Identification of key taste components in Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.fruit using non-targeted metabolomics

Among the numerous fruit species of Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.,‘LR’(white flesh)and‘BR’(pink flesh)are two kinds of local strains with high edibility.In order to study the metabolic causes of taste differences,we performed the non-targeted metabonomics analysis of‘LR’and‘BR’using LC-MS/MS.541 metabolites were totally identified,and 45 kinds of metabolites(carbohydrates,fatty acids,flavonoids and terpenoids,etc.)were different between the two strains.The results indicate L-sorbose,D-(+)-glucose,citric acid,L-phenylalanine and oleamide,α-eleostearic acid were the main primary metabolites.The significant difference existed in pathways of unsaturated fatty acids between the studied two strains by pathway enrichment analysis.The results demonstrate that the different in composition,as well as the abundance of primary and secondary metabolites may be the potential causes of taste differences,which provides a new insight into the possible metabolic factors setting off the changing taste of B.ramiflora.

Mechanistic evaluation of gastro-protective effects of KangFuXinYe on indomethacin-induced gastric damage in rats

KangFuXinYe(KFX),the ethanol extract of the dried whole body of Periplaneta americana,is a well-known important Chinese medicine preparation that has been used to treat digestive diseases such as gastric ulcers for many years in China.However,its therapeutic effect and mechanism are not yet well understood.Thus,the aim of this study was to investigate the gastroprotective effects of KangFuXinYe(KFX)in indomethacin-induced gastric damage.Rats were randomly divided into six groups as follows:control,treated with indomethacin(35 mg·kg^-1),different dosages of KFX(2.57,5.14 and 10.28 mL·kg^-1,respectively)plus indomethacin,and sucralfate(1.71 mL·kg^-1)plus indomethacin.After treatment,rat serum,stomach and gastric homogenates were collected for biochemical tests and examination of histopathology firstly.Rat serum was further used for metabolomics analysis to research possible mechanisms.Our results showed that KFX treatment alleviated indomethacin-induced histopathologic damage in rat gastric mucosa.Meanwhile,its treatment significantly increased cyclooxygenase-1(COX-1),prostaglandin E2(PGE2)and epidermal growth factor(EGF)levels in rat serum and gastric mucosa.Moreover,KFX decreased cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)and interleukin-6(IL-6)levels.Nine metabolites were identified which intensities significantly changed in gastric damage rats,including 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid,indoxylsulfuric acid,indolelactic acid,4-hydroxyindole,pantothenic acid,isobutyryl carnitine,3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid,sphingosine 1-phosphate,and indometacin.These metabolic deviations came to closer to normal levels after KFX intervention.The results indicate that KFX(10.28 mL·kg^-1)exerts protective effects on indomethacin-induced gastric damage by possible mechanisms of action(regulating tryptophan metabolism,protecting the mitochondria,and adjusting lipid metabolism,and reducing excessive indomethacin).