Evaluation of Cloud Top Height Retrievals from China’s Next-Generation Geostationary Meteorological Satellite FY-4A

To evaluate the validity of cloud top height (CTH) retrievals from FY-4A, the first of China's next-generation geostationary meteorological satellite series, the retrievals are compared to those from Himawari-8, CloudSat, Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO), and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) operational products from August to October 2017. Regarding CTHs from CloudSat, CALIPSO, and MODIS as truth, the results show that the performance of FY-4A CTH retrievals is similar to that of Himawari-8. Both FY-4A and Himawari-8 retrieve reasonable CTH values for single-layer clouds, but perform poorly for multi-layer clouds. The mean bias error (MBE) shows that the mean value of FY-4A CTH retrievals is smaller than that of Himawari-8 for single-layer clouds but larger for multi-layer clouds. For ice crystal clouds, both FY-4A and Himawari-8 obtain the underestimated CTHs. However, there is a tendency for FY-4A and Himawari-8 to overestimate the CTH values of CloudSat and CALIPSO mainly for low level liquid water clouds. The temperature inversion near the tops of water clouds may result in an overestimation of CTHs. According to the MBE change with altitude, FY-4A and Himawari-8 overestimate the CTHs mainly for clouds below 3 km, and the overestimation is slightly more apparent in Himawari-8 data than that in FY-4A values. As the cloud optical thickness (COT) increases, the CTH bias of FY-4A CTH retrievals gradually decreases. Two typical cases are analyzed to illustrate the differences between different satellites' CTH retrievals in detail.

Satellite-based Observational Study of the Tibetan Plateau Vortex:Features of Deep Convective Cloud Tops

In this study, an east-moving Tibetan Plateau vortex(TPV) is analyzed by using the ERA-5 reanalysis and multi-source satellite data, including FengYun-2 E, Aqua/MODIS and CALIPSO. The objective is to demonstrate:(i) the usefulness of multi-spectral satellite observations in understanding the evolution of a TPV and the associated rainfall, and(ii) the potential significance of cloud-top quantitative information in improving Southwest China weather forecasts. Results in this study show that the heavy rainfall is caused by the coupling of an east-moving TPV and some low-level weather systems [a Plateau shear line and a Southwest Vortex(SWV)], wherein the TPV is a key component. During the TPV's life cycle, the rainfall and vortex intensity maintain a significant positive correlation with the convective cloud-top fraction and height within a 2.5?radius away from its center. Moreover, its growth is found to be quite sensitive to the cloud phases and particle sizes. In the mature stage when the TPV is coupled with an SWV, an increase of small ice crystal particles and appearance of ring-and U/V-shaped cold cloud-top structures can be seen as the signature of a stronger convection and rainfall enhancement within the TPV. A tropopause folding caused by ageostrophic flows at the upper level may be a key factor in the formation of ring-shaped and U/V-shaped cloud-top structures. Based on these results, we believe that the supplementary quantitative information of an east-moving TPV cloud top collected by multi-spectral satellite observations could help to improve Southwest China short-range/nowcasting weather forecasts.

Comparison of Satellite and Ship Observations for Total Cloud Amount

The data series of monthly clouldiness over global ocean from COADS was compared with that of from satellite Nimbus-7 during April 1979 to March 1985. The correspondence between them is good. Both the two methods of observation can provide useful information of the distribution of cloudiness and the two data sets can be mutually complementary.

Developing the Science Product Algorithm Testbed for Chinese Next-Generation Geostationary Meteorological Satellites：Fengyun-4 Series

Fengyun-4A（FY-4A）, the first of the Chinese next-generation geostationary meteorological satellites, launched in2016, offers several advances over the FY-2： more spectral bands, faster imaging, and infrared hyperspectral measurements. To support the major objective of developing the prototypes of FY-4 science algorithms, two science product algorithm testbeds for imagers and sounders have been developed by the scientists in the FY-4 Algorithm Working Group（AWG）. Both testbeds, written in FORTRAN and C programming languages for Linux or UNIX systems, have been tested successfully by using Intel/g compilers. Some important FY-4 science products, including cloud mask, cloud properties, and temperature profiles, have been retrieved successfully through using a proxy imager, Himawari-8/Advanced Himawari Imager（AHI）, and sounder data, obtained from the Atmospheric Infra Red Sounder, thus demonstrating their robustness. In addition, in early 2016, the FY-4 AWG was developed based on the imager testbed—a near real-time processing system for Himawari-8/AHI data for use by Chinese weather forecasters.Consequently, robust and flexible science product algorithm testbeds have provided essential and productive tools for popularizing FY-4 data and developing substantial improvements in FY-4 products.

Improving the Analyses and Forecasts of a Tropical Squall Line Using Upper Tropospheric Infrared Satellite Observations

The advent of modern geostationary satellite infrared radiance observations has noticeably improved numerical weather forecasts and analyses.However,compared to midlatitude weather systems and tropical cyclones,research into using infrared radiance observations for numerically predicting and analyzing tropical mesoscale convective systems remain mostly fallow.Since tropical mesoscale convective systems play a crucial role in regional and global weather,this deficit should be addressed.This study is the first of its kind to examine the potential impacts of assimilating all-sky upper tropospheric infrared radiance observations on the prediction of a tropical squall line.Even though these all-sky infrared radiance observations are not directly affected by lower-tropospheric winds,the high-frequency assimilation of these all-sky infrared radiance observations improved the analyses of the tropical squall line’s outflow position.Aside from that,the assimilation of all-sky infrared radiance observations improved the analyses and prediction of the squall line’s cloud field.Finally,reducing the frequency of assimilating these all-sky infrared radiance observations weakened these improvements to the analyzed outflow position,as well as the analyses and predictions of cloud fields.

多源极轨卫星微波温度计资料实时区域同化系统

基于中尺度数值预报模式WRF和WRFDA同化系统,实现多源极轨卫星微波温度计资料实时区域同化,并对同化产品进行评估和应用。2018年同化试验结果表明:通过质量控制和偏差订正,AMSU-A资料第5~9通道亮温观测增量O-B(观测值O和背景场的正演辐射模拟值B的差值)的标准差有效降低,同化后各通道亮温分析残差O-A(观测值O和分析场的正演辐射模拟值A的差值)的标准差有效降低。同化预报产品被应用在暴雨强对流个例和台风个例中,取得良好效果。

从单星观测到体系协同:风云卫星智慧协同观测体系的技术特征与发展展望

风云卫星是我国民用遥感卫星中应用范围最广泛、成效最为显著的卫星系列之一,在推动国民经济发展和加强装备自主建设等方面发挥了重要作用。面向气象高质量发展、防灾减灾、应对气候变化、生态文明建设和国家安全等多重挑战,风云卫星将坚持创新驱动发展战略,以体系化、智能化为主要发展方向,突破平台和载荷关键技术,构建智慧协同观测体系。本文探讨了风云卫星智慧协同观测体系在气象综合观测效能提升、体系化智能化网络赋能及全方位环境保障等方面的必要性,在分析国内外气象卫星发展历程的基础上,提出了新一代风云气象卫星构建智慧协同观测体系的建设思路和初步方案,并对体系构建中的关键技术进行了分析。最后,展望了风云卫星智慧协同观测体系的应用前景。

东亚地区云垂直结构的CloudSat卫星观测研究

本文利用卫星CloudSat同时结合了与其同轨道的卫星CALIPSO(Cloud-AerosolLidarandInfraredPathfinderSatelliteObservations)2007至2009年3年的观测资料,将东亚地区划分为六个研究区域,着重研究了东亚地区云垂直分布的统计特征。结果表明:东亚地区不同高度的云量之和具有明显的季节变化趋势,夏季最大,春秋次之,冬季最小。海洋上空的单层云量最大值出现在冬季,而在陆地上空则出现在夏季。从云出现概率来看,东亚地区单层云出现的概率在春、夏、秋、冬季节依次为52.2%,48.1%,49.2%和51.9%,而多层(2层和2层以上)云出现的概率在春、夏、秋、冬季节分别为24.2%,31.0%,19.7%,15.8%。云出现的总概率和多层云出现的概率,在六个区域都呈现出夏季最大,冬季最小;对4个季节都呈现出东亚南部比东亚北部大,海洋上空比陆地上空大的特点,表明云出现的总概率的季节变化主要由多层云出现的概率的变化决定。东亚地区云系统中最高层云云顶的高度,在夏季最高,为15.9km,在冬季最低,为8.2km;在东亚南部和海洋上空较高,平均为15.1km;在东亚北部较低,平均为12.1km,且呈现东亚南北部之间差异较大的特点。东亚地区云系统的云层厚度基本位于1km到3km之间,且夏季大,冬季小;对同一季节,不同区域的云层厚度差别较小;当多层云系统中的云层数目增加时,云层的平均厚度减少,且较高层的云层平均厚度大于较低层的。云层间距的概率分布基本呈单峰分布,出现峰值范围的云层间距在1到3km之间,各区域之间没有明显差别,季节变化也不大。本文的研究为在气候模式中精确描述云的垂直结构提供了有用的参数化依据。

基于数据湖的省级卫星直收站数据共享服务设计

针对省级卫星直收站数据存储分散造成共享应用不便的问题,提出卫星多源数据便捷高效访问和安全分级管理方案。引入数据湖技术,按照全国统一规范构建了基于气象大数据云平台的省级气象数据湖系统,基于此实现了FY-3、FY-4卫星地面直收站原始接收数据、加工处理产品等多种卫星数据入湖集中管理,并提供统一的数据共享服务,解决了海量多源异构数据的存储、管理和共享服务等技术难题。通过数据湖统一权限控制,实现对用户访问数据的分级管理,保障了数据应用的稳定性和安全性。通过数据湖统一文件目录服务,实现长时间序列文件的便捷快速获取,有效支撑卫星数据的服务应用和挖掘分析。

基于遥感卫星的极端气象观测数据安全预警系统设计

影响极端气象产生与演变的因素众多,给极端气象的预警工作带来较大难度,为及时对极端气象作出有效防御,利用遥感卫星观测数据设计并开发了极端气象观测数据安全预警系统;设计遥感卫星观测数据校准器、观测数据采集器、处理器、安全报警器,调整通信模块的连接方式,完成安全预警系统硬件的优化;通过遥感卫星、暴雨极端天气等数据库表的构建与连接,建立系统数据库;在系统硬件和数据库的支持下,利用遥感卫星观测数据获取气象观测数据,通过气象观测数据特征的提取,估算极端气象参数,将其与设置的安全阈值进行比对,综合极端气象强度和紧迫度参数,实现系统的安全预警功能;实验结果表明,所设计系统的平均预警时间偏差为0.18 h,误警率和漏警率平均值分别为2.8%和2.7%,响应时延平均值为16.4 ms。

星基GNSS掩星事件预报方法分析

针对全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)星基掩星观测时长通常仅有几十秒,特别是在升星掩星观测中,需要快速实现负高度角卫星信号的捕获跟踪,才能获得及时有效的掩星观测时长的问题,基于先验轨道信息辅助的开环跟踪技术,提出一种基于切线高度的掩星事件快速预报方法,以辅助掩星接收机快速捕获和跟踪GNSS掩星信号,从而保证掩星观测数据质量和有效观测时长:对地球局部曲率中心进行修正,得到更为精准的切线高度;然后设置掩星事件的判决条件,采用极值的方式快速预报出符合阈值的掩星事件;最后对全球内曲率中心和曲率半径进行分析。实验结果表明,曲率中心的修正距离最大值可至45 km,曲率半径波动范围可达到65 km,足以影响掩星探测的准确预报。基于气象、电离层和气候星座观测系统(COSMIC-2)实测数据的仿真结果表明,掩星预报的全球定位系统(GPS)掩星漏报率低于3%,格洛纳斯卫星导航系统(GLONASS)掩星漏报率约14.5%,且预报掩星开始时间大多提前5~10 s;证明基于切线高度的掩星预报方法能够有效地应用于星基掩星事件的预报,以辅助接收机准确捕获和跟踪信号,提升掩星观测资料的数据量和有效观测时长。

Analysis of Short-term Cloud Feedback in East Asia Using Cloud Radiative Kernels

Cloud radiative kernels were built by BCC_RAD(Beijing Climate Center radiative transfer model)radiative transfer code.Then,short-term cloud feedback and its mechanisms in East Asia(0.5°S−60.5°N,69.5°−150.5°E)were analyzed quantitatively using the kernels combined with MODIS satellite data from July 2002 to June 2018.According to the surface and monsoon types,four subregions in East Asia-the Tibetan Plateau,northwest,temperate monsoon(TM),and subtropical monsoon(SM)—were selected.The average longwave,shortwave,and net cloud feedbacks in East Asia are−0.68±1.20,1.34±1.08,and 0.66±0.40 W m^−2 K^−1(±2σ),respectively,among which the net feedback is dominated by the positive shortwave feedback.Positive feedback in SM is the strongest of all subregions,mainly due to the contributions of nimbostratus and stratus.In East Asia,short-term feedback in spring is primarily caused by marine stratus in SM,in summer is primarily driven by deep convective cloud in TM,in autumn is mainly caused by land nimbostratus in SM,and in winter is mainly driven by land stratus in SM.Cloud feedback in East Asia is chiefly driven by decreases in mid-level and low cloud fraction owing to the changes in relative humidity,and a decrease in low cloud optical thickness due to the changes in cloud water content.

Reactive scheduling of multiple EOSs under cloud uncertainties:model and algorithms

Most earth observation satellites(EOSs)are low-orbit satellites equipped with optical sensors that cannot see through clouds.Hence,cloud coverage,high dynamics,and cloud uncertainties are important issues in the scheduling of EOSs.The proactive-reactive scheduling framework has been proven to be effective and efficient for the uncertain scheduling problem and has been extensively employed.Numerous studies have been conducted on methods for the proactive scheduling of EOSs,including expectation,chance-constrained,and robust optimization models and the relevant solution algorithms.This study focuses on the reactive scheduling of EOSs under cloud uncertainties.First,using an example,we describe the reactive scheduling problem in detail,clarifying its significance and key issues.Considering the two key objectives of observation profits and scheduling stability,we construct a multi-objective optimization mathematical model.Then,we obtain the possible disruptions of EOS scheduling during execution under cloud uncertainties,adopting an event-driven policy for the reactive scheduling.For the different disruptions,different reactive scheduling algorithms are designed.Finally,numerous simulation experiments are conducted to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed reactive scheduling algorithms.The experimental results show that the reactive scheduling algorithms can both improve observation profits and reduce system perturbations.

Examination of the Quality of GOSAT/CAI Cloud Flag Data over Beijing Using Ground-based Cloud Data

It has been several years since the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite （GOSAT） began to observe the distribution of CO2 and CH4 over the globe from space. Results from Thermal and Near-infrared Sensor for Carbon Observation-Cloud and Aerosol Imager （TANSO-CAI） cloud screening are necessary for the retrieval of CO2 and CH4 gas concentrations for GOSAT TANSO-Fourier Transform Spectrometer （FTS） observations. In this study, TANSO-CAI cloud flag data were compared with ground-based cloud data collected by an all-sky imager （ASI） over Beijing from June 2009 to May 2012 to examine the data quality. The results showed that the CAI has an obvious cloudy tendency bias over Beijing, especially in winter. The main reason might be that heavy aerosols in the sky are incorrectly determined as cloudy pixels by the CAI algorithm. Results also showed that the CAI algorithm sometimes neglects some high thin cirrus cloud over this area.

Discussion Measurement Models and Algorithms of the Wind Vector Field Based on Satellite Images

This article aims to discuss the strike two-dimensional wind vector on geostationary satellite imageries. The magnitude and direction of the wind vector are decided by the moving speed of the clouds. First, based on the features of the cloud map, we extract the characteristics of clouds and establish matching model for the clouds image. Maximum correlation coefficient between the target modules and tracking module is obtained by using infrared brightness temperature cross-correlation coefficient method. Then, the beginning and end of the wind vector can be ascertained. Using the spherical triangles of the law of cosines, we determine the magnitude and direction of the wind vector.

台风利奇马(1909)海温变化特征分析

本文采用多源卫星融合数据、海洋气象漂流观测仪直接测量数据、Argo浮标的数据以及分析数据集,分析2019年超强台风利奇马过境时海面温度(SST)以及海温垂直剖面的时空变化。结果表明,“利奇马”过境前后,SST最大降温可达5℃以上,并且降温区域集中在台风路径的右侧;“利奇马”过境导致近表层与次表层水体的垂直混合,次表层水体被加热,使混合层深度增加,深层海水温度升高。通过各类数据分析,发现“利奇马”过境后引起的SST降温核心区域的形成滞后于“利奇马”台风中心区域约1~2天。在各类数据的对比分析中,由于海洋气象漂流观测仪的数据是直接测量的,且采样频次高,能够更加细致和准确的捕捉到温度的变化,且可以作为用于卫星数据校正的重要参考。另外,不同海洋区域的降温还与海洋环境有关,台风靠近黑潮,降温主要集中在混合层,台风远离黑潮,降温可以延伸到温跃层。

一次飞机积冰过程云微物理特征分析

飞机积冰是影响飞机稳定性的重要因素,严重时甚至会导致飞行安全事故。本研究选取2018年1月24日河南省观测到飞机积冰的一次天气过程,分析了此次飞机积冰过程的云微物理特征,并结合天气雷达观测和葵花8卫星反演云参数,分析了积冰区域的雷达回波以及卫星云参数特征。结果表明:本次探测云系为层状云系,平均有效粒子直径小于15μm,平均液水含量低于0.1 g·m^(-3);积冰区域云中存在球形液滴,同时也存在着尺度较大的片状冰晶和辐枝状冰晶,云系性质为冰水共存的混合相态云;云中液水含量随中值体积直径增大而增大,函数Y=32.78 X 0.29可以较好地描述液水含量与中值体积直径的关系;积冰区域整体回波强度较弱,飞机积冰高度的雷达反射率为5~10 dBZ;云系光学厚度较大,有效粒子半径较小,平均云顶高度6~7 km,云顶温度约-17℃。研究结果为提高飞机积冰监测能力,建立适用于我国的飞行适航标准提供了参考。

静止和极轨卫星陆表温度产品的改进方法

针对天气、气候和生态环境监测对较高空间分辨率静止气象卫星陆表温度及全天候极轨卫星陆表温度的需求,分别发展静止气象卫星陆表温度空间降尺度和极轨气象卫星陆表温度云下重构算法,并对其进行改进处理。其中,静止气象卫星陆表温度空间降尺度模型充分利用静止气象卫星高时频和多光谱观测的优势,基于同一卫星同一遥感器所观测的陆表温度和相关通道亮度温度的日变化特征建立非线性统计回归模型,同时考虑下垫面类型的影响,方法应用于我国静止气象卫星风云四号A星(Fengyun-4A,FY-4A)先进的静止轨道辐射成像仪(advanced geosynchronous radiation imager,AGRI)陆表温度的降尺度,结果表明,所发展的降尺度模型不仅可以将FY-4A AGRI的陆表温度由4 km降尺度到2 km,而且可以较好保持降尺度前陆表温度精度,降尺度前后陆表温度均方根误差最大为1.35 K。极轨气象卫星陆表温度云下重构则发展了DINEOF模型,并基于土地利用数据(Land-Use,LU)进行结果的二次订正,实现极轨气象卫星陆表温度的全天候获取,方法应用于极轨气象卫星FY-3D中等分辨率光谱成像仪(medium resolution spectral imager,MERSI)陆表温度,得到预期结果。

湖南地区夏季中尺度对流系统特征分析以及恶劣天气规避区的划设

中尺度对流系统可造成雷暴、冰雹和暴雨等恶劣天气,会对该空域内的通行产生极大影响,增大飞行危险性。为了探讨中尺度对流系统与空域通行能力之间的不平衡矛盾,论文选用葵花8号气象卫星数据,结合现有的研究成果,针对湖南地区夏季的天气,利用中尺度云团识别判定技术、红外亮温反演办法对中尺度对流系统进行可视化处理并展开特性分析,然后利用ArcGIS软件绘制湖南简化空域,并划设恶劣天气规避区,表征空域的可用性和安全性。

基于FY-4A和气象条件的梵净山云海识别及特征分析

探究云海的时间变化特征,能够为当地生态旅游以及经济发展提供科学参考.以梵净山为例,基于FY-4A的云顶高度产品获取了有效的云顶高度数据,并分别按不同的判别规则提取梵净山景区范围内的云海日与金顶周边的可观赏性云海日,分析其季、月、时段的变化特征以及与温度和湿度的相关关系,并基于以上结果调取地面视频监测资料开展验证工作.结果表明:①2020年梵净山出现云海的天数总计85 d,月均7 d,其中在金顶周边可观赏到的云海天数为62 d,占云海总日数72.9%,月均5 d;②无论是云海还是可观赏性云海,季节特征为“春秋多,夏冬少”,其中可观赏性云海主要集中在2-4月,凌晨4点至上午8点期间频率最高;③当相对湿度高且平均温度较低时,云海形成的概率较高,当相对湿度过高或者平均温度过低时云海均不易形成.因此,山间冬末春初时节,湿度增加,水汽充足,清晨与傍晚极易形成云海景观,是前往梵净山观赏云海的最佳时期.