Analysis of Extreme Temperature Variability in Rwanda

The temperature is one of the most important factors in weather and climate forecasting.Studying its behaviour is crucial to understanding climate variability,which could vary spatially and temporally at local,regional,and global scales.Several recent studies on air temperature findings show that the Earth’s near surface air temperature increased between 0.6℃ and 0.8℃ throughout the twentieth century.Using temperature records from ten meteorological stations,this study examined climate variability in Rwanda from the 1930s to 2014.The air temperature data were collected from Meteo Rwanda.Before making the analysis,the authors used software,such as Excel 2007 and INSTAT to control the quality of the raw data.The analysis of maxima and minima indicated that the trends of maximum air temperature were positive and significant at height meteorological stations,whereas the trends for minimum air temperature were found to be at 10 meteorological stations.For all parameters analysed,Kigali Airport meteorological station indicated the higher significance of the trends.The majority of meteorological stations showed an increase in both hot days and nights,confirming Rwanda’s warming over time.The analysis of average seasonal air temperature showed almost similar trends even though not all were significant.This similarity in trends could be attributed to the fact that Rwanda’s short and long dry seasons coincide with rainy seasons.

Maintenance of Storage Batteries in Automatic Meteorological Observation Stations

Firstly, the definition, structure and working principles of storage batteries in automatic meteorological observation stations were stated simply, and then the daily maintenance of the storage batteries were introduced according to previous practical experience, finally typical faults of storage batteries were analyzed. Practical evidence shows that timely external maintenance and enough supply of electrolyte can greatly extend the lifespan of storage batteries.

Discussion on the Assessment Method of Wind Energy Resources by Using Regional Meteorological Data

The exploitation status of wind energy resources was analyzed, and the distribution of wind energy resources and regional meteorological stations were introduced, and then the assessment method of wind energy resources by using data from regional meteorological station was studied taking Huangjin Regional Meteorological Station in Xinning County in Hunan Province for example, besides, corresponding software was compiled. By means of SQL database and program, the method was used simply and easily and had positive meaning for the development of wind energy resources and excavation of wind farm in inland region.

Development and Application of Comprehensive Platform of Operation in Professional Meteorological Station

[Objective] The aim was to study the development and application of operation in comprehensive platform of professional meteorological station.[Method] Taking the operation platform of professional meteorological station in Yantai City as an example,and by dint of VB language and Mysql database technology,the ideas of comprehensive platform development of operation in professional meteorological station,main contents of the platform and its main functions were introduced.[Result] The platform mainly used VB language and Mysql database technology.Gathering together the forecast making,forecast inventory and check,surveillance of data uploading and machine operation and records of shifts,the interface was simple,visual and easy to handle.It reduced reporters’ workload,improved their work efficiency and was the favorite of majority reporters.[Conclusion] The study provided reference for the improvement of work efficiency of each professional meteorological station.

Spatio-Temporal Change of Atmospheric Precipitation on Territory of North-West of Ukraine

The direction of the trend of precipitation over time is an important characteristic for both theoretical and practical use.The presented study is devoted to the analysis of changes in the territory of the trend of precipitation over the year over time.At the present stage of climate change in the north-west of Ukraine,there is a general tendency to increase rainfall over the year.This trend is not the same across the territory and depends on the height and latitude of the area.The amount of precipitation varies both in space and in time,however,the distribution of the characteristics of the rains themselves(intensity,duration and others)continue to remain similar throughout the territory.The revealed features of changes in the amount of precipitation in space and time can be useful in studying the unevenness of wetting,forecasting floods,changes in erosion activity,etc.

Design and Realization of a Portable Temperature Sensor Calibrator

Due to the complex erection environment of various types of automatic stations,the provincial meteorological inspection department is difficult to carry out this work in terms of equipment or staffing. For this reason,a portable temperature sensor calibrator was developed,and it uses semiconductor refrigeration technology to increase and decrease temperature quickly. It uses an intelligent PID temperature controller as a control device to provide a stable temperature environment; it is small,light and easy to operate,and it provides technical support for the calibration of temperature sensors. The structure and working principle of this equipment were analyzed,and its performance was tested. All the indicators could meet the requirements of field calibration. The calibrator will provide a strong guarantee for the reliability of temperature data obtained at automatic meteorological stations.

Comparison and Analysis of Data at Traffic Meteorological Observation Station during Beijing Winter Olympic Games Period

This paper presents a comparison and analysis method of data at traffic meteorological observation station during Beijing Winter Olympic Games period based on Grubbs criterion. By comparing the data of a set of standard multi-element observation stations with the data of multiple measured traffic stations, the outliers of each element data at each station were analyzed. It could provide data support for the maintenance of Zhangjiakou traffic meteorological observation station and a guarantee for the accuracy of forest service during Beijing Winter Olympic Games period.

Annual variations in the meteorological parameters at Jinnah Station，East Antarctica

he analysis of meteorological data obtained from the Installed Automatic Weather Station (AWS) at Jinnah Station (70. 24°S, 25. 45°E ). East Antarctica is presented. This paper describes the meteorological conditions of Jinnah Station for the years of 1991 and 1993. Due to some technical problems the data could not be received continuously in the year 1992. The significant temperature difference is found between the warmest and the coldest months. Climate shows the moderating effect of ocean.Low pressure and strong wind are common which represents the location of the station lies in the circum-POlar low pressure belt. The prevailing wind direction for all over the year is ESE.

Impact of urban expansion on meteorological observation data and overestimation to regional air temperature in China

Since the implementation of the reform and opening up policy in China in the late 1970s, some meteorological stations ＇entered＇ cities passively due to urban expansion. Changes in the surface and built environment around the stations have influenced observa- tions of air temperature. When the observational data from urban stations are applied in the interpolation of national or regional scale air temperature dataset, they could lead to overes- timation of regional air temperature and inaccurate assessment of warming. In this study, the underlying surface surrounding 756 meteorological stations across China was identified based on remote sensing images over a number of time intervals to distinguish the rural sta- tions that ＇entered＇ into cities. Then, after removing the observational data from these stations which have been influenced by urban expansion, a dataset of background air temperatures was generated by interpolating the observational data from the remaining rural stations. The mean urban heat island effect intensity since 1970 was estimated by comparing the original observational records from urban stations with the background air temperature interpolated. The result shows that urban heat island effect does occur due to urban expansion, with a higher intensity in winter than in other seasons. Then the overestimation of regional air tem- perature is evaluated by comparing the two kinds of grid datasets of air temperature which are respectively interpolated by all stations＇ and rural stations＇ observational data. Spatially, the overestimation is relatively higher in eastern China than in the central part of China; however, both areas exhibit a much higher effect than is observed in western China. We concluded that in the last 40 years the mean temperature in China increased by about 1.58℃, of which about 0.01℃ was attributed to urban expansion, with a contribution of up to 0.09℃ in the core areas from the overestimation of air temperature.