GIS-Based Risk Assessment of Debris Flow Disasters in the Upper Reach of Yangtze River

This paper discussed theory and methodologies of debris-flow risk assessment and established an implementation process according to indicators of debris-flow hazard degree, vulnerability, risk degree, etc. Among these methodologies, historical and potential hazard degree was comprehensively considered into hazard assessment and hazard index was presented to indicate the debris-flow hazard degree. Regarding debris-flow vulnerability assessment, its statistical data and calculating procedure were based on the hazard-degree regionalization instead of administrative divisions, which improved the assessing scientificity and precision. These quantitative methodologies integrated with Geography Information System （GIS） were applied to the risk assessment of debris flows in the upper reach of Yangtze River. Its results were in substantial agreement on investigation data and the actual distribution of debris flows, which showed that these principles and methodologies were reasonable and feasible and can provide basis or reference for debris-flow risk assessment and disaster management.

A Review of Research on Communicative Approach to Language Teaching

English teachers in China have seldom employed communicative teaching methodology. This paper reviews the research on communicative teaching in various areas, including the foundations of the approach, the principles, the methodology and some techniques as well as the test in communicative teaching. This paper argues that the essence of communicative approach is that the students are prepared to meet the need of communication in the real world and this approach has a positive effect on students＇ achievements. Accordingly, it is hoped that communicative teaching approach will be more widely used in China.

MAJOR PRINCIPLES OF A COMMUNICATIVE METHODOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATION IN PRACTICE

IntroductionTwo major components.a syllabus and a communicative methodology constitute the CommunicativeLanguage Teaching Approach.A syllabus specifies what to teach while a methodology deals with how toteach it.A communicative methodology means a methodology based on real language use.in whichlearners are required to use language to achieve real outcomes.Communicative methodology has alwaysassumed a place of central importance in Communicative Language Teaching,which has gainedmomentum in language teaching in Britain as well as in other parts of the globe.Although.there havebeen diverse opinions and proposals concerning communicative methodology,it is possible to identify themethodology,which,I believe,can provide useful guidelines for College English Teaching in China.These principles will be addressed and their pedagogical implications discussed in this article.

Safety climate: Current status of the research and future prospects

In order to study the current situation and prospects of an improved safety climate,this paper provides an ex-tensive literature review and analysis of the concept of safety climate.Following that,a summary of research results and a theoretical framework is presented.First,several definitions of safety climate are reviewed and discussed,and the significance of safety climate to the workshop is considered.Future potential focus areas in safety climate research are noted through the study of measurement tools and the relationship of safety climate to safety performance and safety behavior.Second,the structural model of the safety climate principle and its connotation explanation are also proposed.The five principles consist of 22 levels of safety principles,which can be combined into an overall safety climate structure.The literature on safety climate is drawn from accidents that clearly demonstrate the impact of safety climate on enterprise,government,and society.Finally,six new trends in safety climate research are highlighted.These include the relationship between a feeling of safety and the reality theory,the elimination of cognitive biases in risk perception,safety climate research from a psycho-logical perspective,the quantitative development of safety climate research,the multidimensional structure of a safety climate and the influence mechanisms of safety climate on safety behavior.The results indicate that the safety climate is composed of four dimensions:(1)the attitude of senior executives,(2)safety supervision,(3)safety production environment and(4)the implementation of safety training and education.The aim of this in-depth analysis is to contribute to future research paths across several domains,suggesting the need for a multi-disciplinary approach.