Tin-based metal bath heat treatment: an efficient and recyclable green approach for Pinus massoniana wood modification

Pinus massoniana L. was thermally treated with low melting point alloy as heating medium to investigate the strength properties changes. Contact angle, color and scanning electron microscopy were recorded to assess the effectiveness of the treatment. Samples were pre-treated in a micro-wave for 5 min followed by metal bath heat treatment at 150, 180, and 210 °C for 2, 4, and 8 h,respectively. Strength properties of metal bath treated wood were decreased with increase temperature and time.Density, modulus of rupture, impact bending, modulus of elasticity were reduced for all treatments. Maximum compressive strength slightly increased at 150 °C for 4 h followed by gradual reduction. The Janka hardness was reduced in the tangential and radial directions. Treatment of the wood at 210 °C for 8 h caused the wood to become brittle and rupture. The contact angle was considerably higher after thermal treatment. The color of the wood became darker with increasing temperature of thermal treatment. Micrographs of the heat-treated samples showed damage to the cell wall with increase in temperature. Metal bath heat treatment of wood was carried out successfully and some strength properties were reduced.

Effect of Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of FeCoZrWB Bulk Metallic Glass

A Fe61Co10Zr5W4B20 bulk metallic glass （BMG） with a diameter of 2 mm was prepared by using copper mould suction casting. The X-ray diffraction （XRD）, differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）, micro-hardness and compression tests were adopted to investigate the structure, thermal stability, especially, the effect of heat treatment on the micro-hardness and compression strength of this BMG. The BMG exhibits micro-hardness of about 1 207 Hv and compression fracture strength of about 1 707.6 MPa. After being annealed below the onset of crystallization temperature, the micro-hardness almost keeps constant. But after being annealed above the peak of crystallization temperature, the micro-hardness increases firstly and then declines gradually with the elongation of annealing time. However, annealed for the same period of time, the micro-hardness will increase with the rise of annealing temperature, while the compression fracture strength will apparently decrease.

Heat treatment optimization for tensile properties of 8011 Al/15% SiCp metal matrix composite using response surface methodology

In this study,a mathematical model was developed to optimize the heat treatment process for maximum tensile strength and ductility of aluminum(8011) silicon carbide particulate composites.The process parameters are solutionizing time,aging temperature,and aging time.The experiments were performed on an universal testing machine according to centre rotatable design matrix.A mathematical model was developed with the main and interactive effects of the parameters considered.The analysis of variance technique was used to check the adequacy of the developed model.The optimum parameters were obtained for maximum tensile strength.Fractographic examination shows the cracks and dimples on the fractured surfaces of heat-treated specimen.

The Morphology of Patterning with Pseudoplastic Metal Nanoparticle Fluids during Heat Treatment

A pseudoplastic metal nanoparticle fluid （PMNF） is used in nanoimprint to fabricate semiconductors and func- tional devices. The evaporation of the solvent and the sintering of the Au PMNF are investigated. The key parameters, which influence the morphology of patterning, such as the radius of metal particles, the concentra- tion of metal particles, the Hamaker constant of the solvent, viscosity of the fluids and the evaporation velocity, are analyzed. Based on a two-sphere sintering model, the equations are derived, which represent the relationships between the relative shrinkage and radius of the metal particles, sintering temperature and time. The optimal parameters for the heat treatment are provided in nanoimprint.

Effect of heat input and postweld heat treatment on microstructure and toughness of heat-resistant steel E911 deposited metal

The microstructure of E911 deposited metal was observed and the effect of heat input and postweld heat treatment on microstructure and impact toughness was investigated. The microstructure consists of tempered martensite and residual δ- ferrite. The morphology of tempered martensite is columnar and the residual δ-ferrite is polygonal. With the increase in heat input, the width of columnar martensite grain and the size of residual δ-ferrite increased, whereas the volume fraction of residual δ-ferrite varied slightly. The impact toughness decreased as heat input increased. The result reveals that coarsening columnar martensite grain and δ-ferrite have greater effect on impact toughness than volume fraction of residual δ-ferrite. As the time of postweld heat treatment is exceeded 8h, aggregation of M23 C6occurs in some grain boundaries or lath interfaces. The partial aggregation of M23 C6 results in the decrease in impact toughness.

Conjugate Heat Transfer Analysis of an Ultrasonic Molten Metal Treatment System

In piezoceramic ultrasonic devices,the piezoceramic stacks may fail permanently or function improperly if their working temperatures overstep the Curie temperature of the piezoceramic material.While the end of the horn usually serves near the melting point of the molten metal and is enclosed in an airtight chamber,so that it is difficult to experimentally measure the temperature of the transducer and its variation with time,which bring heavy difficulty to the design of the ultrasonic molten metal treatment system.To find a way out,conjugate heat transfer analysis of an ultrasonic molten metal treatment system is performed with coupled fluid and heat transfer finite element method.In modeling of the system,the RNG model and the SIMPLE algorithm are adopted for turbulence and nonlinear coupling between the momentum equation and the energy equation.Forced air cooling as well as natural air cooling is analyzed to compare the difference of temperature evolution.Numerical results show that,after about 350 s of working time,temperatures in the surface of the ceramic stacks in forced air cooling drop about 7 K compared with that in natural cooling.At 240 s,The molten metal surface emits heat radiation with a maximum rate of about 19 036 W/m2,while the heat insulation disc absorbs heat radiation at a maximum rate of about 7922 W/m2,which indicates the effectiveness of heat insulation of the asbestos pad.Transient heat transfer film coefficient and its distribution,which are difficult to be measured experimentally are also obtained through numerical simulation.At 240 s,the heat transfer film coefficient in the surface of the transducer ranges from–17.86 to 20.17 W/（m2？K）.Compared with the trial and error method based on the test,the proposed research provides a more effective way in the design and analysis of the temperature control of the molten metal treatment system.

A new post-weld heat treatment to improve toughness of 9Cr-1Mo steel weld metals

9Cr-1Mo ferritic steels have been used in the conventional power generation plants due to their excellent creep resistance. However, one of the main obstacles in welding 9Cr-1Mo steels is the formation of undesirable coarse columnar grains in weld metal whieh ean severely compromise the toughness. A new post-weld heat treatment （PWHT） is developed in the present work. Unlike the conventional processes in which the post-weld heat treatment is carried out below Ac1 , the use of temperatures above the Ac1 of 9Cr-1Mo alloy is considered. The new PWHT at a temperature above Ac1 improves the toughness of 9Cr-1Mo weld metals effectively. The improvement in toughness is mainly due to refinement and homogenization of mierostruetures. Key words

Application of shortened heat treatment cycles on A356 automotive brake calipers with respective globular and dendritic microstructures

Since the automotive industry has many possible applications for semi-solid metal (SSM)-high-pressure die casting (HPDC) parts, the newly developed heat treatment cycles, as well as the traditional heat treatment cycles, were applied to A356 brake calipers cast using a LK DCC630 HPDC machine.Vickers hardness measurements at a cross section of the brake calipers were performed, indicating that similar values can be obtained when using the significantly shorter heat treatment cycles.Finally, the typical tensile properties that can be obtained for SSM-HPDC A356 brake calipers are compared with those manufactured by gravity die casting.Results indicate that the differences in microstructures (globular or dendritic) do not have a noteworthy effect on the heat treatment response.This implies that the short heat treatment cycles originally developed for globular SSM-HPDC A356 castings can be successfully applied to dendritic liquid A356 castings too.

Effect of heat treatments on failure mechanism of SiC_p/2124 Al composite

The mechanical response of a 17%(volume fraction) silicon carbide particles reinforced 2124 Al composite prepared by powder metallurgy techniques was studied by altering the matrix strength with different heat treatments. The fracture mechanisms and the deformation microstructure were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that matrix strength appears to play an important role in influcing the behaviour of the composite under hardness and tensile loading conditions and also fracture mechanisms.The high matrix strength results in a larger decrease in yield strength due to the increasing damage probability. The tensile yield strength values decrease under peak aged and overaged condition whereas under the solutinized condition the opposite effect can be seen.

Effect of heat treatment on microstucture and properties of explosive welding clad plate of TA1/Q345

The composite plate made by explosion welding technology generally has high residual stress and bed plasticity due to the explosion reinforcement. The heat treatment can play a part of eliminating stress and recovering property.In this study,TA1/Q345 clad plate made by explosive welding was annealed at different temperatures.The microstructure,micro-hardness,and tensile,shear,and bending properties were analyzed after anneal.The result shows that there is fibrous structure in the bonding zone and the plastic deformation is severe,the grain growth and fibrous structure dribbles away with the temperature increasing.Micro-hardness in the interface is bigger than it on the both sides. Tensile and shear strength reduced with the temperature of heat treatment increasing.The propel anneal temperature for TA1/Q345 clad plate is 600

Effect of heat treatment temperature on dissimilar welded joint

The dissimilar metals 1Crl8Ni9 and 16MnR are welded by shielded metal arc welding process using electrode A312. The corrosion experiments are carried out on welded joint samples, which is as-welded and post-weld heat treatment at 650 ℃, 750 ℃ and 850 ℃, for 2 h in 70% sodium hydroxide solution. EDS and X-ray diffraction analysis are carried out on the samples after corrosion. Average corrosion rate calculation and microhardness measurement are conducted on both as- welded and post-weld heat treatment samples. The results indicate that average corrosion rate of as-welded joint metal is smaller than that of post-weld heat treatment joint metal. Compared with that of post-weld heat treatment at 750 ℃ and 850 ℃ for 2 h, the average corrosion rate of welded joint after post-weld heat treatment at 650 ℃ for 2 h increases greatly.

Application of heat treatment technology for thermit welds at Da-qin railway

A kind of heat treatment technology of thermit welds was introduced in this paper. Through the heal treatment not only the mechanical properties are improved, but the hardness of head was redistributed. Heat treatreatment alleviated the soften of the quenched rail clue to welding. The technology has been successfully applied to lay the lines and crosses at Da-qin continuous line.

Effect of Ca Addition and Heat Treatment on the A390(S)/AM60(L) Interface Microstructure

Overcasting is a new kind of dissimilar joining technique used to produce the aluminum（solid）/magnesium（liquid） bonding bi-metallic material in this study. For the Al/Mg（A390/AM60） bi-metallic samples, the interface microstructures are the research points, which directly influence the mechanical properties. It is, therefore, of vital importance to find a method to improve the interface microstructures. This research focused on the effect of the calcium（Ca） addition in the liquid Mg alloys and the heat treatment on the A390/AM60 interface microstructures of the bi-metallic samples. The testing results showed that, with Ca addition in AM60, owing to two possible reasons, the interface microstructure and the shear strength of the A390/AM60 bi-metallic samples could be improved. The heat treatment could further improve the interface microstructure and the mechanical properties by dissolving β-Mg_（17）Al_（12） into α-Mg and destroying the Mg_2Si layer structure.

NiCuCoMn电极材料的制备及其储锂性能研究

采用熔炼甩带和化学脱合金相结合的方法制备纳米多孔NiCuCoMn过渡金属氧化物(NiCuCoMn@TMOs),并通过热处理进一步制备R-NiCuCoMn@TMOs。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等测试对材料进行结构表征并对其进行电化学性能测试。作为锂离子电池负极材料,R-NiCuCoMn@TMOs在0.1 A/g的电流密度下,经过200次循环后具有394.9 mAh/g的高比容量,并且表现出97.53%的优异容量保持率。与热处理前相比,热处理后的材料具有更丰富的氧空位、更低的电荷转移电阻(38Ω)和更优异的倍率性能(在2 A/g的电流密度下,比容量为141.1 mAh/g)。其独特的纳米多孔结构提供了丰富的反应活性位点;不同半径、价态和反应电位的多种金属阳离子的协同效应使得该材料有很好的体积容忍度以适应脱嵌锂过程中的体积变化,表现出优异的电化学性能。此外,该电极材料原料储量丰富,价格低廉,易于实现批量化制备。该工作为设计多组元过渡金属氧化物负极材料提供了新的思路。

基于变论域模糊PID的金属热处理过程温度控制方法

为高效且安全地提取金属合金内的可用材质并分析其性能,利用变论域模糊PID技术,实现对热处理过程的温度控制。设定在金属规则状态不变的情况下,论域会随着偏差的缩减出现伸缩,即需要增添新的规则。若偏差率能够支持模糊量化取整,控制器的伸缩因子可能会陷入无法取值的情况。此时,通过二元函数分片双一次插值法计算伸缩因子,在临近分档之间填充新规则,确保伸缩因子取值的连续性。然后,在模糊PID控制过程中加入变论域,依靠控制器实现对金属热处理过程温度的控制。根据实验验证情况可知:该方法有效提高了控制效果,在应用该方法后,缩短了温度控制时间,在100s内就可以是加热温度到达拟定值。

牡丹籽油凝胶乳液的制备及稳定性评估

以辛烯基琥珀酸(octenyl succinic anhydride,OSA)淀粉为乳化剂,植物甾醇-卵磷脂-牡丹籽油凝胶为芯材,制备了4种水包油型牡丹籽油凝胶乳液,其分散相平均粒径在1~4μm,Zeta电位在-31 mV左右。以粒径、Zeta电位为指标,研究了pH值(3~9)、热处理(40~100℃)、盐离子种类(Na^(+)、Ca^(2+)、Al^(3+))及离子强度(100、200、300、400、500 mmol/L)对凝胶乳液稳定性的影响。结果表明,经酸处理后,油凝胶乳液的平均粒径和Zeta电位显著增大(电位绝对值减小),而弱碱条件对乳液粒径无显著影响,Zeta电位则逐渐减小(绝对值增加);在pH 3~9,4种凝胶乳液均表现出良好的稳定性。金属离子(Na^(+)、Ca^(2+)、Al^(3+))及其添加浓度的增加会导致凝胶乳液分散相粒径和Zeta电位增大,其中Al^(3+)的影响最为显著,Ca^(2+)次之,而Na^(+)的影响较弱;金属离子对凝胶乳液稳定性的影响是Zeta电位和分散相粒径变化共同作用的结果,该研究条件下,乳液未发生明显的破乳现象。低温(4~40℃)处理对凝胶乳液分散相粒径和Zeta电位无显著影响;60℃处理30 min,会使乳液粒径增大,Zeta电位绝对值减小,但乳液仍表现出较好的稳定性,未发生破乳现象;高温区(80~100℃)处理30 min,凝胶乳液发生破乳现象。此外,油相中凝胶剂的比例对凝胶乳液稳定性也有一定影响,当m(甾醇)∶m(卵磷脂)=8∶2时,油凝胶的三维网络结构最紧密,凝胶乳液的稳定性最佳。

热处理工艺对40CrNiMoA合金组织及力学性能的影响

为了提高矿用链轮耐磨性,延长其使用寿命,选取电渣离心铸造40CrNiMoA合金链轮件作为母材,研究热处理工艺对40CrNiMoA合金组织和力学性能的影响。采用正交试验法,研究不同热处理工艺对合金显微硬度、摩擦磨损及拉伸强度等力学性能的影响,并将测试结果进行极差分析和综合加权评分计算,得出最优热处理工艺参数,最后进行试验验证。结果表明,正交试验法得到的最优热处理工艺为880℃淬火0.5 h,600℃高温回火2 h,样品热处理后的组织主要为回火索氏体,维氏硬度为364 HV,抗拉强度为1166 MPa,磨损率为0.427×10^(-4)mm^(3)/(N·m);验证试验结果与正交试验分析结果相近,且热处理后的样品性能可达到使用要求。研究结果可为矿用链轮件热处理工艺提供理论依据,对有效解决链轮耐磨性和使用寿命问题具有参考价值。

0Cr18Ni9不锈钢钣金件的锈蚀防护工艺

针对0Cr18Ni9不锈钢深落压钣金件因热处理造成表面氧化皮较重,使用过程中出现锈蚀的问题,制定了磁力抛光、磁力抛光+钝化和钝化+磁力抛光等3种锈蚀防护改进措施,并与未处理试样进行了对比。结果表明:未处理、仅磁力抛光处理的试样经过96 h盐雾试验后腐蚀严重,经磁力抛光+钝化处理的试样经96 h盐雾试验后发生局部点腐蚀;而经钝化处理+磁力抛光的试样经96 h盐雾试验后未出现腐蚀,在960 h盐雾试验后仅出现局部锈蚀,表面依然光亮,耐盐雾时间是其余3种试样的10倍以上。

热处理炉温场检测在装备修理过程中的应用

通过分析热处理工序中各类型热处理炉在航空装备修理过程中对金属材料或零件的作用及影响,确定了热处理过程对装备修理的重要性。结合企业热处理工作实际情况,简述了炉温均匀性对产品热处理结果的影响,以及在热处理炉炉温均匀性检测过程中遇到检测结果不符合情况的处理方法。通过技术手段确保热处理炉有效加热区炉温均匀性检测结果的符合性,提升装备修理产品的热处理质量,保障装备修理周期和修理质量。

热处理温度对1000 MPa级高强钢熔敷金属组织和性能的作用机制

采用丝级埋弧焊方法制备1000 MPa级高强钢熔敷金属,利用SEM、EBSD、XRD和TEM等微观分析方法研究了焊后热处理温度(500~620℃)对1000 MPa级高强钢熔敷金属组织演变的影响,并通过拉伸和冲击试验评估其力学性能.结果表明,随着热处理温度升高,1000 MPa级高强钢熔敷金属抗拉强度和屈服强度对比焊态(as welded,AW)先升高后降低,熔敷金属热处理后比AW韧性降低.1000 MPa级高强钢熔敷金属在540℃热处理时获得较好强韧匹配效果,抗拉强度1030MPa,屈服强度970 MPa,-40℃冲击韧性58 J.1000 MPa级高强钢熔敷金属在500~620℃热处理过程中M/A组元中的A逐渐分解为碳化物和铁素体,M在620℃热处理时生成逆转变奥氏体并保留至室温.碳化物对于位错具有钉扎作用,但随热处理温度升高碳化物对位错的钉扎作用减弱,位错通过滑移和攀移不断减少.熔敷金属析出的碳化物对位错的钉扎作用强于位错滑移的软化作用时,熔敷金属强度提高,碳化物对位错的钉扎作用弱于位错滑移的软化作用时基体组织软化,熔敷金属强度降低.析出的碳化物导致位错塞积,产生的应力集中区域成为裂纹源,使热处理态熔敷金属韧性低于AW.