Effect of Methyl Methacrylate– Acrylonitrile -Butadiene–Styrene (MABS) on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA)-Fly Ash Cenospheres (FAC) Filled Composites

With the advent of plastics and the wide range of fillers that are available have made modifications as precise as the tailored resins themselves. To modify the properties of polymer either by using fillers or by preparation of polymer blends gives rise to new materials with tailored properties. More complex, three-component systems, obtained by the addition of polymeric modifier to polymer filled composites may be of interest. Use of Fly ash cenospheres is very attractive because it is inexpensive and its use can reduce the environmental pollution to a significant extent. In the present study, Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA)-Fly ash cenospheres composites were prepared using extrusion followed by Injection molding. The effect of matrix modification with Methyl methacrylate– acrylonitrile -butadiene–styrene (MABS) on the performance of PMMA- Fly ash cenospheres compositions was also, studied. It was found that with the addition of Fly ash cenospheres particulate as filler in PMMA showed marginal reduction in Tensile Strength, % Elongation and Impact strength and improvement in Flexural Strength, Heat Deflection Temperature and Vicat Softening Point. Compared with PMMA-cenospheres composites, the notched Impact Strength of the PMMA/MABS/cenospheres composites showed marginal enhancement in values at higher loading of cenospheres. The optimum performances in mechanical and thermal properties were obtained when the ratio of MABS to cenospheres was 1:2.

COPOLYMERIZATION PROCESS OF TRIPHENYLMETHYL METHACRYLATE AND MMA WITH CHIRAL ANIONIC COMPLEX INITIATOR

The copolymerization process of triphenylmethyl methacrylate (TrMA) and methylmethacrylate (MMA) using chiral anionic complex initiator (-) SP-FlLi (Scheme 1) has beenstudied in toluene and THF, respectively. The copolymer obtained in toluene possessed muchhigher specific rotation than that in THF. These copolymers have shown a tendency to a random and a like alternating structure, respectively.

DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL CHIRAL IONIC LIQUIDS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN FREE RADICAL POLYMERIZATION OF METHYL METHACRYLATE

Two new chiral ionic liquids, 1 -((-)-menthoxycarbonylmethylene)-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphateand 1-((-)-menthoxycarbonylmethylene)-3-hexadecylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, were designed an d prepared. Theirchemical structures were characterized by ~1H-NMR. Reverse atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate(MMA) in these two ionic liquids was carried out using AIBN/CuCl_2/bipy as the initiating system. The resultant well-definedpolymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was employed as a macroinitiator to induce the atom transfer radical polymerization ofmenthyl methacrylate (MnMA) in chlorobenzene, which yielded a PMMA-b-PMnMA diblock copolymer with narrow polydispersity.

Polybutylacrylate/poly(methyl methacrylate) Core-Shell Elastic Particles as Epoxy Resin Toughener: Part I Design and Preparation

Polybutylacrylate (PBA)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) core-shell elastic particles (CSEP), whose rubbery core diameter ranged from 0.08 μm to 1.38μm, were synthesized by using conventional emulsion polymerization, multi-step emulsion polymerization, and soapless polymerization. Allyl methacylate (ALMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) were selected as crosslinking reagents for core polymerization. Methacrylic acid (MAA) was used as functional co-monomer with methyl methacrylate as shell component. The content of vinyl groups in PBA rubbery core increased with the amount of crosslinking reagents. The core-shell ratio affected great on the morphology of the complex particles. Furthermore, the amounts of carboxyl on the surface of core-shell particles, copolymerized with acrylic acid, were determined by potentiometric titration. Results showed that methylacrylic acid was distributed mostly on the surface of particles.

MgO–SBA-15 Supported Pd–Pb Catalysts for Oxidative Esterification of Methacrolein with Methanol to Methyl Methacrylate

Novel Mg O–SBA-15 supported catalysts were prepared for oxidative esterification of methacrolein(MAL) with methanol to methyl methacrylate(MMA). The Mg O–SBA-15 supports were synthesized with different magnesia loadings from different magnesium precursors and hydrochloric acid molar concentrations. The Mg O–SBA-15 supports and Pd–Pb/Mg O–SBA-15 catalysts were characterized by several analysis methods. The results revealed that the addition of Mg O improved the ordered structure of SBA-15 supports and provided surface alkalinity of SBA-15 supports. The average size of the Pd3 Pb particles on magnesia-modified Pd–Pb/Mg O–SBA-15 catalysts was smaller than that on the pure silica-based Pd–Pb/SBA-15 catalysts. The experiments on catalyst performance showed that the magnesia-modified Pd–Pb/Mg O–SBA-15 catalysts had higher activity than pure silica-based Pd–Pb/SBA-15 catalysts, showing the strong dependence of catalytic activity on the average size of active particles. The difference of activity between Pd–Pb/SBA-15 catalysts and Pd–Pb/Mg O–SBA-15 catalysts was due to the discrepant structural properties and surface alkalinity provided by Mg O, which led to the different Pd3 Pb particle sizes and then resulted in the different number of active sites. Besides magnesia loadings, other factors, such as hydrochloric acid molar concentration and magnesium precursors, had considerable influences on the catalytic activity.

Novel ionic liquids as reaction medium for atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate

Atom transfer radical polymerization （ATRP） of methyl methacrylate （MMA） employing ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate （EBiB）/ CuBr as the initiating system was investigated at 50 ℃ in the absence of any additional ligand in the three room temperature ionic liquids （RTILs）, 1-methyl-imidazolium acetate （[mim][CH3COO]）, 1-methylimidazolium propionate （[mim][CH3CH2COO]） and 1-methylimidazolium butyrate （[mim][CH3CH2CH2COO]）, respectively. All the polymerization in the three RTILs proceeded in a well-controlled manner. The sequence of the apparent polymerization rate constants was kapp（[mim][CH3COO]） 〉 kapp（[mim] [CH3CH2COO]） 〉 kapp （[mim][CH3CH2CH2COO]）.

Cs/SiO_(2)催化合成MMA工艺及宏观动力学研究

采用浸渍法制备了不同Cs质量分数的Cs/SiO_(2)催化剂,并利用XRD､氮气物理吸附､CO_(2)-TPD和NH3-TPD等技术对其进行表征。在固定床反应器中,优化了Cs/SiO_(2)催化丙酸甲酯与甲醛缩合制备甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)的反应条件,并初步进行了动力学分析。结果表明,Cs质量分数为10%的Cs/SiO_(2)催化剂性能最优,在反应温度为370℃､反应空速为1.2 h^(-1)､酯醛摩尔比为1∶1的优化条件下,丙酸甲酯的转化率为46.3%,MMA的选择性接近100%。动力学分析显示丙酸甲酯与甲醛缩合制备MMA的表观活化能为39.1 kJ/mol,非常接近理论值。

Preparation of poly （methyl methacrylate）／nanometer calcium carbonate composite by in-situ emulsion polymerization

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) emulsion polymerization in the presence of nanometer calcium carbonate(nano-CaCO3) surface modified with γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) was carried out to prepare poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/nano-CaCO3 composite. The reaction between nano-CaCO3 and MPTMS, and the grafting of PMMA onto nano-CaCO3 were confirmed by infrared spectrum. The grafting ratio and grafting efficiency of PMMA on nano-CaCO3 modified with MPTMS were much higher than that on nano-CaCO3 modified with stearic acid. The grafting ratio of PMMA increased as the weight ratio between MMA and nano-CaCO3 increased, while the grafting efficiency of PMMA decreased. Transmission electron micrograph showed that nano-CaCO3 covered with PMMA was formed by in-situ emulsion polymerization.

The Intermetallic Catalysts for Oxidative Esterification of Methacrolein to Methyl Methacrylate

A series of supported intermetallic Pb-Pb catalysts were prepared with the impregnation method by changing the support(silica,molecular sieve or γ-alumina)and the pore size.The chemical states of the two metals were characterized by XPS analysis,the process for producing methyl methacrylate based on the direct oxidative esterification of methacrolein with methanol in the presence of oxygen was performed in a slurry reactor with the above-mentioned catalysts.The influence of the calcination temperature and the kinds of support as well as the pore size on catalytic activity had been extensively investigated.Under the conditions of temperature at 80℃,catalyst 3.8%(ω)and the reaction time 2 h,the conversion rate of methacrolein reached 85%,the selectivity and the yield of methyl methacrylate were 90% and 76.5%,respectively.

Experimental Study on Malignant Transformation of Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Induced by Glycidyl Methacrylate and Analysis on its Methylation

Objective To establish the model of human bronchial epithelial cells （16HBE） malignant transformation induced by glycidyl methacrylate （GMA） and define the different methylation genes at different stages. Methods DNA was extracted at different 16HBE malignant phases and methylation at different stages were detected using Methylation chip of Promoter Microarray Methylation＇. Methylation-specific PCR （MSP） was methylation status of some genes, and then compared with the control groups. changes of genes DNA ＇NimbleGen HG18 CpG used to observe the Results The result showed that GMA induced 16HBE morphorlogical transformation at the dose of 8 I^g/mL, and cell exposed to GMA had 1 374 genes in protophase, 825 genes in metaphase, 1 149 genes in anaphase, respectively; 30 genes are all methylation in the 3 stages; 318 genes in protophase but not in metaphase and anaphase; 272 genes in metaphase but not in protophase and anaphase; 683 genes in anaphase but not in metaphase and protophase; 73 genes in protophase and metaphase but not in anaphase; 67 genes in protophase and anaphase but not in metaphase; 59 genes in metaphase and anaphase but not in protophase. Conclusion The pattern of DNA methylation could change in the process of 16HBE induced by GMA.

─NCO/─OH物质的量比对无外加溶剂聚氨酯预聚体的MMA溶液流变行为影响

无外加溶剂、自乳化丙烯酸酯改性水性聚氨酯复合乳液的绿色合成是聚氨酯(PU)工业的重要研究目标。以甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)代替丙酮,会影响该预聚体溶液的流变行为,而调控其流变行为的主要方法是调控异氰酸酯基与羟基的物质的量比n。为了探究n值对其流变行为的影响,制备了不同n值PU预聚体的MMA溶液,采用旋转黏度计和流变仪进行测试。结果表明,不同n值PU预聚体的MMA溶液黏性占主导;随n值增大,PU预聚体的MMA溶液黏度下降、黏流活化能增加,剪切变稀的临界剪切速率增大,损耗模量与储能模量降低,Lissajous曲线偏离椭圆形的线性响应程度更严重。

AN ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY STUDY ON THE AGGREGATION OF ISOTACTIC POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE)

Aggregation process of isotactic poly（methyl methacrylate） （i-PMMA） has been studied extensively for many years, and considerable progress has been made in both experimental and theoretical studies. They are, however, seldom sustained by real-space observations of the underlying morphology. In this paper, the aggregation process of i-PMMA in concentrated acetone solutions and the fractal structure of the resulting three-dimensional clusters were characterized on the basis of real-space AFM observations of their two-dimensional projection. It was found that spherical multiple-chain particles formed upon collapse and aggregation of the involving chains as a whole during quenching the solution to room temperature. By keeping the solution at room temperature, the initially formed particles stick together upon contact to form larger particles through reassembling very slowly. The succeeding collision of the enlarged spherical particles leads to the formation of small clusters. These newly formed small clusters grow when they meet with other clusters or single Brownian particles. This leads to the formation of large clusters with fractal dimension of 1.95 ± 0.05, which suggest a reaction-limited cluster aggregation of i-PMMA in a concentrated acetone solution. This is in accordance with the conclusion obtained by light scattering measurements.

PREPARATION OF POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE)/LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDES NANOCOMPOSITES via in situ SOLUTION POLYMERIZATION

An exfoliated layered double hydroxides/poly（methyl methacrylate） （LDHs/PMMA） nanocomposite was prepared by in situ solution polymerization of methyl methacrylate （MMA） in the presence of 4-vinylbenzenesulfonate intercalated LDHs（MgAl-VBS LDHs）. MgAl-VBS LDHs was prepared by the ion exchange method, and the structure and composition of the MgAl-VBS LDHs were determined by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis. XRD and transmission electron microscopy （TEM） were employed to examine the structure of LDHs/PMMA nanocomposite. It was indicated that the LDHs layers were well exfoliated and dispersed in the PMMA matrix. The grafting of PMMA onto LDHs was confirmed by the extraction result and the weight fraction of grafted PMMA increased as the weight fraction of LDHs in the nanocomposites increased.

Synthesis of Comblike Poly(methyl methacrylate) by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization with Poly(ethyl 2-bromoacrylate) as Macroinitiator

Comblike poly(methyl methacrylate) was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate with poly(ethyl 2-bromoacrylate) as a macroinitiator, which was prepared by conventional free radical polymerization of ethyl 2-bromoacrylate. The obtained comblike polymers were characterized by GPC and 1H NMR.

Effect of Low-Pressure Nitrogen DC Plasma Treatment on the Surface Properties of Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene, Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) and Polyvinyl Chloride Films

In this study, commercial biaxially oriented polypropylene （BOPP）, polyvinyl chlo- ride （PVC） and poly （methyl methacrylate） （PMMA） films were treated with nitrogen plasma over different exposure times in a Pyrex tube surrounded by a DC variable magnetic field. The chemi- cal changes that appeared on the surface of the samples were investigated using Fourier transform infrared （FT4R） spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared （ATR- FTIR） spectroscopy after treatment for 2 min, 4 min and 6 rain in a nitrogen plasma chamber. Effects of the plasma treatment on the surface topographies and contact angles of the untreated and plasma treated films were also analyzed by atomic force microscopy （AFM） and a contact angle measuring system. The results show that the plasma treated films become more hydrophilic with an enhanced wettability due to the formation of some new polar groups on the surface of the treated films. Moreover, at higher exposure times, the total surface energy in all treated films increased while a reduction in contact angle occurred. The behavior of surface roughness in each sample was completely different at higher exposure times.

The Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate with a New Nd(O—i-Pr)_(3)—AI(i-Bu)_(3)Catalyst System

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) was polymerized with the rare earth coordination catalyst system of Nd(O? Pr) 3 in toluene. The influences of various ligands in neodymium complexes, molar ratio of Al/Nd, catalyst concentration, catalyst aging time, solvents, the third component CCl 4, temperature and time on the polymerization of MMA were studied. The results showed that the polymerization conversion reached more than 80% at a catalyst concentration of 9 2×10 -3 mol/L. The appropriate molar ratio of CCl 4/Nd was 4. Hydrocarbon was preferred for the polymerzation to obtain a high conversion and a high M W of PMMA. The 1H NMR spectra of PMMA indicated that the lower the temperature, the higher the syndiotactic content of PMMA was obtained.

MONOMER REACTIVITY RATIO AND THERMAL PERFORMANCE OFα-METHYL STYRENE AND GLYCIDYL METHACRYLATE COPOLYMERS

Synthesis and characterization of the copolymers （PAG） of α-methyl styrene （AMS） and glycidyl methacrylate （GMA） are presented. The copolymers of PAG were characterized by gel permeation chromatography （GPC）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）, nuclear magnetic resonance （^1H-NMR） and thermogravimetery （TG）. Based on the copolymer compositions determined by ^1H-NMR, the reactivity ratios of AMS and GMA were found to be 0.105 ± 0.012 and 0.883 ± 0.046 respectively by Kelen-Tudos method. TG revealed that thermal stability of the copolymers decreased with increasing the AMS content in the copolymers, which indicated that the degradation was mainly caused by the chain scission of AMS-containing structures. Under heating, the copolymers depolymerize at their weak bonds and form chain radicals, which could further initiate other chemical reactions.

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Hybrid Poly(methyl methacrylate)/Iron Nanowires for Potential Hyperthemia Therapy

Externally applied magnetic fields have been used in this study to fabricate bamboo-like iron nanowires with or without a layer of Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The hybrid PMMA/Fe nanowires were synthesized via hard X-ray synchrotron radiation polymerization with various treatment parameters. The results of XRD show that an oxide layer formed on the surface of the iron nanowires. The Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 phases coexist in the iron nanowires without X-ray irradiation. After X-ray irradiation, the Fe2O3 phase transformed into Fe3O4, which stabilized the iron nanowires. The results of XAS proved this phase transformation. TGA analysis confirmed the thermal properties and solid contents in these specimens. Their ferromagnetic behaviors were examined by magnetic hysteresis measurement, which indicated that the magnetic and structural properties of the nanowires can be manipulated by irradiation treatment. This may lead to a novel synthesis for iron nanowires that can be used in high thermal efficiency hyperthermia therapy.

Antibiotic-free antimicrobial poly (methyl methacrylate) bone cements:A state-of-the-art review

Prosthetic joint infection(PJI)is the most serious complication following total joint arthroplasty,this being because it is associated with,among other things,high morbidity and low quality of life,is difficult to prevent,and is very challenging to treat/manage.The many shortcomings of antibiotic-loaded poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA)bone cement(ALBC)as an agent for preventing and treating/managing PJI are well-known.One is that microorganisms responsible for most PJI cases,such as methicillin-resistant S.aureus,have developed or are developing resistance to gentamicin sulfate,which is the antibiotic in the vast majority of approved ALBC brands.This has led to many research efforts to develop cements that do not contain gentamicin(or,for that matter,any antibiotic)but demonstrate excellent antimicrobial efficacy.There is a sizeable body of literature on these socalled“antibiotic-free antimicrobial”PMMA bone cements(AFAMBCs).The present work is a comprehensive and critical review of this body.In addition to summaries of key trends in results of characterization studies of AFAMBCs,the attractive features and shortcomings of the literature are highlighted.Shortcomings provide motivation for future work,with some ideas being formulation of a new generation of AFAMBCs by,example,adding a nanostructured material and/or an extract from a natural product to the powder and/or liquid of the basis cement,respectively.

Nonlinear Multiple Model Predictive Control of Solution Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate

A sequential linearized model based predictive controller is designed using the DMC algorithm to control the temperature of a batch MMA polymerization process. Using the mechanistic model of the polymerization, a parametric transfer function is derived to relate the reactor temperature to the power of the heaters. Then, a multiple model predictive control approach is taken in to track a desired temperature trajectory.The coefficients of the multiple transfer functions are calculated along the selected temperature trajectory by sequential linearization and the model is validated experimentally. The controller performance is studied on a small scale batch reactor.