Heavy-fuel engines are widely used in UAVs(Unmanned Autonomous Vehicles)because of their reliability and high-power density.In this study,a combustion model for an in-cylinder direct injection engine has been imple-me...Heavy-fuel engines are widely used in UAVs(Unmanned Autonomous Vehicles)because of their reliability and high-power density.In this study,a combustion model for an in-cylinder direct injection engine has been imple-mented using the AVL FIRE software.The effects of the angle of nozzle inclination on fuel evaporation,mixture distribution,and combustion in the engine cylinder have been systematically studied at 5500 r/min and consider-ing full load cruise conditions.According to the results,as the angle of nozzle inclination increases,the maximum combustion explosion pressure in the cylinderfirst increases and then it decreases.When the angle of nozzle incli-nation is less than 45°,the quality of the mixture in the cylinder and the combustion performance can be improved by increasing the angle.When the angle of nozzle inclination is greater than 45°,however,the mixture unevenness increases slightly with the angle,leading to a deterioration of the combustion performances.When the angle of nozzle inclination is between 35°and 55°,the overall combustion performance of the engine is rela-tively good.When the angle of nozzle inclination is 45°,the combustion chamber’s geometry and the cylinder’s airflow are well matched with the fuel spray,and the mixture quality is the best.Compared with 25°,the peak heat release rate increases by 20%,and the maximum combustion burst pressure increases by 5.5%.展开更多
In areas where hot mix asphalt(HMA)is likely to be exposed by any form of mineral oil the layer has to withstand the attack of these substances in order not to damage the construction.The European Standard EN 12697-43...In areas where hot mix asphalt(HMA)is likely to be exposed by any form of mineral oil the layer has to withstand the attack of these substances in order not to damage the construction.The European Standard EN 12697-43 provides a test procedure to determine the resistance of HMA to fuel.The paper reviews this method thoroughly.A completely revised and simplified test device for the brush test was developed meeting the requirements of the standard and creating results with a high repeatability at the same time.The test conditions given by the standard such as the exposure to fuel,cleaning of the specimen after exposure or the contact pressure of the brush were varied to isolate those test conditions with a substantial influence on the result.The research revealed that in the standard some conditions with a rather small influence are set quite strictly while other conditions with a distinct influence on the result are not defined with the required accuracy to obtain comparable and repeatable results.The paper presents suggestions for the improvement of the test method and the standard itself in respect to the layout of the test device and the definition of important test conditions to enhance the outcome of the EN 12697-43.展开更多
2nd-order upwind TVD scheme was used to solve the laminar, fully Navier-Stokes equations. The numerical simulations were done on the propagation of a shock wave with Ma(s) = 2 and 4 into a hydrogen and air mixture in ...2nd-order upwind TVD scheme was used to solve the laminar, fully Navier-Stokes equations. The numerical simulations were done on the propagation of a shock wave with Ma(s) = 2 and 4 into a hydrogen and air mixture in a duct and a duct with a rearward step. The results indicate that a swirling vortex: may be generated in the lopsided interface behind the moving shock. Meanwhile, the complex shock system is also formed in this shear flow region. A large swirling vortex is produced and the fuel mixing can be enhanced by a shock wave at low Mach number. But in a duct with a rearward step, the shock almost disappears in hydrogen for Mns = 2. The shack in hydrogen will become strong if Ma(s) is large. Similar to the condition of a shock moving in a duct full of hydrogen and air, a large vortex cart be formed in the shear flow region. The large swirling vortex even gets through the reflected shock and impacts on the lower wall. Then, the distribution of hydrogen behind the rearward step is divided into two regions. The transition from regular reflection to Mach reflection was observed aswell in case Ma(s) = 4.展开更多
The physical stability of solid-liquid fuel is a factor that needs to be considered for fuel product practicability for storage and transportation. To determine the Influence of liquid bridge force on physical stabili...The physical stability of solid-liquid fuel is a factor that needs to be considered for fuel product practicability for storage and transportation. To determine the Influence of liquid bridge force on physical stability, two detection devices were designed. The laws obtained from microscopic experiments are used to verify the physical stability of fuel under different component ratios. The liquid bridge force is found to increase with the droplet volume. Multiliquid bridges above one critical saturation can generate significant resultant forces compared to single-liquid bridges of the same volume. There exist four states of solid-liquid mixed fuel with increasing liquid saturation rate. The liquid bridge force between the solid and liquid plays a dominant role in the physical stability of the first three states. There may be two stages involved in the stratification process for state 4 fuel, and the liquid viscosity is another factor that cannot be ignored. In the process of selecting a fuel ratio, a larger liquid bridge force between the components can be obtained by properly improving the wetting effect so that the fuel shows better physical stability.展开更多
Down logs provide important ecosystem services in forests and affect surface fuel loads and fire behavior. Amounts and kinds of logs are influenced by factors such as forest type, disturbance regime, forest management...Down logs provide important ecosystem services in forests and affect surface fuel loads and fire behavior. Amounts and kinds of logs are influenced by factors such as forest type, disturbance regime, forest management, and climate. To quantify potential short-term changes in log populations during a recent global- climate-change type drought, we sampled logs in mixed-conifer and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests in northern Arizona in 2004 and 2009 (n = 53 and 60 1-ha plots in mixed-conifer and ponderosa pine forests, respectively). Over this short time interval, density of logs, log volume, area covered by logs, and total length of logs increased significantly in both forest types. Increases in all log parameters were greater in mixed-conifer than in ponderosa pine forest, and spatial variability was pronounced in both forest types. These results document rapid increases in log populations in mixed-conifer forest, with smaller changes observed in ponderosa pine forest. These increases were driven by climate-mediated tree mortality which created a pulse in log input, rather than by active forest management. The observed increases will affect wildlife habitat, surface fuel loads, and other ecosystem processes. These changes are likely to continue if climate change results in increased warmth and aridity as predicted, and may require shifts in management emphasis.展开更多
The renewable energy industry has grown its contribution to the global energy mix, particularly in terms of electricity generation. This study investigates the implications of an increasing renewable energy share on O...The renewable energy industry has grown its contribution to the global energy mix, particularly in terms of electricity generation. This study investigates the implications of an increasing renewable energy share on OAPEC countries and proposes a comprehensible policy strategy for the region. Four main topics are discussed: scientific and engineering principles of renewable energy utilization, current strategies for electricity generation in each OAPEC member country, economic and environmental implications of the energy transition under two future scenarios, as well as political interactions between oil-consuming and oil-producing countries. Based on this study, realistic and cost-effective strategies are proposed for OAPEC countries to better leverage their significant renewable energy resources while stabilizing fossil fuel supplies and strengthening their position in the global energy market. To mitigate the negative impacts of the energy transition, OAPEC countries are encouraged to take the following steps: 1) Developing renewable energy in conjunction with fossil fuel resources to reduce local demand for fossil fuel and increase the supply for exportation;2) Reviewing economic policies, environmental regulations, and carbon taxes imposed by oil-consuming countries;3) Increasing investment in renewable energy infrastructure;4) Cooperating to achieve a balance between economic development and environmental protection.展开更多
文摘Heavy-fuel engines are widely used in UAVs(Unmanned Autonomous Vehicles)because of their reliability and high-power density.In this study,a combustion model for an in-cylinder direct injection engine has been imple-mented using the AVL FIRE software.The effects of the angle of nozzle inclination on fuel evaporation,mixture distribution,and combustion in the engine cylinder have been systematically studied at 5500 r/min and consider-ing full load cruise conditions.According to the results,as the angle of nozzle inclination increases,the maximum combustion explosion pressure in the cylinderfirst increases and then it decreases.When the angle of nozzle incli-nation is less than 45°,the quality of the mixture in the cylinder and the combustion performance can be improved by increasing the angle.When the angle of nozzle inclination is greater than 45°,however,the mixture unevenness increases slightly with the angle,leading to a deterioration of the combustion performances.When the angle of nozzle inclination is between 35°and 55°,the overall combustion performance of the engine is rela-tively good.When the angle of nozzle inclination is 45°,the combustion chamber’s geometry and the cylinder’s airflow are well matched with the fuel spray,and the mixture quality is the best.Compared with 25°,the peak heat release rate increases by 20%,and the maximum combustion burst pressure increases by 5.5%.
文摘In areas where hot mix asphalt(HMA)is likely to be exposed by any form of mineral oil the layer has to withstand the attack of these substances in order not to damage the construction.The European Standard EN 12697-43 provides a test procedure to determine the resistance of HMA to fuel.The paper reviews this method thoroughly.A completely revised and simplified test device for the brush test was developed meeting the requirements of the standard and creating results with a high repeatability at the same time.The test conditions given by the standard such as the exposure to fuel,cleaning of the specimen after exposure or the contact pressure of the brush were varied to isolate those test conditions with a substantial influence on the result.The research revealed that in the standard some conditions with a rather small influence are set quite strictly while other conditions with a distinct influence on the result are not defined with the required accuracy to obtain comparable and repeatable results.The paper presents suggestions for the improvement of the test method and the standard itself in respect to the layout of the test device and the definition of important test conditions to enhance the outcome of the EN 12697-43.
基金theNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina(1 9882 0 0 5 ) China 863High_TecProject (863_2 .99.9)
文摘2nd-order upwind TVD scheme was used to solve the laminar, fully Navier-Stokes equations. The numerical simulations were done on the propagation of a shock wave with Ma(s) = 2 and 4 into a hydrogen and air mixture in a duct and a duct with a rearward step. The results indicate that a swirling vortex: may be generated in the lopsided interface behind the moving shock. Meanwhile, the complex shock system is also formed in this shear flow region. A large swirling vortex is produced and the fuel mixing can be enhanced by a shock wave at low Mach number. But in a duct with a rearward step, the shock almost disappears in hydrogen for Mns = 2. The shack in hydrogen will become strong if Ma(s) is large. Similar to the condition of a shock moving in a duct full of hydrogen and air, a large vortex cart be formed in the shear flow region. The large swirling vortex even gets through the reflected shock and impacts on the lower wall. Then, the distribution of hydrogen behind the rearward step is divided into two regions. The transition from regular reflection to Mach reflection was observed aswell in case Ma(s) = 4.
基金financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12102197)。
文摘The physical stability of solid-liquid fuel is a factor that needs to be considered for fuel product practicability for storage and transportation. To determine the Influence of liquid bridge force on physical stability, two detection devices were designed. The laws obtained from microscopic experiments are used to verify the physical stability of fuel under different component ratios. The liquid bridge force is found to increase with the droplet volume. Multiliquid bridges above one critical saturation can generate significant resultant forces compared to single-liquid bridges of the same volume. There exist four states of solid-liquid mixed fuel with increasing liquid saturation rate. The liquid bridge force between the solid and liquid plays a dominant role in the physical stability of the first three states. There may be two stages involved in the stratification process for state 4 fuel, and the liquid viscosity is another factor that cannot be ignored. In the process of selecting a fuel ratio, a larger liquid bridge force between the components can be obtained by properly improving the wetting effect so that the fuel shows better physical stability.
文摘Down logs provide important ecosystem services in forests and affect surface fuel loads and fire behavior. Amounts and kinds of logs are influenced by factors such as forest type, disturbance regime, forest management, and climate. To quantify potential short-term changes in log populations during a recent global- climate-change type drought, we sampled logs in mixed-conifer and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests in northern Arizona in 2004 and 2009 (n = 53 and 60 1-ha plots in mixed-conifer and ponderosa pine forests, respectively). Over this short time interval, density of logs, log volume, area covered by logs, and total length of logs increased significantly in both forest types. Increases in all log parameters were greater in mixed-conifer than in ponderosa pine forest, and spatial variability was pronounced in both forest types. These results document rapid increases in log populations in mixed-conifer forest, with smaller changes observed in ponderosa pine forest. These increases were driven by climate-mediated tree mortality which created a pulse in log input, rather than by active forest management. The observed increases will affect wildlife habitat, surface fuel loads, and other ecosystem processes. These changes are likely to continue if climate change results in increased warmth and aridity as predicted, and may require shifts in management emphasis.
文摘The renewable energy industry has grown its contribution to the global energy mix, particularly in terms of electricity generation. This study investigates the implications of an increasing renewable energy share on OAPEC countries and proposes a comprehensible policy strategy for the region. Four main topics are discussed: scientific and engineering principles of renewable energy utilization, current strategies for electricity generation in each OAPEC member country, economic and environmental implications of the energy transition under two future scenarios, as well as political interactions between oil-consuming and oil-producing countries. Based on this study, realistic and cost-effective strategies are proposed for OAPEC countries to better leverage their significant renewable energy resources while stabilizing fossil fuel supplies and strengthening their position in the global energy market. To mitigate the negative impacts of the energy transition, OAPEC countries are encouraged to take the following steps: 1) Developing renewable energy in conjunction with fossil fuel resources to reduce local demand for fossil fuel and increase the supply for exportation;2) Reviewing economic policies, environmental regulations, and carbon taxes imposed by oil-consuming countries;3) Increasing investment in renewable energy infrastructure;4) Cooperating to achieve a balance between economic development and environmental protection.
