PRECIPITATION OF TiC IN METASTABLE β-Ti ALLOY

In order to clarify that the IFP and the “Type 2”α phase are also arising from TiC,a metastable β-Ti alloy was selected for investigation in this work.The results showed that af- ter heating the alloy just below the α+β→β transus temperature and quenching,the TiC lay- er existed at the α/β interface.The morphology of TiC is similar to that of the IFP arising from TiH_2 in the α-β two-phase alloys.The IFP TiC also provided an easy crack path or the crack initiation sites.The fracture is also identical to that caused by IFP TiH_2.The arced diffractions(characteristic of “Type 2”α)were found in the selected area diffraction pat- terns of some specimens which had been isothermally aged after solid solution treatment.The particles which bring on the arced diffractions may be TiC on the basis of structure and lat- tice parameter analysis,not the so called “Type 2”α phase.

AN FCC METASTABLE PHASE IN A RS Ni-Ti ALLOY

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EXPLOITATION AND APPLICATIONS OF METASTABLE AUSTENITE MATRIX WEAR ALLOYS

Fe based cast alloys with double phases structure of m etastable austenite m atrix an d eutecticcarbide M7 C3 were provided with the excellent properties of high abrasion resistance andhigher i m pact toughness . An i m portant reason of high abrasion resistance is hard ness violentincreasing on the m atrix surface because of w ear easily induced m artensite transfor m ation . The exploitation and applications of m etastable austenite m atrix wear alloys of Fe C Cr Nisyste m and Fe C Cr Mn system were described in this paper . The excellent properties of thesealloys w ill be sufficiently indicated by authors’exa m ples . To exploit a class of these alloyswith high abrasion resistance and various im pact toughness for m eeting the requirem ent of dif ferent environ ment , the proble m of the structure design of metastable austenite m atrix wearalloy w as also described in this paper .

Microstructure Evolution in a Rapidly Solidified Cu85Fe15 Alloy Undercooled into the Metastable Miscibility Gap

A model has been developed to describe the microstructure evolution in the atomized droplets of Cu-Fe alloy during cooling through the metastable miscibility gap. Calculations have been performed for Cu85Fe15 alloy to investigate the process of liquid-liquid phase transformation. The numerical results indicate that the minority phase droplets are nucleated in a temperature region around the peak of the supersaturation. The average radius of the Fe-rlch droplets decreases and the number density of the minority phase droplets increases with decreasing the atomized droplet size. The simulated results were compared with the experimental ones. The kinetic process of the liquid-liquid phase transformation was discussed in detail.

Non-equilibrium microstructure and the metastable phase of Al-9.6wt%Mg Alloy solidification under high pressure

The non-equilibrium microstructure and a new metastable phase of Al-9.6wt%Mg alloy solidified at 6 GPa were studied by optical microscope,differential scanning calorimetry,X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope.The results showed that dendrite microstructure was refined,and the solid solubility of Mg in α-Al phase increased greatly.Correspondingly,the lattice parameter of α-Al phase increased.Al3Mg2 phases disappeared under high pressure solidification.In particular,a metastable phase with small size(20 nm or so) was produced in the alloy,its melting temperature range was 464～518.2 ℃,which was higher than that of Al3Mg2 phase(453～465 ℃) under normal pressure.These metastable phases located in the interdendritic position.It was the first time that the metastable phase was found in Al-Mg alloy at a high pressure of 6 GPa.The formation mechanism of the metastable phases was discussed.

METASTABLE PHASE AND AGE HARDENING IN RAPIDLY－SOLIDIFIED SILVER－RICH Ag－Gd ALLOYS

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METASTABLE R-PHASE IN Fe-Cr-Mo AND Fe-Cr-W ALLOYS

The precipitation behaviour of Fe-Cr-Mo and Fe-Cr-W alloys during aging has been ex- perimentally studied.It was found that in the early stage of aging,a metastable R phase pre- cipitated in both alloys,it was transformed into stable μ-phase,Laves-phase,X-phase or σ-phase in the later stages.The crystallographic structure of metastable R-phase is rhombohedral with lattice parameters of a=0.9075 nm and α=74.45°.The chemical compo- sition of R-phase is Fe-(27.5—34.9)Mo-(0—25.5)Cr and Fe-(28.9—33.0)W-(9.36— 21.0)Cr in at.-% in Fe-Cr-Mo and Fe-Cr-W system,respectively.

METASTABLE PHASES IN RAPIDLY-SOLIDIFIED ALUMINIUMRICH Al-Sm ALLOYS

The splat foils of Al-Sm alloys with 0.04-0.06mm in thickness were made by hammeranvil technique. The estimated cooling rute was 106K/ order of magnitude. The extended solid solubility of Sm in α-Al reached 0.5at. % Sm. The intermediate phase in the rapidlysolidified Al-Sm alloys is Al11Sm3 phase, which is stable only at temperatures above 1339K in equilibrium state and retained to ambient temperature as a metastable phase, whereas the equlibrium intermediate phase, Al3Sm, was restricted to occur.

On the Formability of Some Metastable Alloy Phases

Pattern recognition and neural network methods have been used to investigate the formability of metastable alloy phases, It has been found that some chemi cal bond parameters Such as valence electron number, electronegativity and metallic radii of cor-nponent elements are the dominating fac tors affecting metastable alloy phase formation. Some semi-empirical rules found in this way may be useful for the construction of expert system for materials design.

Synthesis and characterization of metastable Ag-B solid solutions

Mechanical alloying (MA) was applied to Ag B immiscible binary systems by ball milling elemental Ag and B powders. The microstructural characterization of the milled powders was carried out by XRD and TEM. The results show that face centered cubic (FCC) Ag B solid solutions are formed and that the maximum ratio of B to Ag is 4∶1. The structure evolution of Ag B solid solution during ball milling indicates that the formation of Ag B solid solution may be divided into two stages, which are mainly substitutional and interstitial solutions separately. The decomposition of the as milled granules under the irradiation of electron beam is observed by TEM, which reveals that the solid solutions are metastable.

间隙强化FeMnCoCr亚稳高熵合金及其低温/临氢服役性能研究进展

以马氏体/孪晶相变为主要变形机制的FeMnCoCr系亚稳高熵合金以其优异的综合力学性能,倍受结构材料研究领域的关注,在氢能储运、吸能保护和深空深海等领域极具应用潜力,尤其是深低温/临氢等复杂服役场景增多,复杂的场景对金属结构材料提出了更严苛的性能要求。非金属元素间隙/置换强化是进一步提升该体系力学性能的主要手段,马氏体相变诱导塑性变形机制和多种复杂界面结构为拓展其在低温/临氢环境服役带来可能。本文围绕显微组织、精细结构和力学性能的最新研究进展,首先概述了近年来FeMnCoCr亚稳高熵合金发展动态,然后总结了几类常用非金属元素间隙/置换亚稳高熵合金调控方法和强化机理,最后概括了FeMnCoCr系亚稳高熵合金在低温/临氢服役环境中的影响机制,并展望了FeMnCoCr系亚稳高熵合金未来的研究方向和发展趋势。

亚稳β-Ti合金设计方法

获得具有优异性能的亚稳β-Ti合金需要添加多种元素进行合金化,而如何有效进行合金的成分设计是亚稳β-Ti合金合金化的关键。系统总结了多组元亚稳β-Ti合金的设计方法,包括Mo当量法、电子理论法、计算机模拟计算法以及基于"团簇+连接原子"结构模型的设计方法,其中基于团簇结构模型的设计方法是从局域微观原子结构出发进行合金成分设计,为合金设计开辟了新的设计思想。

Integrating machine learning and CALPHAD method for exploring low-modulus near-β-Ti alloys

Traditional theoretical and empirical calculation methods can guide the design of β-and metastable β-alloys for bio-titanium. However, it is still difficult to obtain novel near-β-Ti alloys with low modulus. This study developed a method that combines machine learning with calculation of phase diagrams(CALPHAD) to facilitate the design of near-β-Ti alloys. An elastic modulus database of Ti–Nb–Zr–Mo–Ta–Sn system was constructed first, and then three features(the electron to atom ratio, mean absolute deviation of atom mass, and mean electronegativity) were selected as the key factors of modulus by performing a three-step feature selection. With these features, a highly accurate model was built for predicting the modulus of near-β-Ti alloys. To further ensure the accuracy of modulus prediction, machine learning with the elastic constants calculated was leveraged by CALPHAD database. The root mean square error of the well-trained model can be as low as 6.75 GPa. Guided by the prediction of machine learning and CALPHAD, three novel near-β-Ti alloys with elastic modulus below 50 GPa were successfully designed in this study. The best candidate alloy(Ti–26Nb–4Zr–4Sn–1Mo–Ta) exhibits an ultra-low modulus(36.6 GPa) after cold rolling with a thickness reduction of 20%. Our method can greatly save time and resources in the development of novel Ti alloys, and experimental verifications have demonstrated the reliability of this method.

Precipitation process and its effects on properties of aging Cu–Ni–Be alloy

The precipitation process of aged Cu-Ni-Be alloy was investigated by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, trans- mission electron microscopy （TEM）, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM）. The tensile strength, yield strength, and electronic conductivity of this alloy after aging were also studied. The precipitation sequence of the C17510 alloy aged at 525 ℃ is supersat-urated solid solution→G.P zones→ γ″-γ′→ γ. This transformation can be achieved by the accumulation of Be-atom layers. The G.P zones are composed of disk-shaped monolayers of Be atoms, which are formed on （001） matrix planes. The intermediate γ″ precipitate is nucleated in the G.P zones. The γ″ and γ′ precipitates have the same orientation relationship with matrix, e.g., （110）p｜｜（100）M,[001]p｜｜[001]M. The tensile strength of specimen shows a maximum during the aging process and then continuously decreases if the specimen is over aged. The strengthening effect of γ′ phase precipitated in aging at 525 ℃ for 4 h is calculated to be 436 MPa according to the Orowan strengthening, which is quite consistent with the experimental data.

亚稳态Fe-Ti块状合金的制备和磁性

应用机械合金化方法制备了FexTi100-x（摩尔分数，x=10-90）合金粉末，并利用冲击压缩方法将上述粉末制成了块状合金．粉末X射线衍射结果显示，所制备合金中包含非晶、纳米晶、过饱和固溶体等亚稳态的结构．冲击压缩后块状合金的X射线衍射图与冲击压缩前的基本没有发生变化，说明在冲击压缩过程中没有发生分解或再结晶．磁性测定结果显示，FexTi100-x合金在室温、800kA／m下的磁极化强度随着铁含量的减少而逐渐降低，当铁的摩尔分数为60％时，其磁极化强度接近于零．穆斯堡尔光谱分析结果显示，Fe—Ti合金含有α-Fe、体心立方结构的Fe-Ti过饱和固溶体以及非晶相．

Deformation kinking and highly localized nanocrystallization in metastableβ-Ti alloys using cold forging

Deformation kinking as an uncommon plastic deformation mechanism has been reported in several materials while the relevant microstructure evolution and grain refinement behavior at a large strain remain unclear so far.In this study,the issue was systematically investigated by utilizing cold forging to impose severe plastic deformation(SPD)on Ti-11 V metastableβ-Ti alloys.It is found that the formation of kink bands experiences dislocation gliding,pre-kinking and the ripening of pre-kinks in sequences.The kink bands are subsequently thickened through the coalescence of multiple kink bands in a manner of high accommodation.Ordinary dislocation slip is developed as a dominant deformation mechanism when deformation kinking is exhausted.The resulting grain refinement involves transverse breakdown and longitudinal splitting of dislocation walls and cells,which fragment kink bands into smallβ-blocks.Further refinement of theβ-blocks is still governed by dislocation activities,and finally nanograins with a diameter of~15 nm are produced at a large strain of 1.2.Alternatively,it is revealed that nanocrystallization is highly localized inside kink bands while the outer microstructure maintains original coarse structures.Such localized refinement characterization is ascribed to the intrinsic soft nature of kink bands,shown as low hardness in nanoindentation testing.The intrinsic softening of kink bands is uncovered to originate from the inner degraded dislocation density evidenced by both experimental measurement and theoretical calculation.These findings enrich fundamental understanding of deformation kinking,and shed some light on exploring the deformation accommodation mechanisms for metal materials at large strains.

Nonlinear Dynamics of Phase Separation in CuCo Alloys

The dynamics of phase separation of CuCo alloys has been studied by numerically solving the nonlinear Cahn-Hilliard equation including thermal noises.The simulations show that phase separation of the alloys within the metastable region is attributed to the composition fluctuations including thermal noises.The present modeling makes it possible to describe the growth and coarsening as concomitant processes.

Phase selection in highly undercooled Fe-B eutectic alloy melts

The high undercooling technique by molten glass slag purification and cyclical superheating in Ar atmosphere was applied to bulk Fe-B alloy melts. A hypercooling was achieved which suppressed the formation of stable phase and consequently promoted the nucleation of metastable phase. Fe-17%B and Fe-20%B alloys were investigated, respectively. TEM and X-ray powder diffraction analyses verify the formation of metastable phase in the highly undercooled Fe-B alloy melts. Besides, the critical nucleation work of Fe2B and Fe3B phases was calculated to predict phase selection in the undercooled melts. The results show that the metastable phase formation is a function of the undercooling achieved prior to nucleation. And the amount of undercooling is an important factor in determining microstructural development by controlling phase selection in the undercooled melts.