Genetic Types and Metallogenic Model for the Polymetallic Copper–Gold Deposits in the Tongling Ore District, Anhui Province, Eastern China

The Tongling ore district is one of the most economically important ore areas in the Middle–Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt, eastern China. It contains hundreds of polymetallic copper–gold deposits and occurrences. Those deposits are mainly clustered(from west to east) within the Tongguanshan, Shizishan, Xinqiao, Fenghuangshan, and Shatanjiao orefields. Until recently, the majority of these deposits were thought to be skarn-or porphyry–skarn-type deposits; however there have been recent discoveries of numerous vein-type Au, Ag, and Pb-Zn deposits that do not fall into either of these categories. This indicates that there is some uncertainty over this classification. Here, we present the results of several systematic geological studies of representative deposits in the Tongling ore district. From investigation of the ore-controlling structures, lithology of the host rock, mineral assemblages, and the characteristics of the mineralization and alteration within these deposits, three genetic types of deposits(skarn-, porphyry-, and vein-type deposits) have been identified. The spatial and temporal relationships between the orebodies and Yanshanian intrusions combined with the sources of the ore-forming fluids and metals, as well as the geodynamic setting of this ore district, indicate that all three deposit types are genetically related each other and constitute a magmatic–hydrothermal system. This study outlines a model that relates the polymetallic copper–gold porphyry-, skarn-, and vein-type deposits within the Tongling ore district. This model provides a theoretical basis to guide exploration for deep-seated and concealed porphyry-type Cu(–Mo, –Au) deposits as well as shallow vein-type Au, Ag, and Pb–Zn deposits in this area and elsewhere.

A Preliminary Review of Metallogenic Regularity of Copper Deposits in China

Copper resources in China are rich, but imported copper products are still required. Researches on metallogenic regularity of major types of copper deposits by geologists have involved in worldwide classification, significant copper belts, representative copper deposits, etc. Studies on metallogenic regularity of copper deposits in China also have made achievements with a long-term work. Combined with latest exploration advances obtained in recent ten years, this review aims to conclude the achievements of researches on copper metallogenic regularity in China. Based on data of 814 copper deposits and other ore （mineralized） occurrences, ten prediction types of copper deposits have been suggested. Porphyry and skarn copper ores are taken as the key targets. Porphyry copper deposits are the most important one which concentrate in Gangdese, Changdu-Sanjiang, Dexing and East Tianshan. The Cenozoic and Mesozoic are the major metallogenic epochs. Four main metallogenic epochs are been studied based on the copper ore geochronological data including Precambrian Era （Archean and Proterozoic）, Paleozoic Era, Mesozoic Era and Cenozoic Era. Based on the study of metallogenic series of ore deposits in China, twenty-seven metallogenic series of copper deposits are proposed. This is suggested to deepen the study of metallogenic regularity of copper ore and provide the theory guide for copper resources prediction in China.

PETROGENETIC AND METALLOGENETIC AGES FOR THE PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSITS IN THE GANGDISE METALLOGENIC BELT IN SOUTHERN TIBET

Recent examination and assessment about the porphyry copper deposits in Gangdise metallogenic belt in southern Tibet have revealed that these porphyry copper deposits are highly prospective. Several methods have been used for the isotopic dating of the Qulong, Tinggong and Chongjiang porphyry copper deposits, which gives out a petrogenetic age of 17.58±0.74Ma (single-zircon dating of SHRIMP), a metallogenetic age of 15.99±0.32Ma (Re-Os isochron dating) and an alteration age ranging between 12.00Ma and 16.5Ma (K-Ar dating). The metallogenetic age is in general agreement with the alteration age. It can be seen that the petrogenetic and metallogenetic ages for the porphyry copper deposits in Gangdise metallogenic belt are noticeably later than the age for the collisional granitic intrusion in this belt. The authors contend that the porphyry copper deposits in the study area were formed in a post-collisional extensional tectonic setting, and are closely related to the delamination of the mountain roots of the orogenic belts and the uplifting of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Geology, geochronology, and exploration of the Jiama giant porphyry copper deposit (11 Mt), Tibet, China: A review

Jiama,with more than 11 Mt of copper metal,is the largest porphyry-skarn copper system in the Gangdese metallogenic belt,Tibet,China,creating ideal conditions for deciphering the origin of porphyry ores in a collision setting.Despite massive studies of the geology,chronology,petrogenesis,and ore-related fluids and their sources in Jiama,there is a lack of systematic summaries and reviews of this system.In contrast to traditional porphyry copper systems in a subduction setting,recent studies and exploration suggest that the Jiama deposit includes porphyry-type Mo-Cu,skarn-type Cu polymetallic,vein-type Au and manto orebodies.This paper reviews the latest studies on the geology,chronology,petrogenesis,fluid inclusions,and isotopic geochemistry(hydrogen,oxygen,sulfur,and lead)of the Jiama deposit.Accordingly,a multi-center complex mineralization model was constructed,indicating that multi-phase intrusions from the same magma reservoir can form multiple hydrothermal centers.These centers are mutually independent and form various orebodies or are superimposed on each other and form thick,high-grade orebodies.Finally,a new comprehensive exploration model was established for the Jiama porphyry copper system.Both models established in this study help to refine the theories on continental-collision metallogeny and porphyry copper systems.

Geological and geochemical characteristics and metallogenic model of the Wenquan molybdenum deposit

The Wenquan molybdenum deposit is a kind of large-sized porphyry molybdenum deposit found in re-cent years.In this paper,on the basis of deposit geology,geochemistry and isotope geochronology data,the metal-logenic model of this deposit was established.The Wenquan granitic batholith belongs to the K-rich(alkali-rich) calc-alkaline rock series,which is the mineralization parent rock.The rock massif shows the characteristics of both crust-remelting granite and mantle-source granite.At the same time,the data of REE contents,hydrogen and oxygen isotopes and inclusion temperatures showed that the metallogenic hydrothermal solution is a mixed mesothermal solution of magmato-hydrothermal fluid and meteoric water.Mineralization was dated at 214±7.1 Ma,basically identical with the parent rock's age(207-226 Ma).This reflects that molybdenum mineralization has a close relation to tectonic magmatism evoked by orogenic processes,and molybdenum mineralization occurred mainly at the petrogenesis stage at the late stage of magma emplacement.Mixing with meteoric water led to a decrease in the sa-linity of magmato-hydrothermal solution and changes in other physical and chemical properties.During the tectonic process,ore-bearing hydrothermal solution ascended along favorable fault structure channels.With physicochemical changes,it filled in the surrounding rock joints on both sides of faults,forming ore deposits.

Geology and mineralization of the Daheishan supergiant porphyry molybdenum deposit(1.65 Bt),Jilin,China:A review

The Daheishan supergiant porphyry molybdenum deposit(also referred to as the Daheishan deposit)is the second largest molybdenum deposit in Asia and ranks fifth among the top seven molybdenum deposits globally with total molybdenum reserves of 1.65 billion tons,an average molybdenum ore grade of 0.081%,and molybdenum resources of 1.09 million tons.The main ore body is housed in the granodiorite porphyry plutons and their surrounding inequigranular granodiorite plutons,with high-grade ores largely located in the ore-bearing granodiorite porphyries in the middle-upper part of the porphyry plutons.Specifically,it appears as an ore pipe with a large upper part and a small lower part,measuring about 1700 m in length and width,extending for about 500 m vertically,and covering an area of 2.3 km^(2).Mineralogically,the main ore body consists of molybdenite,chalcopyrite,and sphalerite horizontally from its center outward and exhibits molybdenite,azurite,and pyrite vertically from top to bottom.The primary ore minerals include pyrite and molybdenite,and the secondary ore minerals include sphalerite,chalcopyrite,tetrahedrite,and scheelite,with average grades of molybdenum,copper,sulfur,gallium,and rhenium being 0.081%,0.033%,1.67%,0.001%,and 0.0012%,respectively.The ore-forming fluids of the Daheishan deposit originated as the CO_(2)-H_(2)O-NaCl multiphase magmatic fluid system,rich in CO_(2)and bearing minor amounts of CH4,N2,and H2S,and later mixed with meteoric precipitation.In various mineralization stages,the ore-forming fluids had homogenization temperatures of>420℃‒400℃,360℃‒350℃,340℃‒230℃,220℃‒210℃,and 180℃‒160℃and salinities of>41.05%‒9.8%NaCleqv,38.16%‒4.48%NaCleqv,35.78%‒4.49%NaCleqv,7.43%NaCleqv,and 7.8%‒9.5%NaCleqv,respectively.The mineralization of the Daheishan deposit occurred at 186‒167 Ma.The granites closely related to the mineralization include granodiorites(granodiorite porphyries)and monzogranites(monzogranite porphyries),which were mineralized after magmatic evolution(189‒167 Ma).Moreover,these mineralization-related granites exhibit low initial strontium content and high initial neodymium content,indicating that these granites underwent crust-mantle mixing.The Daheishan deposit formed during the Early-Middle Jurassic,during which basaltic magma underplating induced the lower-crust melting,leading to the formation of magma chambers.After the fractional crystallization of magmas,ore-bearing fluids formed.As the temperature and pressure decreased,the ore-bearing fluids boiled drops while ascending,leading to massive unloading of metal elements.Consequently,brecciated and veinlet-disseminated ore bodies formed.

巴基斯坦斑岩型铜矿地球化学特征与成矿潜力分析

本文首次应用巴基斯坦国家尺度水系沉积物地球化学调查数据,分析了研究区铜元素地球化学背景和大型斑岩型铜矿区域地球化学特征及地球化学异常特征,分析了该区内主要地层、岩浆岩的地球化学特征。巴基斯坦主要基岩出露区铜元素平均值为23.48×10^(-6),背景值为18.6×10^(-6),与我国西北地区、青藏高原的铜元素丰度相当。与成矿斑岩体有关的岩浆岩主要为新生代酸性岩和中生代酸性岩,铜元素的地球化学平均值分别为39.09×10^(-6)和28.28×10^(-6),富铜斑岩体是主要物质来源。应用1∶1000000国家尺度地球化学异常信息进行建模,元素组合为Cu、Au、Mo、Ag、Pb、Zn、Co和Cr,说明国家尺度地球化学异常对大型、超大型斑岩铜矿具有指示意义。以地球化学块体理论为基础,计算了铜异常的成矿有利度和致矿物质量,对区内铜资源量进行了预测和排序。在梳理典型斑岩型铜矿地球化学模型的基础上,以Cu、Mo、Au和Ag为主要指示元素,以Pb、Zn、Co和Cr为参考指示元素,结合地质背景圈定斑岩型铜矿找矿预测区4处,并对找矿预测区进行了成矿潜力分析。

班怒带中西段斑岩铜矿遥感选区、地质评价与重大发现

班公湖-怒江(班怒)成矿带是西藏地区三大斑岩成矿带之一,其西段产出多龙等一系列斑岩-矽卡岩矿床。近年来该带的找矿勘查不断有新发现,表明该带仍具有很大的找矿潜力。该带属高寒山区,地质研究程度很低,常规的矿产勘查技术效率低下。本次研究中,参照斑岩铜矿的面状蚀变特征和蚀变带内含水蚀变矿物组合,以及班怒成矿带中已有典型斑岩铜矿的成矿模式和勘查模型,从多分辨率、多类型遥感图像中提取了与斑岩铜矿密切相关的围岩蚀变信息;在成矿带、矿集区等不同尺度上综合遥感、地质等多元地学信息,圈定了斑岩铜矿找矿远景区;通过野外验证和综合地质评价,发现了多处具有重大成矿潜力的斑岩铜矿远景区。这些远景区将羌塘南缘斑岩成矿带向中-东段延伸了约600km,同时指示在班怒成矿带已有多龙矿集区北侧、羌塘地块腹地存在一个新的斑岩铜矿成矿带,并且在班公湖-怒江带北侧、羌塘南缘还可能存在与晚侏罗世岩浆活动相关的斑岩铜矿成矿事件。总之,本次研究提出的遥感勘查技术能够有效提高班怒成矿带斑岩铜矿的勘查效率,新发现的斑岩铜矿成矿带和成矿事件对于丰富班怒成矿带的区域成矿规律、拓展新的找矿方向和部署新的找矿勘查工作都具有重要的意义。

西藏多龙斑岩-浅成低温热液型铜(金)矿集区地质特征及找矿潜力分析

本文在总结多龙矿集区地质特征的基础上,开展了矿山深边部的潜力分析,以期为下一步的找矿预测提供勘查思路。多龙斑岩-浅成低温热液型铜(金)矿集区位于西藏班公湖-怒江成矿带的北西侧,主要由铁格隆南超大型斑岩-浅成低温热液型铜(金)矿床,拿若大型斑岩-隐爆角砾岩筒型铜(金)矿床,多不杂、波龙、多不杂西大型斑岩型铜(金)矿床,尕尔勤、地堡那木岗高硫化浅成低温热液型铜(金)矿点组成,共探获铜资源量超过1500万t,伴生金超250 t,伴生银3900 t。多龙矿集区形成于早白垩世(120 Ma)班公湖-怒江洋盆北向俯冲的陆缘弧环境,物质源区为壳幔混合源,成矿岩浆岩主要为中酸性的闪长玢岩-花岗闪长斑岩-花岗斑岩系列,具有弧岩浆特征。俯冲板片的折返是多龙矿集区深部岩浆形成和侵位的主要动力学机制,成矿后安山质火山岩(110 Ma)的覆盖对矿床起到重要的保存作用。多不杂矿区F2逆断层将矿体分割成上、下两部分,下部分矿体是找矿的重点方向。铁格隆南矿区深钻揭露了由南向北的逆冲断层,该逆冲断层将矿体错断并推覆到“红层”沉积之上,其下盘是寻找另一半隐伏矿体的方向。尕尔勤矿区大面积发育指示浅成低温热液成矿系统的“硅帽”,明显富集Au、Ag、As、Sb、Bi、Cu等元素,Au、As、Sb、Hg等呈现较好的元素组合异常,具有寻找浅成低温热液型矿床的潜力。地堡那木岗矿区发育高硫化浅成低温热液型蚀变(高岭石化、地开石化、明矾石化等)和矿物组合(铜蓝、蓝辉铜矿、斑铜矿等),且物探、化探、遥感异常套合良好,是未来矿产勘查的重点。区内逆冲断层对矿床的改造作用是未来研究的重点,对进一步的勘查评价具有重要的指导意义。

西藏斑岩-矽卡岩-浅成低温热液型矿床地质特征及找矿方向

聚焦藏东三江北段、冈底斯中东段、班公湖-怒江斑岩-矽卡岩-浅成低温热液铜多金属成矿带,针对新特提斯洋俯冲-陆陆碰撞过程铜多金属矿床的成矿地质条件与区域成矿规律、高原隆升与矿床保存机制、西藏3大成矿带铜多金属资源潜力、高寒深切割陆相火山岩浅覆盖区绿色勘查技术体系等科技问题,文章系统总结了主要成矿带26个大型-超大型斑岩-矽卡岩-浅成低温热液型铜多金属矿床的地质特征,揭示了区域成矿规律并提出了进一步找矿方向。西藏的斑岩-矽卡岩-浅成低温热液矿床主要的成岩成矿年龄为冈底斯成矿带中段早中侏罗世(160~174 Ma),班公湖-怒江成矿带西段的早白垩世(89~123 Ma),冈底斯成矿带东段和西段的古新世(50~65 Ma)和渐新世、中新世(14~23 Ma),玉龙成矿带的始新世(39~43 Ma)。与大洋俯冲有关的矿床以铜(金银)矿化为主,如雄村岛弧型铜(金银)矿(铜资源量238万t,伴生金202 t,伴生银1041 t),铁格隆南、多不杂、波龙等陆缘弧型铜(金银)矿(铜资源量超2400万t,伴生金超500 t,伴生银超5000 t);以大陆碰撞地壳加厚有关的主要为矽卡岩铅锌(铜金银)矿为主,如蒙亚啊、洞中拉、邦布勒、查格勒等,以及低硫化浅成低温热液型银铅锌(金)矿;与大陆碰撞走滑有关的主要以斑岩-矽卡岩型铜钼钨矿为主,如玉龙铜钼金钨矿带、努日-程巴铜钼钨矿集区;与大陆碰撞伸展背景有关的主要为斑岩-矽卡岩铜多金属矿床,主要矿床为巨龙(驱龙)铜钼多金属矿、甲玛铜多金属矿、邦铺钼铜多金属矿、朱诺铜钼矿等。未来的矿产勘查增储的重点为超大型矿床的深边部找矿,寻找多中心复合的同成矿期不同类型高品位厚大矿体,班-怒带多龙矿集区铁格隆南深边部新增铜资源量超400万t,波龙深边部新增铜资源量超200万t;重点关注火山岩覆盖区的浅成低温热液-斑岩型铜金矿的勘查评价,西藏早中侏罗世到中新世火山岩极为发育,找矿潜力巨大,班-怒带革吉珠勒-芒拉地区有望取得斑岩-浅成低温热液型铜金矿的找矿突破。

河北省涿鹿县杏园矿区矿床成因及找矿标志

本研究通过系统的地质、地球化学及地球物理分析,深入探讨了河北省涿鹿县杏园矿区的成矿背景、矿床特征及其找矿指标。利用先进的地质勘查技术,首次明确揭示了矿区内斑岩型与热液脉型矿床的共生关系及其空间分布规律,提出了新的成矿模型和勘查方向。研究结果不仅深化了对杏园矿区成矿规律的理解,而且对指导未来的地质勘查工作,推动矿产资源的合理开发与利用具有重要意义。

塞尔维亚蒂莫克铜金矿集区典型矿床地质特征

特提斯成矿带是全球三大成矿带之一,阿普塞尼(Apuseni)-巴纳特(Banat)-蒂莫克(Timok)-斯雷德诺戈里斯基(Srednogorie)岩浆成矿带(ABTS多金属成矿带)位于特提斯成矿带西缘,由阿普塞尼–巴纳特铁铜铅锌矿集区、蒂莫克铜金矿集区和斯雷德诺戈里斯基铜金矿集区组成,成矿作用主要与晚白垩世钙碱性岩浆活动有关。塞尔维亚蒂莫克铜金矿集区作为ABTS多金属成矿带经济意义巨大的矿集区之一,总结该地区矿床地质特征及成矿规律对下一步的找矿勘查具有重要指导意义。综述了蒂莫克铜金矿集区及其典型矿床的地质特征,总结了矿集区成矿规律与动力学背景。蒂莫克铜金矿集区典型矿床形成时代集中在88~78 Ma之间,成矿作用历时10 Ma左右,矿集区内成矿作用时代呈现出由东向西逐渐年轻的趋势。矿集区中典型矿床类型主要为斑岩型(如马伊丹佩克矿床、克里韦利矿床和瓦利亚斯特尔茨矿床)和高硫化浅成低温热液-斑岩型(如博尔矿床和丘卡卢佩吉矿床),这些矿床以铜金矿化为主。矿床类型、矿化特征及矿体埋深存在的差异可能与区域上新生代右旋构造在矿集区形成的逆冲推覆构造及成矿后不均匀剥蚀有关。根据矿集区典型矿床的矿化类型及矿体埋深海拔标高的变化趋势,认为矿集区北部—西北部和丘卡卢佩吉矿床东南部仍具有一定的找矿潜力。

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿电气石矿物学特征及其对热液流体演化的指示

【研究目的】角岩作为甲玛超大型斑岩铜多金属成矿系统的重要组成部分,既是成矿热液的岩性圈闭,也是重要的赋矿围岩,但角岩中的电气石成因不明,对于进一步理解成矿过程有一定制约。【研究方法】本文通过详细的钻孔编录、镜下鉴定和电子探针分析,研究电气石的成因,并探讨其对岩浆热液流体演化过程的启示。【研究结果】电气石在甲玛角岩中较为发育,依据其产状可分为4类:Tur-I,热液角砾岩胶结物中的电气石;Tur-Ⅱ,石英+电气石±黄铁矿脉;Tur-Ⅲ,电气石±黄铁矿±黄铜矿脉;Tur-Ⅳ,团斑状电气石±黄铁矿;其中前3类电气石较发育环带结构。不同产状电气石均具有较为宽泛的Al_(2)O_(3)、Fe/(Fe+Mg)和Na/(Na+Ca)比值,属于碱基亚类镁电气石和黑电气石,替代机制为^(X)□Al(NaMg)_(-1)、Fe^(2+)Mg_(-1)和Fe^(3+)Al_(-1)。【结论】不同产状电气石发育复杂的环带结构,且成分变化极大,表明其是岩浆热液流体和地层流体不同程度混合造成的,且岩浆热液流体与还原性的角岩地层发生的水岩反应可能在甲玛成矿过程中起了重要作用。甲玛不同产状电气石的结构和成分信息记录了岩浆热液演化过程的细节信息,为完善成矿过程提供了重要证据。

找矿知识图谱的智能化应用:以钦杭成矿带斑岩铜矿为例

找矿知识图谱是一个结构化的找矿知识表示形式,它通过将各种矿床地质、矿物、矿体和勘探开发技术等要素以及要素之间的关系进行关联和表达,形成一个知识图谱结构,为矿产资源的预测和评估提供了新的途径。本研究从数据源和文献中收集了钦杭成矿带斑岩铜矿的相关知识,利用自然语言处理技术构建了知识图谱并和机器学习技术进行知识的自动化提取和推理。本研究通过构建找矿知识图谱模型,对钦杭成矿带斑岩铜矿的实体、属性和关系进行了表达和存储。在此基础上,利用自然语言处理技术对知识图谱进行了语义关联和推理,实现了知识的自动化提取和推理。本研究还建立了查询问答和可视化系统,使用户可以通过查询实体、属性或关系来获取相关信息,并以可视化的方式展示钦杭成矿带斑岩铜矿信息的结构和关联。最后,本研究通过实验和测试验证了基于知识图谱的智能应用在钦杭成矿带斑岩铜矿找矿工作中的有效性和准确性。与传统方法相比,该应用能够在短时间内提供更全面、准确的找矿建议。未来,将深化图算法应用和推荐系统,以满足不同场景下的找矿需求,并拓展其在其他相关领域的应用潜力。

斑岩铜矿蚀变分带与成矿机制:玉龙矿床水-岩反应热力学平衡模拟例析

蚀变分带和成矿机制的准确厘定是建立斑岩成矿模型与找矿预测的关键。本文以新生代金沙江-哀牢山成矿带的玉龙斑岩铜矿为例,通过质量作用定律(LMA)和吉布斯自由能最小化模型(GEM),构建含矿热液与斑岩侵入体的pH-f O 2相图和动态传输模型,以揭示蚀变分带成因和金属成矿机制。LMA与GEM结果显示初始成矿流体pH值为4.7,logf_(O2)=-23.0(ΔFMQ=+2.7),且溶解Cu含量为1138×10^(-6),Mo为1.2×10^(-6)。研究表明,当该酸性及强氧化性流体流入二长花岗斑岩体时,在温度为450~360℃范围内,代表钾硅酸盐化蚀变的钾长石、黑云母、硬石膏、赤铁矿和磁铁矿的矿物逐渐沉淀,且与钾硅酸盐化蚀变相关流体具有较高pH值(5.0~7.0)和氧逸度(ΔFMQ=+2.9~+3.6)特征;当温度在360~320℃范围时,代表青磐岩化蚀变阶段的典型矿物如绿帘石、铁绿泥石和斜绿泥石等逐渐形成,流体pH值(5.0~6.4)和氧逸度(ΔFMQ=+1.1)均有所下降;当温度进一步从320℃下降到200℃时,流体pH值(5.0~5.7)进一步小幅下降,而氧逸度则(ΔFMQ=+1.7)略有回升,在此期间,绢云母和方解石等开始沉淀并形成典型的绢英岩化蚀变。此外,以HMoO_(4)^(-)和MoO_(4)^(2-)为载体的Mo在狭窄高温区间(450~370℃)内沉淀,而以CuCl(CuCl_(4)^(3-)、CuCl_(2)^(-)、CuCl)为主要载体的Cu则在在中、高温(450~300℃)范围中沉淀。通过利用LMA反演及GEM正演相结合定量化地刻画了玉龙斑岩铜矿水岩反应过程,由此揭示了斑岩矿床蚀变分带是逐渐冷却的单一岩浆热液与斑岩体不断反应的结果,且不同温度窗口对应着钾硅酸盐化(450~360℃)、青磐岩化(360~320℃)和绢英岩化(320~200℃)蚀变矿物的形成,故含矿流体温度的快速下降可能是玉龙铜矿蚀变叠加的重要因素。此外,Cu、Mo络合离子溶解度对温度变化的差异响应,导致了Mo矿化主要发育于靠近斑岩体的高温区域,而Cu则以网脉状-浸染状叠加到Mo矿化之上,并广泛分布于斑岩体周边的高-中温区域。

试论中亚造山带东部多宝山矿田斑岩铜浅成低温金系统成矿特征与矿床模型

多宝山矿田位于中亚造山带东段,是目前我国东北地区规模最大、成矿时代最老(477~470 Ma)的斑岩铜钼浅成低温热液金成矿系统,已探明铜、钼、金储量分别可达5 Mt、0.16 Mt和130 t。从成矿系统角度,其成矿特征和矿床模型尚不清晰。本文系统分析了矿床的地质地球化学特征和成矿时代,发现该成矿系统存在两期成矿事件,以第一期为主,发生在早奥陶世;第二期为叠加成矿,发生在晚三叠世。成矿作用具有下部为隐爆角砾状铜矿化、中部为脉状铜矿化、上部为金矿化的空间结构特征,围岩蚀变从中心向两侧依次为钾化黑云母化带、青磐岩化带、黏土化带、碳酸盐化带、绢英岩化带和硅化带。成矿流体主要来源于岩浆水,从多宝山斑岩铜矿到争光浅成热液金矿床呈现大气水加入比例增大的趋势。根据第一期成矿斑岩具有高Ce^(4+)/Ce^(3+)(174~461;均值约290)、高f_(O2)埃达克质岩浆特征,进一步得出主成矿期与古生代古亚洲洋俯冲作用相关的壳幔混源岩浆作用有关。成矿受古火山机构所制约,其北西到南东成矿深度增大与剥蚀程度相关,受铜山逆断层作用效应,暗示铜山断层以南为较好的找矿靶区。最后,本文建立了该区古生代斑岩铜浅成低温热液金成矿系统的矿床模型,以期为该区进一步矿产勘探提供借鉴。

冀东矿集区金厂峪金矿床“三位一体”成矿预测模型及找矿预测

金厂峪金矿床作为冀东矿集区规模最大、开采历史最悠久的矿床之一,为中国的金资源量提供了保障。目前,该矿床找矿工作遇到瓶颈,为解决深边部增储的关键问题,根据“三位一体”勘查区找矿预测理论与方法对其进行了立典式研究,建立矿床“三位一体”成矿预测模型对深边部找矿工作进行指导。通过对金厂峪金矿床的典型剖面、巷道进行大比例尺构造、矿化蚀变填图,查明了成矿构造和成矿结构面,刻画了矿区成矿构造空间展布形态。在确定金厂峪金矿床成矿地质体基础上,进一步梳理其与成矿构造和成矿结构面、成矿作用特征标志间的关系,初步构建了“三位一体”成矿预测模型,推测深部找矿目标应集中在Ⅴ号矿脉0勘探线—55勘探线-1000~-600 m标高,外围找矿靶区则应在Ⅰ号、Ⅲ号、Ⅳ号矿脉的西侧。经工程初步验证,“三位一体”成矿预测模型预测效果良好,对金厂峪金矿床的接续性找矿生产工作具有良好的现实指导意义。

新疆东准噶尔碰撞后成矿响应:来自松喀尔苏铜金矿床地质特征及花岗斑岩地球化学证据

本文对松喀尔苏斑岩型铜金矿床的地质特征,以及与矿化关系密切的花岗斑岩开展了岩石地球化学特征研究,同时结合区域构造演化特点及岩浆活动与成矿响应等,分析矿床形成的成矿专属性。微量元素特征显示出明显的亏损Sr、Nb、Ti、P等大离子亲石元素,富集Rb、Th、Zr、Hf等高场强元素。钾长花岗岩稀土元素特征显示稀土配分模式为“海鸥式”,δEu介于0.41~0.49之间,表现为强烈亏损型,暗示源区存在斜长石的分离结晶。花岗斑岩样品稀土元素REE介于30×10^(-6)~50.6×10^(-6)之间,变化范围窄且含量稍低,所有样品配分模式一致,δEu介于0.80~1.17之间,表明岩浆在演化过程中没有发生明显的斜长石分离结晶作用。这些特征表明松喀尔苏钾长花岗岩形成于浅部的长英质年轻地壳,花岗斑岩可能起源于新元古代新生地壳的部分熔融,但在形成过程中混入了不同比例的幔源组分。本文研究为理解东准噶尔地区的成矿机制提供了地球化学证据,以期为下一步在该地区开展找矿勘查及预测提供理论依据。

东昆仑清水河东沟钼矿床成矿模式探讨

本文在总结东昆仑清水河东沟钼矿床成矿地质背景和矿床特征的基础上,通过分析矿石的流体包裹体特征,探讨了矿床成因并建立了成矿模式。研究表明,清水河东沟钼矿床是与浅成超浅成斑岩侵入活动有关的斑岩型钼矿床,成矿岩体为二长花岗斑岩,在斑岩及蚀变围岩中发育呈层状、似层状、透镜状钼矿体;辉钼矿多以鳞片集合体状、星点状分布于石英脉体中及岩石裂隙面上,少量以细脉浸染状分布于蚀变岩石中;矿石流体包裹体具有高—低温、低盐度、低密度的特点。清水河东沟钼矿床形成于晚三叠世后碰撞伸展环境,成矿物质来源主要为斑岩岩浆。该研究结果可为进一步开展区域成矿规律研究和找矿勘查工作提供参考。

埃达克岩:斑岩铜矿的一种可能的重要含矿母岩——以西藏和智利斑岩铜矿为例

作者通过对 3个重要的斑岩铜矿带的综合研究和对比分析发现 ,最具成矿潜力的含矿斑岩不是典型的岛弧岩浆岩 ,而是一种高SiO2 〔w(SiO2 ) >5 6 %〕、高Al2 O3〔w(Al2 O3) >15 %〕、富Sr(多数wSr>40 0× 10 -6)、低Y(多数wY<16× 10 -6)的岩石 ,具有埃达克岩地球化学特征 ,显示埃达克岩岩浆亲合性。含矿的长英质岩浆并非来自地幔楔形区或壳幔过渡带 ,而是来自俯冲的洋壳板片的直接熔融。该俯冲板片熔融前通常变质为含水的榴辉岩。在安第斯弧造山带 ,大洋板块低缓、快速、斜向俯冲 ,诱发洋壳板片直接熔融 ,形成埃达克质熔体 ,后者通过分凝和封闭性演化 ,形成安第斯中新世_上新世巨型斑岩铜矿系统 ;在青藏高原碰撞造山带 ,俯冲并堆积于地幔岩石圈的古老洋壳物质的变质和拆沉 ,诱发榴辉岩部分熔融 ,产生埃达克质熔体 ,并与幔源熔体混合 ,形成西藏冈底斯和玉龙斑岩铜矿系统。