Prediction and Verifcation of Forming Limit Diagrams Based on a Modifed Shear Failure Criterion

The forming limit diagram plays an important role in predicting the forming limit of sheet metals.Previous studies have shown that,the method to construct the forming limit diagram based on instability theory of the original shear failure criterion is efective and simple.The original shear instability criterion can accurately predict the left area of the forming limit diagram but not the right area.In this study,in order to improve the accuracy of the original shear failure criterion,a modifed shear failure criterion was proposed based on in-depth analysis of the original shear failure criterion.The detailed improvement strategies of the shear failure criterion and the complete calculation process are given.Based on the modifed shear failure criterion and diferent constitutive equations,the theoretical forming limit of TRIP780 steel and 5754O aluminum alloy sheet metals are calculated.By comparing the theoretical and experimental results,it is shown that proposed modifed shear failure criterion can predict the right area of forming limit more reasonably than the original shear failure criterion.The efect of the pre-strain and constitutive equation on the forming limits are also analyzed in depth.The modifed shear failure criterion proposed in this study provides an alternative and reliable method to predict forming limit of sheet metals.

Stress based forming limit diagram for formability characterization of 6061 aluminum

Two numerical criteria of forming limit diagram（FLD） criterion and ductile fracture criterion（DFC） are presented for FLD prediction of 6061 aluminum. The numerical results are compared with the experimental FLD and also punch＇s load-displacement curve of experimental samples. Experimental FLD of this study is calculated using hemispherical punch test of Hecker. Experimental FLD is converted to FLSD and imported to the Abaqus software to predict necking of samples. Numerical results for FLSD prediction were compared with experimental FLSD. Results show that ductile fracture criterion has higher accuracy for FLD and FLSD prediction of 6061 aluminum. Comparison of numerical and experimental results for force-displacement curve of punch shows that numerical results have a good agreement with experiment.

PREDICTION FOR FORMING LIMIT OF AL2024T3 SHEET BASED ON DAMAGE THEORY USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

This paper presents the application of anisotropic damage theory to the study of forming limit diagram of A12024T3 aluminum alloy sheet. In the prediction of limiting strains of the aluminum sheet structure, a finite element cell model has been constructed. The cell model consists of two phases, the aluminum alloy matrix and the intermetallic cluster. The material behavior of the aluminum alloy matrix is described with a fully coupled elasto-plastic damage constitutive equation. The intermetallic cluster is assumed to be elastic and brittle. By varying the stretching ratio, the limiting strains of the sheet under biaxial stretching have been predicted by using the necking criterion proposed. The prediction is in good agreement with the experimental findings. Moreover, the finite element cell model can provide information for understanding the microscopic damage mechanism of the aluminum alloy. Over-estimation of the limit strains may result if the effect of material damage is ignored in the sheet metal forming study.

Forming limits of nickel coating on right region

The forming limits of nickel coating on the right region were studied, so as to direct the preparation of the material and help the production of workpieces. The electrodeposited nickel coating was prepared on steel substrate to form advanced structures, and its plastic instability was investigated by the Swift Plastic Instability Theory. By using the compound law for laminated sheet metals, explicit equations for the calculation of the instable eigen values were deduced. The forming limit diagrams of the nickel coating on the right region were plotted. It is exhibited that the forming limit of the coating sheet is between the forming limits of the individual nickel coating and steel substrate. The forming limit of the nickel coating is not so good as that of the steel substrate, and the forming limit strain of the coating sheet tends to diminish with the increase of thickness of the coating. The greater the normal anisotropic coefficient of the materials is, the better the forming limit is.

Preparation of New Type Ni-P Micro/Nano Metal Material Based on Bacteria Shape

A new type of Ni-P alloy with rod-shape was prepared by electroless deposition method based on the shape of Nocadia, a kind of bacteria. The material was characterized by microbiological method, scanning electron microscope, energy dispersion spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and vibrant sample magnetometer. It was found that Ni-P alloy deposited on Nocadia surface was amorphous when pH=8.0. The amount of Ni crystalline increased with pH of plating solution. Ni-P nano-particles deposited on active locations on the surface at the initial stage, and then homogeneous Ni-P film formed with time. Nocadia remained their original rod shape after Ni-P nano-particles deposition. The new type metal material formed of Ni-P alloy with nano-particles was prepared. The mag- netization of the material prepared at pH=9.7 is greater than that prepared at pH=8.0. The magnetic loss of the material prepared at pH=9.7 is less than 0.1. The dielectric loss exceeds 0.3 when frequency is higher than 14 GHz, which is 1.5 at 18 GHz. The new type Ni-P metal material with Nocadia shape has dielectric loss property.

基于多元线性回归的6016汽车铝板FLD_0预测模型

成形极限图中FLD0(平面应变处的主应变)的准确性关系到汽车零件CAE仿真分析和安全裕度判定的精度。文章针对15种不同性能的6016汽车铝板,采用相关性分析方法研究了材料厚度、屈强比、延伸率、n值和r值等对6016汽车铝板FLD0的影响规律,并基于多元线性回归方法建立了6016汽车铝板FLD0的预测模型。

侧围外板腰线后三角窗位置起皱分析及对策

从冲压成型理论出发,结合成型极限图(FLD)阐述冲压起皱机理,为分析起皱问题提供了思路,以某车型SUV侧围外板为例,对腰线后三角窗位置的起皱问题进行解析,并于同步工程阶段,借助AutoForm分析软件找到了一种解决该起皱问题的对策,产品实物证实了该方法的有效性,对于同类结构的产品或工艺提供了参考,具有一定的推广和借鉴意义。

基于DIC技术的曲率对成形极限的影响研究

高强度钢因具有强度高、相同强度下质量更小的特点,成为目前车身及零部件上使用最多的材料。起皱、破裂是汽车覆盖件在弯曲成形及曲面翻边成形过程中的主要缺陷,而曲率是影响其成形性能的重要因素。为了预防起皱、破裂等缺陷,提高高强度钢的成形性能,利用数字图像相关(Digital Image Correlation,DIC)技术及Nakajima试验研究曲率对高强度钢成形极限的影响。以DP780高强度钢为试验材料,分别在不同直径的冲头下对其进行胀形试验,利用DIC技术实时监测板材的应变状态,通过位置相关法求得DP780在不同曲率下的成形极限曲线(Forming Limit Curves,FLC),并绘制各曲率下DP780板材的成形极限图(Forming Limit Diagrams,FLD)。通过对比各曲率下的FLC可知,DP780高强度钢板的成形性能随着曲率的增加而提高。

Prediction of Forming Limit Diagrams for Materials with HCP Structure

The forming limit diagram（FLD） is an important tool to be used when characterizing the formability of metallic sheets used in metal forming processes. Experimental measurement and determination of the FLD is timeconsuming and therefore the analytical prediction based on theory of plasticity and instability criteria allows a direct and efficient methodology to obtain critical values at different loading paths, thus carrying significant practical importance.However, the accuracy of the plastic instability prediction is strongly dependent on the choice of the material constitutive model [1–3]. Particularly for materials with hexagonal close packed（HCP） crystallographic structure, they have a very limited number of active slip systems at room temperature and demonstrate a strong asymmetry between yielding in tension and compression [4, 5]. Not only the magnitude of the yield locus changes, but also the shape of the yield surface is evolving during the plastic deformation [4]. Conventional phenomenological constitutive models of plasticity fail to capture this unconventional mechanical behavior [4, 6]. Cazacu and Plunkett [6] have proposed generic yield criteria, by using the transformed principal stress, to account for the initial plastic anisotropy and strength differential（SD） effect simultaneously. In this contribution, a generic FLD MATLAB script was developed based on Marciniak–Kuczynski analytical theory and applied to predict the localized necking. The influence of asymmetrical effect on the FLD was evaluated. Several yield functions such as von Mises, Hill, Barlat89, and Cazacu06 were incorporated into analysis. The paper also presents and discusses the influence of different hardening laws on the formability of materials with HCP crystal structures. The findings indicate that the plastic instability theory coupled with Cazacu model can adequately predict the onset of localized necking for HCP materials under different strain paths.

Forming Limit Stress Diagram Prediction of Aluminum Alloy 5052 Based on GTN Model Parameters Determined by In Situ Tensile Test

The conventional forming limit diagram （FLD） is described as a plot of major strain versus minor strain. However, FLD is dependent on forming history and strain path. In the present study, a forming limit stress-based diagram （FLSD） has been adopted to predict the fracture limit of aluminum alloy （AA） 5052-O1 sheet. Nakazima test is simulated by plastic constitutive formula derived from the modified Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman （GTN） model. An in situ tensile test with scanning electron microscope （SEM） is proposed to determine the parameters in GTN model. The damage evolution is observed and recorded, and the parameters of GTN model are identified through counting void fraction at three damage stages of AA5052-O 1. According to the experimental results, the original void volume fraction, the volume fraction of potential nucleated voids, the critical void volume fraction, the void volume fraction at the final failure of material are assigned as 0.002 918, 0.024 9, 0.030 103, 0.048 54, respectively. The stress and strain are obtained at the last loading step before crack. FLSD and FLD of AA5052-O 1 are plotted. Compared with the experimental Nakazima test and uniaxial tensile test, the predicted results show a good agreement. The parameters determined by in situ tensile test can be applied to the research of the forming limit for ductile metals.

汽车钣金维修工艺及现代化维修设备的应用分析

随着经济的发展,中国的汽车工业也在发展,轿车已变成我们日常生活中最常用的出门交通工具。由于国内轿车的保有量不断增长,相应的汽车钣金维修业务也成倍,人们对维修技术提出越来越高的要求,汽车钣金修理也从原有的低技术含量转变为先进的设备应用,形成汽车维修行业的重要支柱。本文旨在深入探讨汽车钣金维修工艺的概念,并从三个方面剖析其问题,以及先进维修设备的应用,以期为有关人员提供有价值的参考和借鉴。

板料成形极限应力图及其应用研究进展

简要介绍了板料成形极限判据的可靠性对于板料成形质量预测与控制的重要性;分析了传统的基于应变的成形极限(成形极限应变图)判据所存在的只适于在线性加载板料塑性成形中应用的缺陷;介绍了基于应力的成形极限判据(成形极限应力图)的应用前景;综述了国内外成形极限应力图的研究进展,并指出了目前成形极限应力图研究所面临的主要问题。

不同强化模型下的板料成形极限

介绍HiIl48屈服准则下基于不同强化模型的屈服方程。推导出能够用来确定随动强化模型和混合强化模型中参数的方程。采用单向拉伸曲线上所取得的数据,对所得方程进行拟合,得到参数值,并使用所得参数值得出三种强化模型下的单向拉伸曲线。结果表明采用上述方法能够准确地确定强化模型中的参数。给出随动强化模型和混合强化模型下成形极限的计算方法。基于三种强化模型,针对分散性失稳准则、Hill集中性失稳准则、凹槽失稳准则和平面应变漂移失稳准则,得到简单加载路径下的成形极限图和成形极限应力图。从这些图中可以看出,强化模型对成形极限图和成形极限应力图影响明显。因此应当确定板料在成形过程中的强化规律,选择合适的强化模型进行成形极限预测。

铝合金AA6082(T5)挤压型材基本力学性能试验和成形极限图的建立

对铝合金 60 82 (T5 )矩形中空截面挤压型材的基本力学性能进行了实验研究 ,获得了真实应力应变关系曲线和厚向异性指数r0 、r45和r90 。采用带缺口的单拉试样 ,建立了铝合金挤压型材拉弯成形极限图 。

厚板精冲技术的工艺研究

在吸取强力压边精冲、对向凹模精冲、振动修边和往复冲裁等金属塑性加工工艺特点的基础上,首次提出了往复成形精冲———一种新型的厚板精冲工艺方法,以突破传统精冲技术对加工材料的厚度限制.先用数值模拟的方法对新工艺进行了研究,然后研制了用于实现新工艺的模具,该模具由两个凹模,两个凸模组成,其动作比强力压边精冲更复杂.研究表明,新工艺与传统工艺相比,能够加工更厚的材料,利用新工艺,项目组通过实验获得了直径为Φ30mm,厚度为12mm的合格圆形35#钢精冲件.新工艺突破了传统精冲工艺对材料厚度的限制,将大大拓展精冲技术的应用范围.

板料成形极限应力图研究

基于塑性应力应变关系,推导出极限应力与极限应变相互转换关系,针对分散性失稳、凹槽失稳和平面应变漂移失稳等准则,进行了双线性应变路径、曲线戍变路径和复合应变路径下成形极限应力图的理论计算。结果表明,成形极限应力图不受应变路径影响,对于同一失稳准则,在不同加载应变路径下几乎为同一条曲线。因此,成形极限应力图作为复杂加载路径的成形极限判据更加方便和实用。

矩形盒拉深时变压边力的数值模拟

建立了矩形盒拉深成形的三维仿真分析模型,并将其与实验结果进行了对比验证。在概述压边力在生产过程中的用途和意义的基础上,讨论了变压边力对薄板拉深成形过程的影响,利用DY-NAFORM模拟软件研究了随拉深时间和压边圈位置变化的压边力对拉深成形质量的影响,得到了相应的数值模拟结果,为实际生产过程中合理调节压边力的大小提供了理论依据。研究表明,采用变压边力控制技术可以显著改善矩形盒的成形性能。

板料成形极限应变与极限应力的转换关系

因极限应变构成的FLD受应变路径的影响很大 ,在研究复杂应变路径的成形极限问题时带来极大不便。而以极限应力构成的成形极限应力图FLSD由于不依赖加载应变路径 ,已成为目前研究的热点。本文在分析板料极限应变与极限应力的基础上 ,得出了相互转换的公式 ,针对分散性失稳、凹槽失稳和平面应变漂移失稳等准则 ,进行了不同加载应变路径FLD转换FLSD。结果表明 ,对于同一失稳准则 ,在不同加载应变路径下FLSD几乎为同一条曲线 ,FLSD作为复杂加载路径板料成形极限判据更加方便。

板料成形极限理论与实验研究进展

成形极限是板材成形领域中重要的性能指标和工艺参数。文章在阐述成形极限在板料成形中的意义的基础上,综述并分析了成形极限在理论和实验方面的研究进展。成形极限图受应变路径的影响,给工业生产应用带来极大不便。以极限应力构成的成形极限应力图不受应变路径的影响,作为复杂加载路径的成形极限判据更加方便和实用。FLSD研究与FLD相结合,成为精确地确定破裂判别准则的主要途径之一,是近来研究的热点。十字形双向拉伸是实现复杂加载路径有效实用的试验方法。最后对成形极限应力图和十字形双向拉伸试验需要解决的关键问题作了阐述。

板料应力成形极限判据的有限元分析程序

为了解决在板料成形有限元数值模拟中以依赖于加载路径的应变成形极限为判据所存在的问题,以板料塑性变形时所遵循的应力应变转换关系、H ill二次厚向异性准则为计算模型,基于有限元商用分析软件DYNAFORM,开发了用于板料塑性成形工艺的以应力成形极限为判据的有限元分析程序。利用该程序分析了两种拉深件的有限元数值模拟结果,实现了用应力成形极限图作为判据对板料成形极限的预测分析。所开发的以应力成形极限作为判据的有限元分析程序为分析多道次板成形的成形极限提供了新的手段。