Preparation and Microstructural Analysis of Smelting Waste Non-ferrous Metal Slag Geopolymer

The geopolymer samples were prepared with smelting waste slag of non-ferrous metal as the raw material and water glass as the activator. The effect of modulus of water glass and water binder ratio on the compressive strength was studied. The results show that the strength of the geopolymer activated by water glass with modulus of 1.1 and water binder ratio of 0.28 can maintain an increasing trend in the 90 curing days. Through the analyses with XRD, SEM（EDS）, and FTIR, the main reaction products are found to be geopolymer gels, which bond the crystalline minerals to provide strength. The molecular chains of amorphous phase in slag become shorter after depolymerization-polycondensation.

Study on the separation process of non-metallic inclusions at the steel-slag interface using water modeling

The separation process of non-metallic inclusions at the steel–slag interface was simulated by physical modeling. Three different kinds of particles (octahedral, plate-like, and spherical) and three different oils (kerosene, bean oil, and pump oil) were used to model inclusions and slags, respectively. The effects of inclusion geometry (shape and size) and slag properties (viscosity and interfacial tension) on the separation process were investigated. The results revealed that the variation of surface free energy and the viscosity of the slag are two significant factors affecting the separation process of inclusions at the steel–slag interface. The variation of surface free energy helped inclusions enter the slag phase, whereas the decrease of slag viscosity shortened the separation time. The deformation of the steel–slag interface could give rise to the resistance force, which would resist inclusions passing through the interface. A liquid film formed on the inclusion as it passed through the steel–slag interface, which might be related to the inclusion’s shape. © 2017, University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Effect of additives on growth of ferronickel grains and metal-slag separation behavior

Na_(2)S,Na_(2)CO_(3),FeO,FeS and carbon were used to regulate the properties of slag or metal fractions,and their effects on metal growth and metal–slag separation behavior were investigated.The growth of ferronickel grains can be enhanced by adding these additives,and Na_(2)S was the most effective.Na_(2)S,Na_(2)CO_(3) and FeO mainly affected the properties of slag,while carbon and FeS affected the metal fraction.The onset temperature of metal–slag separation was 1297℃ for the sample without additive,which was decreased to 1123 and 1101℃ after adding 3.30 wt.%Na_(2)S and 4.47 wt.%Na_(2)CO_(3),respectively.The onset temperature of metal–slag separation was mainly controlled by the slag fraction.The average apparent activation energy of metal grain growth was 125.32 kJ/mol without additive,and it decreased obviously after adding different additives.Na_(2)S also had the most remarkable effect on the decrease in activation energy.

Combined Recycling of White Rice Husk Ash as Cement Replacement and Metal Furnace Slag as Coarse-Aggregate Replacement to Produce Self-Consolidating Concrete

According to empirical evidence,high levels of energy and considerable amounts of natural resources are used in the production of concrete.Given the context,this study explores self-consolidating concrete(SCC)that includes rice husk ash(RHA)and metal furnace slag(MFS)as an alternative to cement and the natural aggregates in standard SCC mixes.In this study,mixture designs are investigated with 20 wt.%of RHA,10–30 wt.%of MFS and water-to-powder material ratios of 0.30 and 0.40.Based on the findings regarding the fresh-state,hardened-state,and durability properties of the resulting SCC mixes,it is evident that the use of RHA and MFS can significantly improve the properties of concrete.The highest compressive strength was achieved for SCC with 20 wt.%RHA and 10 wt.%MFS.This outcome should be used as a basis for further investigations into the production of concrete materials that are both high-performance and sustainable.

Study on non-metallic inclusions in Al killed high strength alloy steel refined by high basicity and high Al_2O_3 content slag

Laboratory and industrial studies were carried out to investigate non-metallic inclusions in high strength alloy steel refined by high basicity and high Al_2O_3 slag.It was found that the steel/slag reaction time largely affected non-metallic inclusions.With the reaction time increased from 30 min to 90 min in laboratory study,MgO-Al_2O_3 spinels were gradually changed into CaO-MgO-Al_2O_3 system inclusions surrounded by softer CaO-Al_2O_3 surface layers.By using high basicity slag which contained as much as 41%Al_2O_3 in the laboratory study,ratio of low melting temperature CaO-MgO-Al_2O_3 system inclusions was remarkably increased to above 80%.In the industrial experiment,during the secondary refining,the inclusions changed in order of 'Al_2O_3→MgO-Al_2O_3→CaO-MgO-Al_2O_3'.Through the LF and RH refining,most inclusions could be transferred to lower melting temperature CaO-Al_2O_3 and CaO-MgO-Al_2O_3 system inclusions.

Remediation of Steel Slag on Acidic Soil Contaminated by Heavy Metal

The technology of in situ immobilization with amendments is an important measure that remediates the soil contaminated by heavy metals, and selecting economical and effective amendments is the key. The effects and mechanism of steel slag, the silicon-rich alkaline byproduct which can remediate acidic soil contaminated by heavy metal, are mainly introduced in this paper to provide theory reference for future research. Firstly, the paper analyzes current research situation of in situ immobilization with amendments. Then, it introduces the main physicochemical properties of steel slag, and the effect on soil pH value as well as heavy metal activity. Besides, the paper elaborates the promoting effect on silicon-requiring plant and the strengthening mechanism for its resistant capability of heavy metal. According to the analysis, the application of steel slag could be a potential valuable strategy to remediate acidic soil contaminated by heavy metal by modifying the transformation of heavy metals in both soil and plant, so that the translocation of heavy metal in food chain is reduced.

Beneficial use of stainless steel EAF slag as composite cement admixture and its heavy metals leaching risk analysis

This study analyzes the feasibility of using stainless steel electric arc furnace （EAF） slag as composite cement admixture and the risk of leaching-out of heavy metals. The results show that the stainless steel EAF slag, mainly made up of Ca2 SiO4, Ca3 Mg （ SiO4 ） 2, some Cr-containing minerals and in small particle size, is easily ground and has cementitious activity. EAF slag, when used as cement admixture, can be added with a maximum percentage of 32%. It can meet the strength requirements of the standard P · C 32.5 cement. When the mixing percentage is decreased to 25 % , the strength of the cement can be increased to that of P · C 42.5 cement. Other main quality indexes of composite cement, such as the setting time and stability, also satisfy standard requirements. The results also show that most of the heavy metals in the stainless steel EAF slag exist in a stable speciation. The concentration of heavy metals that leach out from the stainless steel EAF slag and the composite cement products is far lower than the standard limit of hazardous wastes. The main heavy metal, chromium, exists as less hazardous trivalent chromium. Therefore, the risk of heavy metals leaching out from the stainless steel EAF slag is low. The internal exposure index （IRa） and the external exposure index （Iγ） of the stainless steel EAF slag are both lower than 1.0, satisfying the standard requirements of the state for the radionuclides of building materials. Therefore, stainless steel EAF slag can be safely used as admixture to produce composite cement.

Melting Reconstruction Features and Solidification Mechanism of Heavy Metal-containing Slag

The relationships between microstructure and melting temperature of slag containing different heavy metals （Zn, Cu, Pb and Cr） were studied. Furthermore, the corresponding solidification mechanism and rule of heavy metals were analyzed by microscopic tests during melting and reconstructing process. Based on preliminary results, three conclusions were derived. Firstly, pure slag would begin to melt when the temperature reached 1 180℃; however, Zn did not play any fluxing action. Secondly, upon adding Cu and Pb, the initial melting temperature of slag decreased by 5-8℃ and their fluxing effect was observed. Thirdly, the initial melting temperature and the reaction time for slag decreased by 22℃ and 6 s respectively after adding Cr; the fluxing action was significant under Cr. The results of X-ray diffraction （XRD） and Fourier transform infrared spectroscope （FTIR） analyses showed that the above heavy metals had little influence on the reconstruction of slag. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure （TCLP） leaching tests showed a good solidification effect of the heavy metals with melting slag, fixation rate of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cr was 36.3%, 24.6%, 9.2% and 93.2%, respectively. The leaching toxicity of the heavy metals met the requirements for environmental emission after solidification treatment.

生物质热转化过程中积灰沾污结渣特性及趋势预测研究进展

为阐明生物质灰的沾污结渣特性及其趋势预测研究现状,使生物质能热转化利用过程更加安全,在综合分析生物质灰沾污结渣的危害及机制的基础上,从沾污结渣特性与沾污结渣预测两方面归纳国内外研究进展,梳理出影响结渣的主要因素——灰分组成、反应温度、气氛和添加剂等;并对沾污结渣趋势的预测方法和研究趋势进行分析。针对实际工程中锅炉受热面结渣和腐蚀问题,可以采用混烧、混入添加剂、水洗、酸洗、改变受热面材料、优化锅炉和烟道结构设计、优化反应条件等措施解决。在生物质灰沾污结渣趋势预测方面,目前并没有完整的统一标准,简单沿用煤灰的结渣指标存在严重的不适应性,且现有的预测方法通常只考虑固态或熔融成分对结渣的影响,而忽略了碱金属、氯、硫等元素挥发与温度变化的关系。因此,以热转化过程中碱金属的气-固分配趋势为基础,结合不同温度下生物质灰的特点及成灰特性,建立适用于不同温度下生物质灰的沾污结渣预测模型,是下一步研究应重点关注的问题。

Thermodynamic Study on BaO－BaF_2－Fe_xO Slags Used for Dephosphorization of Chromium－Containing Hot Metal

Electrochemical measurements of the solid-oxide galvanic cell, Mo|Mo+MoO2|ZrO2 (MgO)| Fe+ (FexO)+Ag| Fe, have been made at temperatures of 1473K and 1573K in order to obtain the activities of FexO in BaO-BaF2-FexO slags used for dephosphorization of chromium-containing hot metal. The FexO activities show a significant dependence upon the molar ratio of BaO/BaF2. Within the homogeneous liquid region, the substitution of BaF2 for BaO has an effect of raising the FexO activity. From these activity data, the phase diagrams of the system BaO -BaF2-FexO are drawn at 1473K and 1573K. The temperature dependence of the activity coefficient of FexO at a fixed BaO/ BaF2 molar ratio can be expressed by formula RTlnγ(FexO)=constant.

大型燃煤锅炉中含Na/Cl/S组分的演变与受热面结渣倾向的数值模拟

提出了一种考虑煤中含Na/S/Cl组分多步释放、气相组分相互作用、气-固反应以及盐蒸气冷凝耦合灰颗粒黏附的结焦模型,以预测炉内受热面气态碱金属组分冷凝行为、受热面结焦风险以及炉膛出口Na/S/Cl组分分布特性。结果表明:炉膛出口气态含Na组分主要以NaO_(2)、NaCl、Na_(2)SO_(4)和NaOH形式存在;最上层燃烧器至分离燃尽风(SOFA)喷口区域、最下层燃烧器至冷灰斗转角区域的水冷壁结焦风险高;炉膛出口区域后屏过热器底部颗粒黏附位置相对集中,炉内辐射式过热器结焦速率远高于气态钠盐冷凝速率,对流受热面颗粒沉积速率约是钠盐蒸气冷凝速率的3~4倍。

碱金属迁移转化对生物质灰沾污结渣的影响研究进展

生物质热化学转化利用过程会产生大量的生物质灰,其钾、钠等碱金属元素的含量高,导致其熔融温度低,在高温下极易熔融或挥发,进而对锅炉、管道或设备受热面造成沾污结渣、腐蚀等危害。为系统了解碱金属迁移转化对生物质灰沾污结渣影响的研究并预测其发展趋势,首先,归纳生物质热化学转化过程中由碱金属迁移转化引发的安全问题及危害;其次,回顾和总结近年来国内外生物质灰沾污结渣机理方面的研究进展,主要包括不同热化学转化来源生物质灰沾污结渣演变规律和碱金属迁移转化特性研究等;最后,预测生物质灰沾污结渣防治研究的发展趋势。研究结果显示:生物质热化学转化过程中碱金属的赋存形式和演化特征是影响灰熔融和沾污结渣特性的重要因素,不同热化学转化来源生物质灰的熔融和烧结规律是灰沾污结渣防治研究的关键。以往针对碱金属迁移转化特性的研究,大多只考虑生物质自身的燃料性质、矿物组成等,对不同热化学转化过程中碱金属迁移转化对生物质灰沾污结渣和熔融烧结的影响以及不同形式碱金属成分的影响研究仍不够深入和系统,尚未形成完善的理论体系,这将成为以后的重点研究方向。

有色冶炼渣基胶凝材料中的重金属固化研究进展

利用有色冶炼渣制备新型胶凝材料是实现大宗固废资源化利用的重要途径之一,有色冶炼渣基胶凝材料的胶凝原理和力学性能一直是研究的热点,有色冶炼渣中重金属离子在胶凝材料中的溶出和固化机理也日益受到关注。综述了有色冶炼渣的形态结构,系统总结了重金属离子在有色冶炼渣基胶凝材料中的存在形式和固化机理。可为冶炼渣基胶凝材料应用中重金属固化的研究提供参考。

基于文献回顾的有色金属冶炼废渣的特征、资源化途径及其安全利用评价

冶炼废渣作为冶炼过程中产生的工业副产物,由于其缺乏安全、合理的防护和管理措施可能导致环境问题。通过全面分析近年来发表的相关文献,本文对有色金属冶炼废渣的特性、资源化利用途径及安全利用评价等方面的最新研究进展进行了介绍。研究结果表明,不同的原生精矿、冶炼条件和冶炼类型决定了冶炼废渣的化学和矿物学特征。此外,冶炼废渣在各种资源化利用中表现出极高的灵活性,不仅可以用于金属回收和建筑材料,还可以作为农业肥料和修复剂。同时,本文强调了在各种利用情景下对废渣进行安全性评估的重要性,以降低其潜在环境风险。此外,本文还强调了未来的研究方向,包括建立一种综合且量化的土渣混合体中重金属环境风险评价方法,以及探索更多创新的冶炼废渣资源化利用方法。综上所述,本文对于推动冶炼废渣在环境保护和资源可持续利用方面的研究有重要意义。

利用不锈钢渣制备微晶玻璃的研究进展

工业的快速发展导致固体废弃物逐年增加,由其带来的环境与资源问题不容忽视。利用工业固体废弃物制备微晶玻璃材料是固废资源化利用的重要途径之一,同时,该方法还可实现有害重金属元素的固化,减少环境危害。本文基于不锈钢渣的来源与特性,对比分析了不锈钢渣无害化处理的常见方法。针对不锈钢渣的无害化处理和资源化利用问题,重点综述了利用不锈钢渣制备微晶玻璃过程中主要成分对材料结构与性能的影响;另外,基于微晶玻璃对重金属元素的固化研究现状,重点讨论了微晶玻璃对不锈钢渣中Cr、Ni、Mn重金属元素的固化;最后对不锈钢渣无害化处理与资源化利用的未来研究方向进行了展望。

铜渣贫化及其高值化利用

随着经济的发展和铜年产量的不断增加,铜渣的大量堆存制约着铜产业的绿色可持续发展,铜渣的处理已成为一个越来越重要的问题。铜渣因含有铁、铜等有价元素,具有极高的回收利用价值。本文介绍了从铜渣中回收有价金属的物理法、湿法冶金法和火法冶金法。此外,还介绍了东北大学特殊冶金创新团队提出的一项铜渣高值化利用新技术,该技术可以回收铜渣中Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn,还可以利用尾渣制备水泥熟料,实现铜渣的高值化和无渣化综合利用。对铜渣的综合利用进行了综述,并对今后铜渣的规模化、绿色化、无渣化综合利用提出了建议。

碱/碱土金属对准东煤灰熔渣微观结构特性的影响

采用分子动力学模拟方法对碱金属Na和碱土金属Mg对准东煤灰熔渣微观体系结构的影响开展了研究工作.结果表明,碱金属及碱土金属含量变化对体系中Al—O和Si—O键结合能影响不大,而当碱土金属含量增加,体系内桥氧含量降低,当碱土金属由22%增加至53%,桥氧含量减少了36.37%,体系网络结构的聚合程度随之降低.熔渣微观体系中存在三配位氧,且数量随碱金属和碱土金属含量的增大而减少;准东煤熔渣体系中Al、Si原子的扩散能力总体上随碱金属含量增加而降低,随碱土金属含量增加而提高.

准东煤在液态排渣锅炉中的结渣特性和元素迁移规律

高碱煤的清洁高效转化及资源化利用对实现双碳目标具有重要战略意义,液态排渣锅炉在燃用高碱煤方面存在较大优势,但目前尚缺乏全烧高碱煤的灰沉积和元素迁移特性相关研究。研究了准东煤在20 MW卧式液态排渣炉上燃烧时的积灰结渣特性和元素迁移规律。通过在捕渣屏前后设置灰沉积探针1和2,研究了换热器表面灰沉积对传热效率的影响。结果表明,初始层形成阶段通过探针表面的热流密度迅速下降,随沉积物的生长热流密度缓慢下降,沉积物生长趋于稳定时,热流密度也会在一定范围内波动。按照探针表面的热流密度变化速率,可将灰沉积的形成过程分为3个阶段,分别为快速下降阶段、缓慢下降阶段和稳定阶段。探针1和2最终稳定的相对热流密度分别为0.75和0.83。此外,通过分析炉膛不同位置灰渣和沉积物的外观形貌、矿物组成和化学成分,探究了元素迁移对积灰结渣的影响。灰沉积的微观表征表明,Al_(2)O_(3)、Fe_(2)O_(3)、SiO_(2)等氧化物在高温区渣样中富集,而CaO、MgO、Na_(2)O、SO_(3)则主要出现在低温区域的沉积物中。换热器表面沉积初始层的形成与碱金属及其硫酸盐的冷凝密切相关,高温和低温区域样品中的平均Na_(2)O质量分数分别为1.38%和4.70%。铁元素会在渣中富集并充当助溶剂的作用,与硅-钙-镁-铝体系形成低温共熔体,从而导致灰熔融温度降低。

铅冶炼渣基生态胶凝材料的研发及重金属固化

铅冶炼渣(LSS)是一种含有重金属(Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As和Pb)的危险废物,其不当处置会对生态系统造成不可挽回的危害。本工作采用化灰渣(LAS)、水氯镁石(BF)、矿粉(SP)及适量水泥(CM)协同激发铅冶炼渣制备生态胶凝材料。通过正交试验得到胶凝材料的最优配比,阐述了不同因素对生态胶凝材料抗压强度的影响;采用XRD、SEM、FTIR、硫酸和硝酸法等方法分析了胶凝材料水化产物的特性及重金属浸出规律。研究结果表明:当铅冶炼渣和水泥的质量比为3∶1,化灰渣、水氯镁石、矿粉的外掺量分别为铅冶炼渣和水泥质量总量的20%、10%、10%时,制备出的生态胶凝材料抗压强度最优,28 d抗压强度达到40.9 MPa,且矿粉掺量为影响其抗压强度的第一要素。微观分析表明,胶凝材料的水化产物主要为弗里德尔盐、方解石、C-S-H和C-A-S-H,它们相互连接形成致密的空间网络结构,这不但有助于提高胶凝材料的力学性能,还能实现对重金属元素的物理固封和离子交换吸附固化。胶凝材料对主要重金属的胶结固化率大于83%,重金属浸出液浓度符合生活饮用水卫生标准(GB5749-2006)的要求。

还原介质对镍渣直接还原提铁的影响

如何从富铁镍渣中高效提铁是该资源综合再利用的关键。本文采用焦炭和烟煤作为还原剂,对镍渣进行直接还原提铁试验研究,对比两种还原剂在镍渣还原过程中产生有效还原介质的差异,借助热力学软件对不同还原介质的还原能力进行热力学分析,然后通过试验及表征研究两种还原剂对镍渣还原过程金属化率变化及微观结构演变的影响。结果表明:烟煤含有的高挥发分会产生CO-H_(2)混合的还原介质,而焦炭则主要以CO还原介质为主;热力学分析结果表明,CO-H_(2)混合气对铁氧化物的还原能力优于纯CO。镍渣还原焙烧试验结果显示,使用烟煤作为还原剂,1 300℃下还原20 min,镍渣球团的金属化率可达90.20%;而采用焦炭作为还原剂时其金属化率仅达到72.97%,烟煤对镍渣的还原能力优于焦炭。