Integrated high-performance and accurate shaping technology of low-cost powder metallurgy titanium alloys: A comprehensive review

The practical engineering applications of powder metallurgy (PM) Ti alloys produced through cold compaction and pressure-less sintering are impeded by poor sintering densification, embrittlement caused by excessive O impurities, and severe sintering deforma-tion resulting from the use of heterogeneous powder mixtures. This review presents a summary of our previous work on addressing the above challenges. Initially, we proposed a novel strategy using reaction-induced liquid phases to enhance sintering densification. Near- complete density (relative density exceeding 99%) was achieved by applying the above strategy and newly developed sintering aids. By focusing on the O-induced embrittlement issue, we determined the onset dissolution temperature of oxide films in the Ti matrix. On the basis of this finding, we established a design criterion for effective O scavengers that require reaction with oxide films before their dissol-ution. Consequently, a ductile PM Ti alloy was successfully obtained by introducing 0.3wt% NdB6 as the O scavenger. Lastly, a powder- coating strategy was adopted to address the sintering deformation issue. The ultrafine size and shell-like distribution characteristics of coating particles ensured rapid dissolution and homogeneity in the Ti matrix, thereby facilitating linear shrinkage during sintering. As a result, geometrically complex Ti alloy parts with high dimensional accuracy were fabricated by using the coated powder. Our fundament-al findings and related technical achievements enabled the development of an integrated production technology for the high-performance and accurate shaping of low-cost PM Ti alloys. Additionally, the primary engineering applications and progress in the industrialization practice of our developed technology are introduced in this review.

Effect of titanium on the sticking of pellets based on hydrogen metallurgy shaft furnace:Behavior analysis and mechanism evolution

Direct reduction based on hydrogen metallurgical gas-based shaft furnace is a promising technology for the efficient and low-carbon smelting of vanadium-titanium magnetite.However,in this process,the sticking of pellets occurs due to the aggregation of metal-lic iron between the contact surfaces of adjacent pellets and has a serious negative effect on the continuous operation.This paper presents a detailed experimental study of the effect of TiO2 on the sticking behavior of pellets during direct reduction under different conditions.Results showed that the sticking index(SI)decreased linearly with the increasing TiO2 addition.This phenomenon can be attributed to the increase in unreduced FeTiO3 during reduction,leading to a decrease in the number and strength of metallic iron interconnections at the sticking interface.When the TiO2 addition amount was raised from 0 to 15wt%at 1100°C,the SI also increased from 0.71%to 59.91%.The connection of the slag phase could be attributed to the sticking at a low reduction temperature,corresponding to the low sticking strength.Moreover,the interconnection of metallic iron became the dominant factor,and the SI increased sharply with the increase in re-duction temperature.TiO2 had a greater effect on SI at a high reduction temperature than at a low reduction temperature.

Microstructure evolution and strengthening mechanism of high -performance powder metallurgy TA15 titanium alloy by hot rolling

Hot deformation of sintered billets by powder metallurgy(PM)is an effective preparation technique for titanium alloys,which is more significant for high-alloying alloys.In this study,Ti–6.5Al–2Zr–Mo–V(TA15)titanium alloy plates were prepared by cold press-ing sintering combined with high-temperature hot rolling.The microstructure and mechanical properties under different process paramet-ers were investigated.Optical microscope,electron backscatter diffraction,and others were applied to characterize the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties strengthening mechanism.The results showed that the chemical compositions were uniformly dif-fused without segregation during sintering,and the closing of the matrix craters was accelerated by increasing the sintering temperature.The block was hot rolled at 1200℃ with an 80%reduction under only two passes without annealing.The strength and elongation of the plate at 20–25℃ after solution and aging were 1247 MPa and 14.0%,respectively,which were increased by 24.5%and 40.0%,respect-ively,compared with the as-sintered alloy at 1300℃.The microstructure was significantly refined by continuous dynamic recrystalliza-tion,which was completed by the rotation and dislocation absorption of the substructure surrounded by low-angle grain boundaries.After hot rolling combined with heat treatment,the strength and plasticity of PM-TA15 were significantly improved,which resulted from the dense,uniform,and fine recrystallization structure and the synergistic effect of multiple slip systems.

Development in oxide metallurgy for improving the weldability of high -strength low-alloy steel-Combined deoxidizers and microalloying elements

The mechanisms of oxide metallurgy include inducing the formation of intragranular acicular ferrite(IAF)using micron-sized inclusions and restricting the growth of prior austenite grains(PAGs)by nanosized particles during welding.The chaotically oriented IAF and refined PAGs inhibit crack initiation and propagation in the steel,resulting in high impact toughness.This work summarizes the com-bined effect of deoxidizers and alloying elements,with the aim to provide a new perspective for the research and practice related to im-proving the impact toughness of the heat affected zone(HAZ)during the high heat input welding.Ti complex deoxidation with other strong deoxidants,such as Mg,Ca,Zr,and rare earth metals(REMs),can improve the toughness of the heat-affected zone(HAZ)by re-fining PAGs or increasing IAF contents.However,it is difficult to identify the specific phase responsible for IAF nucleation because ef-fective inclusions formed by complex deoxidation are usually multiphase.Increasing alloying elements,such as C,Si,Al,Nb,or Cr,con-tents can impair HAZ toughness.A high C content typically increases the number of coarse carbides and decreases the potency of IAF formation.Si,Cr,or Al addition leads to the formation of undesirable microstructures.Nb reduces the high-temperature stability of the precipitates.Mo,V,and B can enhance HAZ toughness.Mo-containing precipitates present good thermal stability.VN or V(C,N)is ef-fective in promoting IAF nucleation due to its good coherent crystallographic relationship with ferrite.The formation of the B-depleted zone around the inclusion promotes IAF formation.The interactions between alloying elements are complex,and the effect of adding dif-ferent alloying elements remains to be evaluated.In the future,the interactions between various alloying elements and their effects on ox-ide metallurgy,as well as the calculation of the nucleation effects of effective inclusions using first principles calculations will become the focus of oxide metallurgy.

Erratum to:Review on biomass metallurgy:Pretreatment technology,metallurgical mechanism and process design

Erratum to:International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials Volume 29,Number 6,June 2022,Page 1133 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-022-2501-9 The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake.The spelling of the surname of one of the co-authors was incorrect.The name should be Alberto N.Conejo.

Analysis of Oxygen Consumption in Lead and Zinc Metallurgy

This article analyzes the role of oxygen in lead zinc metallurgy,including shortening the metallurgical process,promoting energy conservation and environmental protection,improving metallurgical strength,enhancing raw material adaptability,and enhancing comprehensive recovery efficiency.This article introduces different lead zinc metallurgical processes and their oxygen consumption characteristics,including oxygen enriched side blowing lead smelting,oxygen bottom blowing lead smelting,oxygen enriched top blowing lead smelting,flash smelting lead,oxygen pressure leaching zinc smelting,and atmospheric pressure oxygen leaching zinc smelting.It is pointed out that oxygen enhanced metallurgy is the direction for the transformation and upgrading of lead zinc metallurgy.

Ceramic particles reinforced copper matrix composites manufactured by advanced powder metallurgy:preparation, performance, and mechanisms

Copper matrix composites doped with ceramic particles are known to effectively enhance the mechanical properties,thermal expansion behavior and high-temperature stability of copper while maintaining high thermal and electrical conductivity.This greatly expands the applications of copper as a functional material in thermal and conductive components,including electronic packaging materials and heat sinks,brushes,integrated circuit lead frames.So far,endeavors have been focusing on how to choose suitable ceramic components and fully exert strengthening effect of ceramic particles in the copper matrix.This article reviews and analyzes the effects of preparation techniques and the characteristics of ceramic particles,including ceramic particle content,size,morphology and interfacial bonding,on the diathermancy,electrical conductivity and mechanical behavior of copper matrix composites.The corresponding models and influencing mechanisms are also elaborated in depth.This review contributes to a deep understanding of the strengthening mechanisms and microstructural regulation of ceramic particle reinforced copper matrix composites.By more precise design and manipulation of composite microstructure,the comprehensive properties could be further improved to meet the growing demands of copper matrix composites in a wide range of application fields.

工程教育认证背景下冶金工程专业课程教学持续化改革与实践

在工程教育专业认证背景下,针对内蒙古科技大学冶金工程专业开展持续化教学改革。通过培养方案修订、具体课程考核与评价方式重新合理设置等措施以满足工程教育认证持续改进工作的要求。同时,以钢铁冶金工艺学课程为例阐释持续改进后的课程综合评价分析具体过程,以保证更优地完成课程目标达成工作及教学培养学生过程中的良好改进。

废锂离子电池的冶金回收工艺研究进展

回收废锂离子电池对资源可持续性和人类健康至关重要。废锂离子电池需要经过预处理拆解为各种组分,其中正极材料是各种组分中最具回收价值和意义的部分。目前,冶金工艺是废锂离子电池正极材料回收的主要方法,该工艺主要包括废锂离子电池的预处理、有价金属的提取、产品的回收3个阶段。总结了各阶段的主要方法和进展,并对比了各种方法的优缺点。经对比发现在废锂离子电池的预处理阶段中,机械化的处理方式是未来的发展方向;在有价金属的提取和产品回收的2个阶段中,将各种工艺相耦合来开发绿色、低成本、高效率的组合工艺将是今后的发展趋势。

影响工业还原罐内铝热法炼镁过程还原效率的因素

在工业还原罐内进行铝热还原炼镁试验,分析影响还原效率的因素。结果表明:结晶镁的氧化和燃烧以及原料混合不均匀是导致还原效率降低的主要原因;原料混合不均匀导致贫铝区和MgO剩余,促进生成12CaO·7Al_(2)O_(3)和CaO·Al_(2)O_(3);对于富铝区域,MgO和CaO同时被还原,生成Mg_(2)Ca相。辐射传热和化学反应吸热是影响还原速率的关键因素;提高加热温度能够迅速提高球团层的温度,进而使球团获得足够的反应速度;此外,球团中含镁量越高,需要的反应时间越长。

化工冶金跨行业耦合二氧化碳循环利用技术

双碳战略是国家重大战略,也是推动国家经济高质量可持续发展的必由之路。我国碳达峰到碳中和时间短、任务重。我国化工冶金每年碳排放约36亿t,约占全国工业碳排放量的36%,此外化工冶金废气、固废、废热产生量大、堆存量多、难利用、循环利用率低。发展化工冶金低碳化转型和变革,是我国工业领域双碳目标实现的根本保证。我国化工冶金历时百年,已发展成熟,仅通过原料燃料替代及绿色工艺转型减碳容量有限,亟需开展化工冶金跨行业耦合与循环利用技术变革,深入推动工业领域减碳。我国化工冶金大多是孤立、非循环连续工艺过程,引起跨行业耦合难、循环利用难度大的问题。针对上述问题,首先分析了化工冶金行业碳排放治理现状及国家战略需求;其次,提出了废气与废热耦合热化学转化制高质气体、废气与废气耦合定向催化制高端化学品、废气与固废耦合制低碳材料3个减碳增效策略。结合其技术发展现状和趋势,提出了拟重点发展的化工冶金跨行业耦合二氧化碳循环利用技术,以期为工业低碳绿色发展提供支撑。

2023年钼业年评

2023年钼产品价格较2022年上涨34%,创17年来新高。受此影响,国内外多家已停产或停止开发的钼企业重启生产及开发计划,使得国际国内钼产量增长约14%。国内外钼的应用、科技研发方面均有进步与突破,钼被越来越多地应用于新的领域并显现出优异的特性。

镍闪速炉熔炼共生产品生命周期评价碳排放分配问题

金属镍生产是典型的多元素共生冶炼过程,清单分配问题是制约其生命周期评价准确性的重要技术因素。以共生反应最为密集的硫化镍矿闪速炉熔炼流程为研究对象,采取边界扩展、物理关联、质量分配等多种清单分配方法,在Ni、Cu、S这3种元素之间进行CO_2排放分配。边界扩展分配计算结果显示,非金属共生元素与金属产物之间的分配结果为29.86%,金属共生元素之间的分配结果为70.14%。对比分析结果显示,边界扩展方法对于中间态产物的适用性较差;物理关联分配结果准确,但需要大量流程工艺参数支撑;质量分配易于计算,但其准确性取决于共生产品之间的物理化学属性差异。

案例教学在提高冶金热力学课程教学效果中的运用

冶金热力学是应用热力学的基本原理来研究冶金过程中能量的相互转化及化学反应进行的方向和限度,以及影响反应进行的各种因素,目的在于控制反应向所需要的方向进行。该文通过案例教学措施激发学生对冶金热力学课程的学习兴趣,深化学生对热力学基本理论知识的理解,以提高学生分析和解决实际问题的实践能力,进而提高冶金热力学课程的教学质量和水平。

Fe含量对粉末冶金Cu-Fe合金显微组织与性能的影响

研究Fe含量对粉末冶金Cu-Fe合金显微组织及性能的影响。采用电火花等离子烧结、冷轧以及时效处理工艺制备4种不同铁含量(5%、10%、20%和40%,质量分数)的Cu-Fe合金。研究结果表明,随着Fe含量从5%(质量分数)增加到40%(质量分数),Fe相由离散球形分布演变为连续交错分布,Fe相尺寸从0.29μm增加到1.20μm;时效态的Cu-Fe合金的屈服强度从411.5 MPa提高到788.8 MPa,电导率从62.5%(IACS)降低到42.0%(IACS)。在以上结果的基础上,提出一种混合法则计算Cu基体、初级Fe相和次级Fe相对屈服强度的贡献,可较好地预测Fe含量高于10%(质量分数)合金的力学性能。

金工实习综合课件改革设计与应用

针对工科专业传统金工实习主要关注技术训练,缺少专业特色、缺乏综合能力的培养,设计金工实习“小车快跑”综合实习课件。该课件由不同工种完成不同功能的零部件,最后经装配钳工完成小货车的组装,并增加小型竞赛环节,验证综合实习课件完成效果。“小车快跑”综合课件实习加强了学生金工综合能力训练,提高了学生的协作精神,创新思维能力。实践证明,“小车快跑”综合实习课件显著提高了学生对金工实习的兴趣,可以更好地达到专业课程的目标要求。

一种高性能非蒸散型吸气剂的性能分析

非蒸散型吸气剂(NEG)是高真空和超高真空系统维持真空度的重要材料,具有高稳定性和高气体吸附性能,文章采用粉末冶金的方法制备出Zr_(59.46)V_(29.81)Al_(10.73)吸气剂,并基于小孔流导法搭建了一套吸气剂性能测试的高真空系统,分别测试了气体种类及工作温度对吸气剂性能的影响,实验结果表明:Zr_(59.46)V_(29.81)Al_(10.73)吸气剂对H_(2)、CO_(2)、N2都有很好的吸气性能,其对H_(2)的吸气性能远超N2和CO_(2),但它不吸收He等惰性气体,不同工作温度对吸气性能有很大差异,其最佳工作温度为200℃。利用X射线衍射图谱(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及能量色散图谱(EDS)对吸气剂进行晶相、形貌和成分分析,结果表明Zr_(59.46)V_(29.81)Al_(10.73)吸气剂表面呈现多孔状结构,其主要由α-Zr基固溶体、C15 Laves相及少量Zr_(x)Al_(y)化合物组成,多孔的结构及α-Zr基固溶体、C15 Laves相的高比例有利于吸气剂对活性气体的吸附,因此Zr_(59.46)V_(29.81)Al_(10.73)吸气剂展现出较好的性能。

致密铼粒的制备研究

为了制备致密铼粒,采用粉末冶金法和电弧熔炼法分别处理5N铼粉。结果表明:当压坯压力为20 MPa、烧结温度2 000℃、烧结时间4 h时,在氢气气氛下烧结后制得致密铼粒,其致密度达到92.33%,且晶粒尺寸为8~20μm,其微观形貌呈现多孔状且具有较多孔洞缺陷;而电弧熔炼法所得铼粒微观形貌平整无缺陷,其致密度高达99.95%,优于粉末冶金法所得铼粒的致密度,但其晶粒尺寸偏大,其值为700~1 500μm。

产学教融合下创新实践训练对大学生专业认知的提升与能力的培养

粉末冶金是一门是实践性很强的工科专业,高等院校的专业教学应该与工程实践紧密关联,同时教育信息化背景下对教学模式提出新的要求。“冶粉成金”大学生创新实践团队深入合肥波林新材料股份有限公司,以一种典型零件——粉末冶金含油轴套为研究对象,探究现代粉末冶金生产制造全工艺流程以及蕴含在其中的关键技术,设计并制作信息化视频作品。基于产学教融合的实践创新训练促进了大学生对专业领域工程实践层面的认知,并为粉末冶金专业教学贡献自主设计的优质教学资源。

W元素在新型镍基粉末高温合金中的强化作用

通过真空感应熔炼(VIM)棒料+电极感应熔炼氩气雾化(EIGA)制粉+热等静压(HIP)成形+热处理(HT)工艺制备三种W含量(质量分数4.1%、6.1%和8.1%)的新型镍基粉末高温合金实验锭坯。以此锭坯为对象,结合金属材料相图计算及材料性能模拟软件JMatPro 6.5计算,利用SEM、EBSD和XRD分析W含量对热处理态锭坯显微组织(如晶粒尺寸、退火孪晶、γ′强化相及错配度)的影响,测试分析不同温度下合金的拉伸性能,通过经验公式量化分析各强化机制对合金室温屈服强度的贡献情况。结果表明,随着W含量增加,γ基体层错能明显降低,热处理态退火孪晶界Σ3数量增多;W促使晶内一次γ′强化相由立方状加速粗化为固态枝晶状,对γ′总量和二次、三次γ′的影响不大;W进入γ基体产生晶格畸变的程度大于γ′强化相,使得γ′/γ错配度呈下降趋势;W有助于提高室温和650~800℃拉伸强度,但略微降低塑性;W主要起固溶强化、γ/γ′共格应变强化和晶界强化作用,其中固溶强化贡献相对最低,固溶强化时以强化γ基体为主,γ基体固溶强化和γ/γ′共格应变强化效果随W含量增加而减弱,W含量为6.1%时晶界强化效果最大;固溶强化、γ/γ′共格应变强化和晶界强化贡献值总和不足室温屈服强度实测值的50%,合金以γ′相沉淀强化为主,测试值和计算值较为吻合。