrations of glucose and nitrogen in the media were 0.065 mol·L-1 and 0.017 mol·L-1 , respectively (carbon-nitrogen ratio, 3.82:1), the productivity of human-like collagen per cell was the highest while that of acetic acid was the lowest. The extended analysis showed that the production of lactic acid and propionic acid increased while that of some intermediate acids of the tricarboxylic acid cycle decreased if the dose of glucose increased.

Vitamin B1 THIAMIN REQUIRING1 synthase mediates the maintenance of chloroplast function by regulating sugar and fatty acid metabolism in rice

Vitamin B(VB1),including thiamin,thiamin monophosphate(TMP),and thiamin pyrophosphate(TPP),is an essential micronutrient for all living organisms.Nevertheless,the precise function of VB1 in rice remains unclear.Here,we described a VB1 auxotrophic mutant,chlorotic lethal seedling(cles)from the mutation of OsTH1,which displayed collapsed chloroplast membrane system and decreased pigment content.OsTH1 encoded a phosphomethylpyrimidine kinase/thiamin-phosphate pyrophosphorylase,and was expressed in various tissues,especially in seedlings,leaves,and young panicles.The VB1 content in cles was markedly reduced,despite an increase in the expression of VB1 synthesis genes.The decreased TPP content affected the tricarboxylic acid cycle,pentose phosphate pathway,and de novo fatty acid synthesis,leading to a reduction in fatty acids(C16:0 and C18:0)and sugars(sucrose and glucose)of cles.Additionally,irregular expression of chloroplast membrane synthesis genes led to membrane collapse.We also found that alternative splicing and translation allowed OsTH1 to be localized to both chloroplast and cytosol.Our study revealed that OsTH1 was an essential enzyme in VB1 biosynthesis and played crucial roles in seedling growth and development by participating in fatty acid and sugar metabolism,providing new perspectives on VB1 function in rice.

Fungal Leaching of Heavy Metals from Sediments Dredged from the Deûle Canal, France

Filamentous fungi were used to leach heavy metals from dredged sediments in semi-pilot scale air-lift bioreactors. Prior to the bioleaching experiments, a physico-chemical characterization of the sediments comprising a sequential extraction study was conducted. The sediments turned out to highly contaminated with heavy metals. Most of the studied metals were found to be strongly linked to the matrix because of their association with the sulphides and with the organic matter. The conditions that favored the solubilization of heavy metals by the filamentous fungi turned out to be favorable for the activity of the sediments organotrophic bacterial microflora as well. The latter played a key role in the biosolubilization process by producing organic acids under temporary anoxic conditions. Better solubilization results (Mn: 77%, Zn: 44%, Cu: 12%, Cd and Pb: <2%) were thus obtained in the uninoculated sugar treatment in comparison to the fungal treatment. In general, organotrophic leaching was found to be limited by the poor nature of the organic acids and by their microbial consumption under sugar limited conditions. It was therefore restrained to the relatively mobile metals, namely those linked to the acid-soluble and reducible fractions of the sediments.

有机肥对芒果果实糖酸含量与品质的影响

【目的】探明有机肥对芒果果实糖酸含量与品质的影响,为改善和提升芒果果实品质提供理论依据。【方法】以金煌芒为试材,于2020—2022年进行田间试验,设置5个处理,分别为常规施肥(CK)、羊粪有机肥(T_(1))、菜籽饼有机肥(T_(2))、沸力佳生物有机肥(T_(3))和巴迪生物酵素肥(T_(4)),研究不同有机肥对芒果果实不同种类糖和有机酸含量与品质的影响。【结果】与CK相比,有机肥施用后的当年和第2年不同有机肥处理下金煌芒果实的总糖和蔗糖含量均显著升高,T_(1)和T_(2)处理显著提高第2年的葡萄糖和果糖含量,T_(3)处理显著提高第2年的葡萄糖含量,T_(4)处理显著提高当年和第2年的葡萄糖和果糖含量;有机肥施用的2年间T_(1)处理的总酸含量均显著低于CK,而T_(2)处理第1年的总酸含量显著高于CK,第2年总酸含量与CK无显著差异,T_(3)和T_(4)处理的总酸含量在肥料施用的当年和第2年均与CK无显著差异。有机肥对柠檬酸和苹果酸含量的影响与总酸的影响趋势相似;甜酸比在有机肥施用的2年间结果相似,T_(1)和T_(4)处理的甜酸比较CK显著增加,T_(2)和T_(3)处理与CK无显著差异。以T_(1)处理的金煌芒果实糖酸品质最佳。【结论】不同有机肥均提高金煌芒果实总糖与不同种类糖含量,其中,对总糖和蔗糖的影响显著;对总酸含量的影响存在差异,其中,羊粪有机肥对金煌芒果实的品质改善作用最佳。