Deep convolutional neural network for meteorology target detection in airborne weather radar images

Considering the problem that the scattering echo images of airborne Doppler weather radar are often reduced by ground clutters,the accuracy and confidence of meteorology target detection are reduced.In this paper,a deep convolutional neural network(DCNN)is proposed for meteorology target detection and ground clutter suppression with a large collection of airborne weather radar images as network input.For each weather radar image,the corresponding digital elevation model(DEM)image is extracted on basis of the radar antenna scan-ning parameters and plane position,and is further fed to the net-work as a supplement for ground clutter suppression.The fea-tures of actual meteorology targets are learned in each bottle-neck module of the proposed network and convolved into deeper iterations in the forward propagation process.Then the network parameters are updated by the back propagation itera-tion of the training error.Experimental results on the real mea-sured images show that our proposed DCNN outperforms the counterparts in terms of six evaluation factors.Meanwhile,the network outputs are in good agreement with the expected mete-orology detection results(labels).It is demonstrated that the pro-posed network would have a promising meteorology observa-tion application with minimal effort on network variables or parameter changes.

The 17th Workshop on Antarctic Meteorology and Climate and 7th Year of Polar Prediction in the Southern Hemisphere Meeting

1.Overview August 2022 marked the 17th Workshop on Antarctic Meteorology and Climate(WAMC)which was held in a hybrid format at the Pyle Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison(UW-Madison)in Madison,WI,USA.The workshop is the first partial in-person gathering since the 14th WAMC(Lazzara et al.,2018)as the 15th WAMC was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic,and the 16th WAMC(Bromwich et al.,2022)was purely online.Global members of the Antarctic meteorological community gathered at this meeting to present and discuss weather-related topics encompassing scientific research and support operations within Antarctic meteorology and climate.These conversations aimed to share and discuss results,future developments,and build collaborative plans.

Energy-Meteorology Synergy Development Thematic Forum of 2023 Global Energy Interconnection Conference Held in Beijing

On September 27th,the Energy-Meteorology Synergy Development Thematic Forum of the2023 Global Energy Interconnection Conference was held in Beijing.This forum,co-hosted by Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organisation,World Meteorological Organisation and National Climate Centre.

The effects of cold region meteorology and specific environment on the number of hospital admissions for chronic kidney disease:An investigate with a distributed lag nonlinear model

Objective:To explore the effects of daily mean temperature(°C),average daily air pressure(hPa),humidity(%),wind speed(m/s),particulate matter(PM)2.5(μg/m3)and PM10(μg/m3)on the admission rate of chronic kidney disease(CKD)patients admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University in Harbin and to identify the indexes and lag days that impose the most critical influence.Methods:The R language Distributed Lag Nonlinear Model(DLNM),Excel,and SPSS were used to analyze the disease and meteorological data of Harbin from 01 January 2010 to 31 December 2019 according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.Results:Meteorological factors and air pollution influence the number of hospitalizations of CKD to vary degrees in cold regions,and differ in persistence or delay.Non-optimal temperature increases the risk of admission of CKD,high temperature increases the risk of obstructive kidney disease,and low temperature increases the risk of other major types of chronic kidney disease.The greater the temperature difference is,the higher its contribution is to the risk.The non-optimal wind speed and non-optimal atmospheric pressure are associated with increased hospital admissions.PM2.5 concentrations above 40μg/m3 have a negative impact on the results.Conclusion:Cold region meteorology and specific environment do have an impact on the number of hospital admissions for chronic kidney disease,and we can apply DLMN to describe the analysis.

Research on Smart Meteorology Serving Agriculture under the Rural Revitalization Strategy—Taking Mingshan Tea as an Example

It is imperative to prioritize the development of agriculture and rural areas and improve the efficiency of smart meteorological services for agricultural products under the strategy of rural revitalization. In this article, we take Mingshan tea, one of the characteristic industries in Sichuan Province, as an example to explore the related issues of smart meteorology serving agriculture. The status, value, and demand of tea smart meteorological services have been analyzed in this article. In addition, in response to the increasing demand for meteorological services in agricultural production, we have proposed to solve problem of tea meteorological service by strengthening talent, technology, product refinement, and dissemination. We have also proposed specific measures for tea intelligent meteorology to serve agriculture, in order to provide reference for future service practices. We need to continuously improve the methods and content of meteorological services, and improve the level of meteorological services. At the same time, utilizing smart meteorological service methods provides strong support for rural revitalization. This not only increases the income of tea farmers, but also maximizes the technical support role of meteorology in disaster prevention and reduction.

Current Status and Future Challenges of Weather Radar Polarimetry: Bridging the Gap between Radar Meteorology/Hydrology/Engineering and Numerical Weather Prediction

After decades of research and development, the WSR-88 D(NEXRAD) network in the United States was upgraded with dual-polarization capability, providing polarimetric radar data(PRD) that have the potential to improve weather observations,quantification, forecasting, and warnings. The weather radar networks in China and other countries are also being upgraded with dual-polarization capability. Now, with radar polarimetry technology having matured, and PRD available both nationally and globally, it is important to understand the current status and future challenges and opportunities. The potential impact of PRD has been limited by their oftentimes subjective and empirical use. More importantly, the community has not begun to regularly derive from PRD the state parameters, such as water mixing ratios and number concentrations, used in numerical weather prediction(NWP) models.In this review, we summarize the current status of weather radar polarimetry, discuss the issues and limitations of PRD usage, and explore potential approaches to more efficiently use PRD for quantitative precipitation estimation and forecasting based on statistical retrieval with physical constraints where prior information is used and observation error is included. This approach aligns the observation-based retrievals favored by the radar meteorology community with the model-based analysis of the NWP community. We also examine the challenges and opportunities of polarimetric phased array radar research and development for future weather observation.

An Overview of Tropical Cyclone and Tropical Meteorology Research Progress

There has been much progress in the study of tropical cyclones and tropical meteorology in China in the past few years. A new atmospheric field experiment of tropical cyclone landfall with the acronym of CLATEX (China Landfalling Typhoon Experiment) was implemented in July-August 2002. The boundary layer characteristics of the target typhoon Vongfong and the mesoscale structural features of other land-falling typhoons were studied. In addition, typhoon track operational forecasting errors in the last decade have been reduced because the operational monitoring equipment and forecast techniques were improved. Some results from the research program on tropical cvclone landfall, structure and intensity change, inten-sification near coastal waters, interaction between tropical cyclone and mid-latitude circulation, and the interaction among different scales of motion are described in this paper. Four major meteorological scien-tific experiments in China with international cooperation were implemented in 1998: the South China Sea monsoon field experiment (SCSMEX), the Tibetan Plateau field experiment (TIPEX), the Huaihe River basin energy and water cycle experiment (HUBEX), and the South China heavy rain scientific experiment (HUAMEX). Although these field experiments have different scientific objectives, they commonly relate to monsoon activities and they interact with each other. The valuable intensive observation data that were obtained have already been shared internationally. Some new findings have been published recently. Other research work in China, such as the tropical air-sea interaction, tropical atmospheric circulation, and weather systems, are reviewed in this paper as well. Some research results have shown that the rainfall anomalies for different regions in China were closely related to the stages of El Nino events.

Progress in Marine Meteorology Studies in China during 1999-2002

The progresses of marine meteorology studies achieved in China during the four year period from 1999 to 2002 are summarized in six directions: air-sea flux, marine meteorology in high latitudes, marine disasters, connection between ocean and weather/climate in China, remote sensing applications and new methodologies in marine meteorology. Compared to the previous ones, these studies adopted much more first-hand datasets, and more scientific issues were involved. As an exciting remark, there were so many contributions done by the young scientists. A brief statement about the research strategy of marine meteorology in China for the coming years is also given.

Marine Meteorology Research Progress of China from 2003 to 2006

The progress in marine meteorology research achieved by scientists in China during the four-year period from 2003 to 2006 is summarized under four categories： marine disaster study, typhoon over the ocean, ocean-atmosphere monitoring technology, and ocean-atmosphere forecasting technology. Compared to the previous four years, many more first-hand datasets have been obtained and more scientific issues have been addressed. In particular, many contributions have been made by young scientists. A brief statement on the research strategy of marine meteorology in China for the coming years is given at the end.

The Research on Synergic Development Mechanism of Oceanic Meteorology Modernization in the Huang-Bohai Region

To study the cooperative development mechanism of ocean meteorological modernization of Huang-Bohai,we analyze the situation of ocean meteorological modernization in Huang-Bohai with the method of an new five-force model and the analyses of strengths,weaknesses,opportunities and threats (SWOT analysis).As the research results shown,the advantages of ocean meteorological modernization of Huang-Bohai mainly include three aspects which are ocean meteorological observation system,ocean meteorological warning information release and the construction of ocean meteorological center;the disadvantages contain that stereo-observation ability of the ocean meteorology is insufficiency,and the precision forecast technology and the cooperative development are deficiency in ocean meteorology;opportunities also include three aspects which are "The Belt and Road",and development of new technology and new warning system on meteorology disasters;threats mainly contain the main influencing weather system,the potential social competition and hazard factors.The use of different functions and combination innovation of five forces,i.e.,attractiveness,cohesiveness,radiating power,repulsiveness and affinity,could promote the cooperative development of ocean meteorological modernization in the Huang-Bohai.

Chinese investigation and research in Southern Ocean physical oceanography and meteorology during the Chinese Polar Programs 2011–2015

Within the context of developing a research presence in the Antarctic region, the first phase of the Chinese Polar Programs covered the period 2011-2015, which almost coincided with the 12th Five-Year Plan （2011-2015）. For the promotion of full understanding of the progress of Chinese expeditions and research in Antarctica, the observations and achievements of cruises during 2011-2015 are summarized in this paper. Four Antarctic cruises （28th-31st） were performed in the Prydz Bay and Antarctic Peninsula regions during the first phase of the Polar Programs. These cruises performed systemic collections of physical oceanographic and meteorological data to support further research on the ice-ocean-atmosphere interactions in Antarctica. Overall, 248 CTD/LADCP stations, 66 microstructure profiles, 507 XBT/XCTDs, 181 air sounding balloons, 58000 total gaseous mercury （TGM） concentrations, 452 aerosol samples, 294 atmospheric samples, 11 moorings, and 28 surface drifters were acquired or deployed during the four cruises. Using these extensive observations and other data, Chinese scientists have achieved new recognition in the fields of Southern Ocean physical oceanography and meteorology, as well as in other interdisciplinary subjects. These studies, which have been associated with scientific techniques, instrumentation, ocean circulation, water mass formation, energy transformation, and carbon uptake, have elucidated the dynamic mechanisms and potential effects of climate change in Antarctica. Finally, some observations based on experience gained during previous Chinese Antarctic Research and Expedition campaigns are summarized with advice for the improvement of future investigations in the Antarctic region.

Local meteorology in a northern Himalayan valley near Mount Everest and its response to seasonal transitions

An automatic weather station(AWS) has been installed at the Qomolangma Station of the China Academy of Sciences(QOMS) since 2005, in a northern Himalayan valley near Mount Everest, with an altitude of 4,270 m a.s.l.. Nine years of meteorological records(2006–2014) from the automatic weather station(AWS) were analyzed in this study, aiming to understand the response of local weather to the seasonal transition on the northern slopes of Mount Everest, with consideration of the movement of the subtropical jet(STJ) and the onset of the Indian Summer Monsoon(ISM). We found:(1) Both the synoptic circulation and the orography have a profound influence on the local weather, especially the local circulation.(2) Southwesterly(SW) and southeasterly(SE) winds prevail alternately at QOMS in the afternoon through the year. The SW wind was driven by the STJ during the non-monsoon months, while the SE was induced by the trans-Himalayan flow through the Arun Valley, a major valley to the east of Mount Everest, under a background of weak westerly winds aloft.(3) The response of air temperature(T) and specific humidity(q) to the monsoon onset is not as marked as that of the nearsurface winds. The q increases gradually and reaches a maximum in July when the rainy period begins.(4) The alternation between the SW wind at QOMS and the afternoon SE wind in the pre-monsoon season signals the northward shift of the STJ and imminent monsoon onset. The average interval between these two events is 14 days.

Preface to the Special Issue on Antarctic Meteorology and Climate:Past,Present and Future

The Antarctic,including the continent of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean,is a critically important part of the Earth system.Research in Antarctic meteorology and climate has always been a challenging endeavor.Studying and predicting weather patterns in the Antarctic are important for understanding their role in local-to-global processes and facilitating field studies and logistical operations in the Antarctic(e.g.,Walsh et al.,2018).Studies of climate change in the Antarctic are comparatively neglected compared to those of the Arctic.However,significant climate changes have occurred in the Antarctic in the past several decades,i.e.,a strong warming over the Antarctic Peninsula even with a recent minor cooling,a deepening of the Amundsen Sea low,a rapid warming of the upper ocean north of the circumpolar current,an increase of Antarctic sea ice since the late 1970s followed by a recent rapid decrease,and an accelerated ice loss from the Antarctic ice shelf/sheet since the late 1970s(e.g.,Turner et al.,2005;Raphael et al.,2016;Sallée,2018;Parkinson,2019;Rignot et al.,2019).Investigating recent climate change in the Antarctic and the underlying mechanisms are important for predicting future climate change and providing information to policymakers.

The 12th Workshop on Antarctic Meteorology and Climate

1.Overview The 12th Workshop on Antarctic Meteorology and Climate（WAMC）,formerly known as the Antarctic Meteorological Observation,Modeling,and Forecasting（AMOMF）Workshop（AMOMFW）,was held at the National Center for Atmospheric Research（NCAR）in Boulder,Colorado,USA on 26–28 June 2017.The annual workshop dates from 2006,and recent meetings have been the 10th AMOMF Workshop held in 2015 in Cambridge,

Communication of Intelligent Meteorology: Concept, Path and Prospect

With the advent of the era of wisdom,intelligent meteorology emerged as the times require.If there is no communication,there will be no meteorology,and communication of intelligent meteorology is an important part of intelligent meteorology.In this paper,generation mechanism of intelligent meteorology communication is analyzed,and characteristics and reform path of intelligent meteorology communication are explored.Some opinions are put forward:core of intelligent meteorology communication is construction of intelligent platform;path of intelligent meteorology communication is integrating media and needs;the future of intelligent meteorology communication will connect everything.It shows and outlines reality and future ecological picture of intelligent meteorology communication with the vigorous development.

Discussion on Network Classroom Teaching of the Meteorology and Climatology in Common Colleges and Universities

Most of the content of the course Meteorology and Climatology in common colleges and universities is what students are interested in,and most students have been exposed to or understood many contents.When studying this part of the content,students often show varying degrees of interest.Of course,each student s own situation is different.In classroom teaching,teachers should comprehensively consider various factors.Especially in the network classroom teaching situation,teachers should combine the learning content to use multi platform teaching in the teaching,students performance to flexibly carry out interaction between teachers and students,and students own situation to pay attention to individualized cultivation.

The Pioneering Works of Professor Duzheng YE on Atmospheric Dispersion,Tibetan Plateau Meteorology,and Air–Sea Interaction

This paper provides an overview of the impacts of the original works of Professor Duzheng YE on a selected set of observational and model studies with which the present author has been associated over the past several decades. The main themes of these works include atmospheric energy dispersion, air–land interactions over the Tibetan Plateau, and El Ni n？orelated air–sea coupling over East Asia.The dispersive behavior of observed atmospheric fluctuations accompanying cold surge events in East Asia is demonstrated. Cold air outbreaks over Korea and southern China are coincident with the successive downstream development of troughs and ridges, with the group velocity of such wave packets being notably faster than the phase propagation speed of individual troughs and ridges. In a more general context, dispersive features are also discernible from lagged teleconnection charts and cross-spectra of observed and model-simulated geopotential height variations on 10–30-day time scales.Using the output from a high-resolution general circulation model, the relative contributions of condensational, sensible, and radiative heating to the atmospheric energy budget over the Tibetan Plateau are documented. The rapid changes of the upper tropospheric Tibetan anticyclone and East Asian mei-yu（＂plum rain＂） precipitation band associated with the development of the Asian monsoon system are described.The principal anomalies in sea level pressure, surface wind, precipitation and sea surface temperature over southeastern China and the Philippine Sea region during El Nio events are presented. The contributions of remote El Nio-related forcing and local air–sea interaction to the occurrence of these anomalies are assessed.

Physics as Final Opportunity to Prevent Harms Related to Theatricalization of Meteorology

Using Mbane Biouele formula derived in 2009 on the troposphere thermoelastic properties leads to thermal and kinematic profiles of major atmospheric disturbances which clearly indicate that these terrible events for men should not be viewed with fatalism. This unexpected truth is unfortunately always obscured by media outlets of brilliant TV presenters or famous workshops panelists that focus attention on the excessively sensational meteorology (unfortunately folk and pernicious) instead of worrying about the seriousness that should characterize all interventions on the climate study or prediction. Good weather conditions, it is undeniable, facilitate an excellent running of almost all human activities like sports, transport, agricultural activities, celebrations of events, etc.... Far more serious, the advent of supercomputers and satellites could, if their valuable information is used solely for the theatricalization of weather events, trigger the decline of the scientific discipline of great public utility that is meteorology. Indeed, many meteorologists acquire very big head when they succeed in acquiring advanced equipment. Without prejudging what meteorology will become in the future, we hope that the work done in this article will remind each researchers that much remains to be done to promote climate studies. We remind quite emphatically that both hurricanes and cyclones have their weak-points (or talon d’Achilles in French) and thus, researchers should begin to think about “how to neutralize atmospheric disturbances that have both a large and a strong destructive power”.

The Teaching Mode Research of“Internet Plus Flipped Class”——Taking the Course of Satellite Meteorology as Example

Based on the existing disadvantages of traditional teaching mode of Satellite Meteorology course in Chengdu University of Information Technology and the new teaching mode overview of“Internet Plus flipped class”,this paper is mainly to construct flipped class teaching mode of Satellite Meteorology under the background of“Internet Plus”in Chengdu University of Information Technology.Through the Internet,it also tries to integrate this teaching mode into flipped class before class,in class,after class,which means to provide a new thought for the teaching of this course in colleges and universities.

Meteorology

What is it?When people study the weather,it is called meteorology,and the people who do this are called meteorologists.Why is it important?If you can say what the weather will be like then you can plan a party in your garden on a day when there isn’t any rain!Three famous meteorologists Aristotle wrote a book about meteorology more than 2,350 years ago.Most people say he was the first meteorologist.His book was about the way water goes from the sea into the air,becomes rain and then rivers,and then goes to the sea again.This is called the‘water cycle’.