Research on Characteristics of the Lateral Settlement Trough Caused by Shield Construction

The characteristics of settlement trough induced by shield construction in soft soil area in Shanghai were analyzed based on test materials in situ. The shape of the trough, the relationship between trough and buried depth of tunnel, trough evolvement with time and relationship between trough width coefficient and buried depth of tunnel and time were profoundly researched by mainly using the methods of statistics, fitting, comparison and drawing, deriving the conclusions which are of important guidance in the area.

Risk identification and risk mitigation during metro station construction by enlarging shield tunnel combined with cut-and-cover method

Constructing a metro station by enlarging shield tunnels combined with a mining/cut-and-cover method provides a new method to solve the contradictions of construction time limits of shield tunnels and stations. As a new-style construction method, there are several specific risks involved in the construction process. Based on the test section of Sanyuanqiao station on Beijing metro line 10, and combined with the existing methods of risk identification at present, including a review of world-wide operational experience of similar projects, the study of generic guidance on hazards associated with the type of work being undertaken, and discussions with qualified and experienced staff from the project team, etc., the specific risks during the construction process of the metro station constructed by enlarging shield tunnels combined with the cut-and-cover method are identified. The results show that the specific risks mainly come from three construction processes which include constructing upper enclosure structures, excavating the soil between shield tunnels and demolishing shield segments. Then relevant risk mitigation measures are put forward. The results can provide references for scheme improvement and a comprehensive risk assessment of the new-style construction method.

Mechanical behavior of segment rebar of shield tunnel in construction stage

In this paper, a 3D finite element （FE） program ADINA was applied to analyzing a tunnel with 9 segment tings. The loads acting on these segment tings included the squeezing action of tail brush of shield machine under attitude deflection, the jacking forces, the grouting pressure and the soil pressure. The analyses focused on the rebar stress in two statuses： （1） normal construction status without shield machine squeezing; （2） squeezing action induced by shield machine under attitude deflection. The analyses indicated that the rebar stress was evidently affected by the construction loads. In different construction status, the rebar stress ranges from -80 MPa to 50 MPa, and the rebar is in elastic status. Even some cracks appear on segments, the stress of segment rebar is still at a low level. It is helpful to incorporate a certain quantity of steel fiber to improve the anti-crack and shock resistance performance.

Study on Ground Deformation during Shield Tunnel Construction

Through the systematic analysis of the ground settlement generated by the process of shield tunneling,the relationships between ground deformation and construction parameters are studied in this paper.Based on the assumption of linear small deformation,a mathematical model of the relationship between ground deformation and construction parameters is set up.The principle and method of optimization for estimating ground deformation is studied.The actual measured data are compared with the results of theoretical analysis in a case.Considering different ground formations in different construction sites with different adverse effects on surface and underground structures,the ground surface deformations caused by shield tunneling is an aimed topic in this paper.The contributions and research implications are the revealed relationships between the ground deformation and the shield tunneling parameters during construction.

Machine learning-based automatic control of tunneling posture of shield machine

For a tunnel driven by a shield machine,the posture of the driving machine is essential to the construction quality and environmental impact.However,the machine posture is controlled by the experienced driver of shield machine by setting hundreds of tunneling parameters empirically.Machine learning(ML)algorithm is an alternative method that can let the computer to learn from the driver’s operation and try to model the relationship between parameters automatically.Thus,in this paper,three ML algorithms,i.e.multi-layer perception(MLP),support vector machine(SVM)and gradient boosting regression(GBR),are improved by genetic algorithm(GA)and principal component analysis(PCA)to predict the tunneling posture of the shield machine.A set of the parameters for shield tunneling is extracted from the construction site of a Shanghai metro.In total,53,785 pairwise data points are collected for about 373 d and the ratio between training set,validation set and test set is 3:1:1.Each pairwise data point includes 83 types of parameters covering the shield posture,construction parameters,and soil stratum properties at the same time.The test results show that the averaged R2 of MLP,SVM and GBR based models are 0.942,0.935 and 0.6,respectively.Then the automatic control for the posture of shield tunnel is illustrated with an application example of the proposed models.The proposed method is proved to be helpful in controlling the construction quality with optimized construction parameters.

Influence and evaluation of saturated soil shield construction on existing highway

In order to study the shield construction under an existing highway,the initial displacement and the excess pore water pressure solution from Biot consolidation equation were used to derive the analytical solutions of the vertical deformation and pore water pressure of saturated soil caused by the frontal friction and side friction of the cutterhead.In addition,by introducing the layered method and combining it with other theoretical analytical equations,the expressions of total vertical deformation and total pore water pressure caused by tunnel excavation with different overlying materials were obtained.The simulation results on an engineering project showed that the angleαbetween the direction of the road and the propulsion axis of the shield had a significant influence on the surface settlement of the road.When the angleαwas increased,the settlement curve had higher variation;but the variation would not exceed the maximum settlement value above the shield axis.When the road was perpendicular to the shield axis,a critical point of the road bulging and settlement was formed above the incision.Due to the grinding resistance of the cutterhead,the pore water pressure under the roadbed was distributed asymmetrically on both sides of the shield axis.

Evaluation and prediction of earth pressure balance shield performance in complex rock strata:A case study in Dalian,China

This research explores the potential for the evaluation and prediction of earth pressure balance shield performance based on a gray system model.The research focuses on a shield tunnel excavated for Metro Line 2 in Dalian,China.Due to the large error between the initial geological exploration data and real strata,the project construction is extremely difficult.In view of the current situation regarding the project,a quantitative method for evaluating the tunneling efficiency was proposed using cutterhead rotation(R),advance speed(S),total thrust(F)and torque(T).A total of 80 datasets with three input parameters and one output variable(F or T)were collected from this project,and a prediction framework based gray system model was established.Based on the prediction model,five prediction schemes were set up.Through error analysis,the optimal prediction scheme was obtained from the five schemes.The parametric investigation performed indicates that the relationships between F and the three input variables in the gray system model harmonize with the theoretical explanation.The case shows that the shield tunneling performance and efficiency are improved by the tunneling parameter prediction model based on the gray system model.

机器学习方法在盾构隧道工程中的应用研究现状与展望

随着盾构隧道工程信息化水平的提升,隧道掘进设备作业过程监测技术日益完善,记录的工程数据蕴含了掘进设备内部信息及其与外部地层的相互作用关系。机器学习因其数据分析能力强,无需先验的理论公式和专家知识,相较于传统的建模统计分析方法具有更大的应用空间。通过机器学习方法对收集的信息与数据进行深度挖掘并分析其内在联系,有助于提升盾构隧道工程建设的效率和安全保障水平。简述机器学习方法的基本原理,总结和分析机器学习方法在盾构工程中的应用研究状况,综述基于机器学习的盾构设备状态分析、盾构设备性能预测、围岩参数反演、地表变形预测和隧道病害诊断等5个方面的进展,并分析当前研究的不足。最后,分析盾构隧道工程向智能化方向发展需重点攻克的难题。

联络通道施工盾构机接收对已建盾构隧道影响试验研究

联络通道机械法施工中盾构机接收对已建盾构隧道受荷变形影响机制暂不明确问题,通过设计1∶10的缩尺模型试验,开展了联络通道机械法施工中盾构机接收对已建盾构隧道影响试验研究。试验结果分析表明:联络通道机械法施工时,盾构机开挖面附加水平土压力将导致接收端已建盾构隧道对侧的土压力在中部有显著的增大,而两端则减小,即导致顶推对侧发生了水平被动土拱现象;在中间附加水平土压力作用下,隧道在中间发生了显著的竖椭圆变形,而在两端则发生了一定的横椭圆变形;隧道中间发生竖椭圆变形对上下地层形成挤压,在竖向上同样形成了被动土拱现象;隧道纵向挠曲变形时出现了一定的反弯现象。盾构隧道作为地层中的管状结构物,在地层中纵向变形分析时需要考虑横断面变形的影响。

盾构隧道进出洞施工渗漏诱发结构倒塌试验研究

为明确隧道进出洞施工时因渗漏而诱发的结构倒塌发展过程,设计并开展缩尺模型试验。根据相似关系设计模型试验,制作模型土体与模型盾构隧道。参考实际进出洞施工渗漏事故案例,触发模型盾构隧道渗漏,在模型箱内重现隧道结构倒塌的全过程,并观测事故发展过程中的地层响应、隧道外部土压力变化、隧道倒塌发展过程。通过分析隧道进出洞施工中不同位置发生渗漏后结构的倒塌响应,对比不同位置渗漏对隧道进出洞施工致灾发展过程的影响。试验研究发现:1)隧道进出洞施工发生渗漏后,外部土体由于渗流侵蚀产生不稳定土洞,土洞经历了形成—失稳—再现的循环过程;2)隧道结构倒塌是由不稳定土洞失稳坠落冲击隧道结构导致的;3)隧道顶部和腰部2种不同位置渗漏后外部土体侵蚀发展的本质相同,但是不同渗漏位置产生的土洞形状有明显差异,导致最终隧道倒塌位置有所差异。

湿陷性黄土区输水隧洞盾构施工风险评估

为了提高针对湿陷性黄土区输水隧洞盾构法施工安全评估的可靠性,从人员管理、机械材料、施工技术、施工环境4个方面构建较为完善的施工安全风险评估指标体系;利用灰色-DEMATEL方法对中心度进行处理得到风险指标权重;以风险发生概率和风险损失程度两个维度为基础构建二维云评估模型,其中发生概率由主、客观方法相结合来确定,损失程度通过改进雷达图法从人员伤亡、经济损失、工期延误、功能缺陷和环境影响5个方面来综合确定。将该评估模型运用到引汉济渭工程X输水隧洞盾构法施工项目的安全评估中。结果表明:该项目施工风险评估等级为Ⅱ级,施工安全风险程度较小,评价结果符合工程实际,验证了该评估模型的可行性和有效性。研究成果可为湿陷性黄土区类似输水隧洞盾构法施工安全风险评估提供借鉴和参考。

公铁合建双层盾构隧道设计关键技术

为解决公铁合建双层盾构隧道面临的总体布置、结构设计、汽车与地铁车辆联合振动以及通风排烟等技术难题,以武汉长江公铁隧道和济南黄河济泺路隧道工程实践为基础,采用方案综合比选、2.5维数值计算等方法,对公铁合建双层盾构隧道设计关键技术进行系统研究。结果表明:1)通过对隧道平面、纵断面和横断面的合理优化布置,并在废水泵房段、疏散楼梯段采取特殊布置方案,可减少公铁合建盾构隧道地下空间占用,并提高断面利用率,减小盾构隧道外径;2)采用半预制半现浇的管片+非封闭内衬结构型式,能充分发挥内部结构与管片衬砌的联合承载作用,显著减小河床冲淤作用;3)汽车与地铁联合振动作用对隧道影响较小,隧道基底饱和粉细砂地层不会发生液化;4)地铁隧道采用分段纵向烟道,可解决地铁长大区间无风井条件下的排烟难题,同时提高疏散便捷性,并大幅降低建设难度;5)公铁合建隧道在运营管理上不可避免地会出现交叉和影响,建议在管理界面划分和投资分劈上提前研究,便于决策。

未确知测度理论在盾构下穿既有隧道安全风险评价中的应用

盾构下穿既有隧道工程施工通常存在较大风险,为了对风险等级做出准确有效的评价,提出了基于未确知测度理论的盾构下穿既有隧道安全风险评价模型。首先,通过对相关规范和现有文献的研究,并结合盾构下穿隧道施工的特点,构建了盾构下穿既有隧道安全风险评价指标体系,包括盾构掘进参数、新建隧道条件、既有隧道条件、地质条件和施工管理条件5个一级指标,以及掘进速度、掘进推力、注浆压力等19个二级指标;其次,将综合安全风险划分为5个等级,并明确了各指标的等级划分标准;然后基于熵权-未确知测度理论构建盾构下穿既有隧道安全风险评价模型,采用熵权法确定指标权重,根据未确知测度理论构建各指标的单指标未确知测度函数,将各指标数据值代入单指标未确知测度函数中得到单指标测度评价矩阵,结合指标权重和单指标测度评价矩阵计算得到多指标测度评价向量,依照置信度准则确定安全风险等级;最后,将提出的模型应用于实际盾构下穿既有隧道工程中,对其进行安全风险等级评价。结果表明,模型评价结果与实际风险等级一致,并通过与模糊层析分析法对比验证了所提模型应用于工程实践的有效性,研究结果可为实际施工安全管理提供决策支持。

既有交叉隧道和站台下新建地铁盾构隧道施工变形预测模型研究

在地铁建设过程中,盾构施工对既有结构的影响一直是工程施工安全和效率的关键考量因素。文章运用有限元数值模拟方法,研究广州地铁隧道A盾构施工对相邻隧道B、C和站台D的变形影响,旨在揭示新建隧道下穿既有结构时的变形规律,并预测其影响范围。研究结果表明,变形最大值位于施工轴线最近点,随着与施工位置距离的增加而减小,变形主要发生在施工平行经过期间。地表沉降呈对称分布,最大值位于隧道中部,既有隧道连接处的von-Mises应力受新建隧道开挖影响较小,应力峰值随盾构施工推进而移动,但变化幅度有限。现场监测数据与数值模拟结果高度一致,可验证该模拟方法的有效性和可靠性。文章相关研究可为地铁工程施工提供重要参考,有助于优化施工方案,提高工程的安全性和效率。

基于Pathfinder的地铁盾构隧道疏散平台优化研究

为探究地铁盾构隧道疏散平台应对火灾、水灾以及列车区间故障等不同场景人员疏散的合理方案,以疏散地铁6辆B型车定员1460人为目标,建立Pathfinder疏散仿真模型开展研究。先对4种不同疏散平台布置方案的最快疏散时间、疏散完成时间和车厢内人员撤离规律进行研究;再以最优的“四向通行”方案为例,对7种疏散平台宽度的最快疏散时间、疏散完成时间和车厢内人员撤离规律进行研究。研究结果表明:1)车厢内人员撤离分为快速撤离、缓慢撤离和人员清空3个不同特征阶段。从车厢撤离乘客是脱困最重要的环节,时间占整个疏散时间的比例大,需做好乘客撤离车厢的组织引导工作。2)在联络通道处采用“四向通行”结构,可实现疏散平台与道床连通且不中断疏散平台的最优方案。该方案可实现利用道床面在烟气底层疏散以应对火灾工况、疏散平台纵向连通并在高处疏散以应对水灾工况的双重功能。3)疏散平台宽度增加会大幅缩短乘客撤离车厢的时间,对最快疏散的时间影响小,宽度未加宽到1100 mm时对疏散时间无显著影响。4)需做好在联络通道、道床、人防门、防淹门、道岔区疏散平台的顺畅性设计。

基于螺栓拉伸刚度的地铁盾构隧道纵向刚度计算

针对现有盾构隧道纵向刚度计算方法缺乏试验验证且未考虑螺栓拉伸刚度等因素影响的不足,首先,理论推导盾构隧道纵向刚度的解析计算方法;然后,以上海地铁盾构隧道为背景,设计并开展缩尺模型试验,通过实测结果验证解析计算方法;最后,以珠三角地区盾构隧道为工程背景,计算盾构隧道纵向刚度。结果表明:由于螺栓预紧力的存在,跨中加载较小时的实测隧道纵向刚度偏大,但随着跨中加载的增加,实测结果与理论计算结果趋于接近,验证了解析计算方法的合理性;珠三角地区盾构隧道在弹性阶段、塑性阶段和塑性变形后的纵向螺栓拉伸刚度依次为2.1255×10^(6),0.9859×10^(6)和3.1856×10^(6) N·m^(-1),纵向刚度依次为3.3068×10^(8),1.5345×10^(8)和4.9543×10^(8) N·m^(2);考虑到地铁盾构隧道发生纵向变形时,一定范围内的纵向螺栓所处变形阶段存在差别,在实际纵向刚度取值时应根据隧道最大变形导致的纵向螺栓拉伸量来具体分析确定。

有变形缝工况下地铁左右线盾构并行下穿对既有明挖公路隧道变形及应力的影响

[目的]为确保有变形缝工况下地铁盾构隧道并行下穿既有明挖公路隧道工程的顺利实施,须对该工况下既有明挖公路隧道的变形情况及应力特征进行分析。[方法]建立了济南济泺路下穿黄河隧道工程中市域轨道交通S2线左右线盾构隧道并行下穿既有明挖公路隧道的精细化模型,分析了既有明挖公路隧道车道结构底板的z向(竖向)沉降、x向(水平向)位移及车道结构底板的应力变化情况。选取有无变形缝2种工况,对2个施工步完成后测线的x向位移和z向沉降变化情况进行对比。进一步选取工程中的2号变形缝,分析施工过程中2号变形缝两侧的结构沉降差和变形缝的应力状态发展历程。[结果及结论]与无变形缝工况相比,有变形缝工况降低了既有明挖公路隧道结构的整体性,改变了其变形及受力特征;变形缝始终受到拉应力及剪应力的影响;有变形缝工况下,变形缝两侧沉降随地铁盾构掘进呈现出明显的变化,地铁盾构掘进至该变形缝正下方时,沉降达到最大值。

北京地铁盾构隧道渗漏病害成因及对管片结构的影响研究

为揭示城市盾构隧道渗漏病害的形成机制,对北京地铁部分盾构隧道渗漏病害的主要类型、位置及程度进行统计分析。通过现场检测、地质雷达及内窥镜探测等手段,探究盾构隧道渗漏病害机制及成因,并通过数值模拟研究管片接缝渗漏时的地层变形规律及管片结构内力特征。研究表明:1)盾构管片接缝渗漏为主要的盾构隧道渗漏类型,占比超过60%,渗漏发生的位置集中在拱顶,以滴漏为主。2)盾构隧道渗漏水的主要内因是管片接缝处的不均匀变形,主要外因是地下水迅速升高导致存在渗漏隐患的隧道位于水位以下;同时,隧道周边地层更易形成富水体,增大了隧道渗漏病害的发生概率。3)盾构管片接缝处渗漏位置越靠近拱底,渗漏越严重,渗漏附近地层孔隙水压力消散的数值、最终达到稳定时的地表沉降越大。4)接缝局部渗漏导致的管片结构椭圆化变形较小,更易使结构出现向下且倾向渗漏点位方向的偏移;另外,渗漏位置变化相比渗漏程度对管片结构内力的影响大。

反拉式顶管法施工联络通道对地铁盾构隧道力学性能影响

为探究采用反拉式顶管法施工盾构隧道联络通道过程中主隧道的力学响应机制,依托北京地铁某盾构区间,建立模拟联络通道施工过程的有限元模型,通过与现场监测数据对比验证模型的准确性。继而研究联络通道施工对主隧道管片间错台位移、特殊管片应力及变形、螺栓受力的影响,并分析反力模式对主隧道管片力学特性的影响。结果表明:1)始发管片破除对主隧道力学性能影响较大,随着联络通道进一步开挖,主隧道受力和变形缓慢增大。2)管片间最大错台位移为1.17 mm,发生在特殊管片与普通管片接缝底部。特殊管片最大拉应力为18.6 MPa,出现在开口的顶、底部;最大压应力为27.0 MPa,出现在开口的腰部;最大横向扩张位移和竖向收敛位移分别为2.13 mm和4.56 mm。主隧道管片环间螺栓最大拉应力为213 MPa。3)背推式反力模式更利于控制开口处的横、竖向位移,反拉式反力模式更利于控制开口对面管片应力变形及其接缝处错动位移。

宝鸡峡引水隧洞下穿既有铁路线控制措施研究

为了研究新建隧洞对下穿既有铁路路基的影响,以宝鸡峡引水隧洞下穿陇海铁路线为研究背景,采用数值模拟方法,系统分析地层劣化程度、盾构施工参数、加固措施对铁路路基的沉降规律及盾构管片的力学响应。结果表明:引水隧洞围岩劣化系数降低至0.7时,铁路路基沉降增加约16%,衬砌拉压应力分别增加约4%和9%;随着盾构土舱压力和推力的增加,路基沉降分别减小约79%和4%,衬砌拉应力分别增加约55%和44%;随着注浆压力增加,路基沉降减小约26%;超前注浆圈厚度增大,可控制沉降降低19%,D型施工便梁型号越高,铁路路基的沉降越小,最低降至2.8 mm。在盾构掘进期间应避免盾构机过度扰动地层,采取地层超前注浆的加固圈厚度宜控制在2 m以内或采取D20型施工便梁加固既有铁路线。