Patients’Knowledge, Attitude and Practices on Disposal Methods of Expired and Unused Medicines: Implication for Creation of Drug Take-Back Program

Background: Handling of medicines is a day-to-day activity by patients and many health care providers. However, multiple studies have brought to light inappropriate disposal methods for expired and unused medication (EUM). Improper disposal of expired and unused medicines is hazardous both to humans and the environment. Objective: This sought to measure patients’ knowledge, attitude, and practices on disposal methods of EUM. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 384 patients at three outpatient pharmacies at the University Teaching Hospitals (UTHs). The structured questionnaire was used to collect data and STAT version 15.1 was used to analyse the data. Results: 384 respondents participated in this study and, at some point, had EUM. In this study, 356 (92.7%) of the participants reported that they had never heard of a drug take-back system. Most of the participants 285 (74.2%) and 239 (62.2%) kept and donated their unused medicine, respectively. Additionally, 244 (63.5%), 212 (55.2%), and 176 (44.8%) of the participants disposed of expired medicines in the bin or garbage, flushed them in toilets or sinks, or burned them, respectively. Occupation was significantly associated with unsafe disposal of unused medicine [P-value = 0.019]. Conclusion and Relevance: Knowledge of safe disposal methods for EUM was good amongst most participants. However, used unsafe disposal methods. The majority of the participants exhibited positive attitude concerning safe disposal methods. This study highlights the need for drug-take-back program creation in Zambia.

Innovation Practices of Virtual Simulation Teaching Method in Landscape Architecture Majors

Based on foreign and domestic literature about teaching theories and simulation application,advantages and disadvantages of simulation teaching and other teaching methods were compared,organization forms and efficiency of simulation teaching in network environment discussed,students' learning patterns and styles summarized,and the theoretical research foundation for the simulation teaching and students' learning system in network environment established.Common problems of simulation teaching and corresponding students' learning styles were discussed,application and supervision system of simulation teaching established,students' learning styles innovated.Views and innovations of virtual simulation teaching in simulation teaching of landscape architecture were given,and the research framework sorted out as reference.

Strategic information perception methods and practices in the open source intelligence

Open source intelligence is one of the most important public data sources for strategic information analysis. One of the primary and core issues of strategic information research is information perception,so this paper mainly expounds the perception method for strategic information perception in the open source intelligence environment as well as the framework and basic process of information perception. This paper argues that in order to match the information perception result with the information depiction result,it conducts practical exploration for the results of information acquisition,perception,depiction and analysis. This paper introduces and develops a monitoring platform for information perception. The results show that the method proposed in this paper is feasible.

Exploration of Practical English Teaching Strategies and Methods

With the accelerated development of globalization,the importance of English as an international language is self-evident.However,traditional English teaching often focuses on grammar and vocabulary,while neglecting practical applications.In order to cultivate students who can use English fluently and confidently,we need to conduct in-depth discussions on English teaching strategies and methods.In terms of speaking,teachers can arrange classroom discussions,role-playing,and other activities to encourage students to speak English boldly.Through continuous practice,students can gradually overcome shyness and nervousness,improve their fluency and confidence in oral expression.This teaching method can not only help students better understand the English language,but also broaden their horizons and improve their cross-cultural communication skills.This article will illustrate the necessity of practical English teaching through examples and case studies,and explore effective teaching strategies and methods.

The Role of Secondary School Teacher Training in Their Teaching Practices-A Secondary Publication

This work aims to analyze the effect exerted by the initial and continuous training of secondary school teachers in France on their teaching practices.For this,we carried out a secondary analysis of data from the TALIS survey(Teaching and Learning International Survey),conducted in 2013 in 34 countries,including France.In particular,we focus on practices related to the teaching methods used,classroom management,how to communicate,and the evaluative practices of teachers.In support of binary logistic regression models,we showed that the variables related to initial training play a weak role,and even exert a negative effect on certain pedagogic practices,leading to a reflection on the renovation of this training.On the other hand,our analyses highlighted the greater weight played by certain continuing education actions.

Analysis of Common Clinical Practice Teaching Methods in Medical Colleges and Universities

Clinical practice teaching is an important part of medical education.For medical students in colleges and universities,the teaching method is mostly single before the teaching reform.Innovative clinical practice teaching methods have been implemented in colleges and universities with the deepening of the teaching reform in recent years.

The Application and Practice of TBL Method in the Teaching of “Zhuang Medical Prescriptions”

The application of TBL teaching method to"Zhuang Medical Prescriptions"is an actual practice of group cooperative learning mode.Through this method,a more active learning atmosphere can be constructed,and it is also an activity to jointly achieve the teaching goals.From the perspective of the practice of basic teaching,it is a creative teaching strategy.Let students develop the awareness and habit of using team groups for cooperative inquisitive learning,so as to gradually improve students'level of comprehensive application analysis.This paper discusses in detail from the perspective of practical research and building,and compares data under different teaching methods with test results to prove that TBL teaching method is superior to traditional teaching method.

Practical Discussion of Output Oriented Method in English Major Teaching

China’s education has always been the focus for all sectors of society,and the education reform has been going on an in-depth process.Therein English major has made good progress in teaching reform,and is the focus for the education sector and the public.At present,colleges and universities in our country are facing some prominent problems.They are the phenomena that many colleges and universities have always attached great importance to language education and paid not enough attention to the ability of language communication,and paid too much attention to the explanation process and lack of training.Only the overall reform and development can make the teaching effect reach a satisfactory level.By promoting students to obtain good achievements,we can carry on longterm development in the new background and new era.Output oriented method is a new word with strong timeliness.It can improve the comprehensive quality of students to a certain extent.At the same time,it can promote the teaching quality in a certain sense,and has a positive role.

Practical Logic and Optimization Path of the Effectiveness of Teaching Methods in Ideological and Political Theory Courses

Since the Party Central Committee has explicitly requested the running of excellent ideological and political theory courses,the teaching methods of ideological and political theory courses have become a major topic of discussion in academic circles.A gap remains between the current teaching methods of ideological and political theory courses and those in the new era.In order to improve the nurturing effect of key courses,it is necessary to study the basic logic of its effectiveness enhancement from the perspective of practice.In the new era,it is essential to take the spirit from the series of important speeches of the Party and national leaders on ideological and political theory courses as guidance,draw on the effective teaching ideas of Comenius that reflect“fun,”“convenience,”and“thoroughness,”closely combine the teaching practice,as well as select and apply the teaching methods based on the concept of three“combinations”and two“innovations,”i.e.,combining students,teachers’teaching styles,and teaching contents;and innovating and practicing the integrated teaching method of diversified integration as well as the new teaching method of media technology-integrated smart classroom.

Application of the “Three Threes” Method in Clinical Teaching of Internal Jugular Vein Puncture

Objective: To clarify the role of the “Three Threes” method in clinical teaching of internal jugular vein puncture and explore improvements in teaching methods. Methods: A doctor was assigned to the induction room of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital) for two months. The time required for catheterization, the first puncture success rate, and occurrence of puncture-related complications were compared before and after learning the “Three Threes” method. Results: Using the “Three Threes” method reduced the catheterization time by 43%, increased the first puncture success rate by 17%, and led to fewer puncture-related complications. Conclusion: The application of the “Three Threes” method not only improves the success rate of internal jugular vein puncture but also reduces complications, making it easier for students to master the technique.

Construction of the Curriculum System of Software Engineering Based on the Agile Development Method

Under the background of“new engineering”construction,software engineering teaching pays more attention to cultivating students’engineering practice and innovation ability.In view of the inconsistency between development and demand design,team division of labor,difficult measurement of individual contribution,single assessment method,and other problems in traditional practice teaching,this paper proposes that under the guidance of agile development methods,software engineering courses should adopt Scrum framework to organize course project practice,use agile collaboration platform to implement individual work,follow up experiment progress,and ensure effective project advancement.The statistical data of curriculum“diversity”assessment show that there is an obvious improvement effect on students’software engineering ability and quality.

基于德尔菲法的全科住院医师临床思维能力评价体系构建研究

背景全科医学的临床思维基于全科医学专业的自身特点,有其独特性,要求全科医师具备“以患者为中心”的临床诊断和治疗技能。为了更好地反映出全科临床住院医师的临床思维能力,需要建立一套完善的、可以反映出其全方面能力的有效评价标准,目前尚无适用于衡量全科住院医师临床思维能力的评价体系。目的通过德尔菲法(Delphi法)构建全科住院医师以岗位胜任力为导向的临床思维能力评价体系。方法2021年12月—2022年2月,本课题组基于文献研究初步构建了全科住院医师临床思维能力指标体系框架,运用Delphi法,与12位专家进行了两轮深入沟通,就指标的重要性给出客观评估,筛选出合适的指标,并运用层次分析法确定每个指标的权重。结果通过两轮专家咨询,本课题组建立了一个综合性的评估体系,其中包括5个一级指标(临床知识学习和扩展、资料收集和利用、诊断分析和利用、治疗决策能力、沟通和合作能力)以及30个二级指标。两轮咨询问卷有效回收率达到100.0%,专家权威系数为0.85,一级和二级指标的专家协调系数分别达到了0.299和0.189(P<0.01),一级指标的权重分别为0.198、0.198、0.227、0.227、0.150。结论本研究使用Delphi法建立一个全面评价住院医师临床思维能力的评估体系。经过对结果数据分析可知该评估体系具有较高的权威性和科学性,为今后培养高质量全科住院医师,提升全科医学教学质量提供了参考。

开展全科教育干预研究:从设计到发表

随着中国基层医疗的发展,近10年中国将培养近40万全科医生,其中培养具有胜任力的全科医生至关重要,这需要全科教育者探索大量适合中国且基于证据的全科教育理念、方法和内容。目前,国内全科教育干预研究的质量较差,大部分全科教育师资和研究者尚缺乏教育干预研究的相关培训。本文旨在介绍全科教育干预研究,按照从设计到发表的流程将研究分为4个阶段,共13个步骤:4个阶段分别为构建研究问题(产生研究灵感、文献综述、融入理论/概念框架、精炼研究问题)、研究设计(试验设计、干预措施、结果评估)、研究执行(建立研究团队、获取研究资源、申请研究伦理、项目实施)、发表和评价阶段(文章撰写、反思与评价),以期为全科教育研究者与实践者开展教育干预研究提供研究方法和思路,产生高质量的教育研究“证据”,进一步改善全科教育培训质量,培养具有胜任力的全科医生。

On“The Five-Step Method”in Teaching Junior English for China

Junior English for China’ is based on the ’Five-Step’ teachingmethod: Revision, Presentation, Drilling, Practice, Consolidation. Each step has itsown particular methodology and requires the teacher to adopt a certain role. Thispaper is a discussion of the "Five-Step Method".

Comments on Nigel Wiseman s A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine(Ⅰ)——On the“Word-for-word”Literal Approach to Translation

Comments were made on the ＂word-for-word＂ literal translation method used by Mr. Nigel Wiseman in A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine. He believes that only literal translation can reflect Chinese medical concepts accurately. The so-called ＂word-for-word＂ translation is actually ＂English-word-for- Chinese-character＂ translation. First, the authors of the dictionary made a list of Single Characters with English Equivalents, and then they gave each character of the medical term an English equivalent according to the list. Finally, they made some minor modifications to make the rendering grammatically smoother. Many English terms thus produced are confusing. The defect of the word-for-word literal translation stems from the erroneous idea that a single character constitutes the basic element of meaning corresponding to the notion of ＂word＂ in English, and the meaning of a disyllabic or polysyllabic Chinese word is the simple addition of the constituent characters. Another big mistake is the negligence of the polysemy of Chinese characters. One or two English equivalents can by no means cover all the various meanings of a single character which is a polysemous monosyllabic word. Various examples were cited from this dictionary to illustrate the mistakes.

Some Methods on Improving Students'Spoken English Competence

如何提高英语口语能力,不仅是学生们在学习英语过程中所关心的问题,也是学习的难点所在。本文基于英语正日益成为一种国际性语言这一事实,针对国际竞争的需要,论述提高口语能力的相关办法,它们主要包括练习语音、语调、扩大词汇、语法能力,提高听说、模仿、复述、朗读等能力等等。

Research on welding simulation methods and software development

To develop highly efficient and useful software, we need to understand the essential feature of the welding phenomenon. From the mechanical point view, welding is a transient nonlinear problem in which small but strongly nonlinear region is moving with the welding torch. Noting this characteristic, ISM （Iterative Substructure Method） was developed for the thermal-elastic-plastic analysis of large scale structures. It is also known that the welding distortion and the residual stress are produced by inherent strain. The inherent strain is the sum of irreversible strains such as plastic strain due to welding thermal cycles or phase transformation and creep strain. In addition to the inherent strain, the mismatch produced by cutting error and fitting is also an important cause of the welding distortions and residual stresses. Based on this understanding, an elastic FEM introducing the inherent strain and mismatch is developed. The potential capabilities of these methods are demonstrated through some examples.

Improvement and Exploration of Teaching Methods for General Entomology in Agriculture and Forestry Colleges and Universities

According to characteristics of General Entomology and existing problems in teaching process,it came up with methods and countermeasures for improving teaching General Entomology,including improving practical ability of students through enhancing all links of practice teaching,and stimulating learning interest of students through improving methods of course examination.

Method of Non Destructive Geophysical Mapping of the Environment

Problem statement: The method of non-destructive testing is needed in different aspects of geology, geomechanics and archeology, for instance: by testing the state of rock massifs in sault, kimberlites or rock shock mines, ancient archeological objects, or mapping for locating the wells drilling. The best method for solution these problems is based on using induction multi frequency electromagnetic field with use control sources on 3D planshet system of observation. Applied methods and design: Such method was developed at the Institute of Geophysics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences that allows its use to solve complex geological problems for mapping and monitoring the state of the environment. Its use allows the observation system to be used in such way that, on the one hand, it achieves flexible tunable detail of observations, and on the other hand, it organizes an input database that is close to the domain of definition of the inverse problem operator in the class of layered-block models with local hierarchical inclusions. This allows using regularization methods to obtain solutions that are in the class of equivalent, close to true. The specific possibilities of its use are determined by the technical side: the power of the excitation source, the sensitivity of the receiving system. Typical results: It had been developed a new method of mapping, processing and interpretation, realized in a set of programs that allow seeing the result of the searching structure of the environment in real time (that is after receiving some results during one day, we can see the results of the geoelectrical features of the structure and the state of that part of the environment). It had been suggested a three staged conception of interpretation that can be used not only for interpretation electromagnetic induction data and dynamic seismic data. Concluding note (Practical value/implications): In the considered case, this method contributed to the study of altered forms of kimberlitic bodies. The method underwent geological verification in various geological conditions where it had been used for mapping the geoelectrical structure. This allows us to offer a method for the development of innovative technology in the search for hydrocarbons in complex geological structures. The method was used in Egypt for research ancient archeological objects, located in Alexandria.

Determinants of Risky Sexual Behaviour among Inmates in Katsina Correctional Service: A Mixed Methods Study

Background: Incarceration does not vitiate sexual desire. Therefore, sexual activities occur behind bars, regardless of the stringent rules in correctional institutions. However, little has been documented about risky sexual behaviors, determinants, and experiences among inmates of correctional institutions in Katsina State, Nigeria. The study determined the sexual practices, prevalence, and determinants of risky sexual behaviors among prison inmates in Katsina. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional design with concurrent mixed methods of data collection was used to interview 216 inmates using a semi-structured questionnaire supplemented with 22 in-depth interviews. Result: Most (94%) respondents were male, almost half (44.4%) had secondary education, more than half (55.1%) were engaged in business or trading before incarceration, and the majority (75.9%) were awaiting trial. Nearly all inmates (98.6%) reported having sexual desire. Drug use (80.1%) and unprotected sex (79.2%) were quite common but sexual violence was low (7.4%). The number of sexual partners of respondents remained a significant predictor of sexual activity. Inmates who had one (1) or no sexual partner were 64% less likely to engage in risky sexual activity within the confines of the prison (AOR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.20 - 0.63, p = 0.01). Qualitative interviews revealed the denial of occurrence of sexual activity in prison despite sexual desire felt by inmates;loneliness, poverty, and curiosity as motives for sexual relations;denial of occurrence of sexual violence in prison;and drug use and use of unsterilized sharps as risky sexual behaviors. Conclusion: Despite the disciplinary action meted out on inmates, prisoners still engaged in a range of risky sexual behaviors. Conjugal visitations for married inmates could be considered to reduce sexually deviant and risky alternatives of relieving sexual desire among prisoners.