Dynamic effects of high-pressure pulsed water jet in low-permeability coal seams

Mine gas extraction in China is difficult due to the characteristics such as micro-porosity,low-permeability and high adsorption of coal seams.The pulsed mechanismof a high-pressure pulsed water jet was studied through theoretical analysis,experimentand field measurement.The results show that high-pressure pulsed water jet has threedynamic properties.What's more,the three dynamic effects can be found in low-permeabilitycoal seams.A new pulsed water jet with 200-1 000 Hz oscillation frequency andpeak pressure 2.5 times than average pressure was introduced.During bubble collapsing,sound vibration and instantaneous high pressures over 100 MPa enhanced the cuttingability of the high-pressure jet.Through high-pressure pulsed water jet drilling and slotting,the exposure area of coal bodies was greatly enlarged and pressure of the coal seamsrapidly decreased.Therefore,the permeability of coal seams was improved and gas absorptionrate also decreased.Application results show that gas adsorption rate decreasedby 30%-40%and the penetrability coefficient increased 100 times.This proves that high-pressurepulsed water is more efficient than other conventional methods.

Characteristic plume morphologies of atmospheric Ar and He plasma jets excited by a pulsed microwave hairpin resonator

Different discharge morphologies in atmospheric Ar and He plasmas are excited by using a pulsed microwave hairpin resonator. Ar plasmas form an arched plasma plume at the opened end of the hairpin, whereas He plumes generate only a contracted plasmas in between both tips of metal electrodes. Despite this different point, their discharge processes have three similar characteristics：（i） the ionization occurs at the main electrode firstly and then develops to the slave electrode,（ii） during the shrinking stage the middle domain of the discharge channels disappears at last, and（iii） even at zero power input（in between pulses） a weak light region always exists in the discharge channels. Both experimental results and electromagnetic simulations suggest that the discharge is resonantly excited by the local enhanced electric fields. In addition, Ar ionization and excitation energies are lower than those of He, the effect of Ar gas flow is far greater than that of He gas, and the contribution of accelerated electrons only locates at the domain with the strongest electric fields. These reasons could be used to interpret the different characteristic plume morphologies of the proposed atmospheric Ar and He plasmas.

Experimental study on jet pulse assembly design and numerical simulation

Jet pulse assembly is one of the main components of jet hydraulic oscillator.The pressure wave characteristics produced by jet pulse assembly have an important influence on the performance of the tool.In this paper,the structure and working principle of jet pulse assembly are studied,the mechanical analysis model of piston rod is established,the dynamic resistance ratio formula of jet pulse assembly is deduced,and the numerical simulation test of 89-mm jet pulse assembly structure parameters is carried out.The results show that the piston rod downward stroke is driven by both the jet element driving force and the throttle plate load driving force,and can stably descend.The driving force of the piston rod upward stroke jet element is opposite to the load acting force of the throttle disc,and the jet driving force needs to be greater than the load resistance of the throttle disc to stably ascend.The dynamic resistance ratio formula is deduced.When the area of the end of the piston rod is reduced,the resistance of the throttle disc is reduced and the jet power is increased,thus solving the problem of insufficient power of the piston rod in the upstroke and ensuring the normal operation of the tool.Ten groups of numerical simulation tests were carried out,and it was found that the pressure amplitude and pressure drop of the tool decreased significantly with the increase of the tool size,and the error between the numerical simulation value and the theoretical calculation value was less than 9%,which verified the correctness of the theory.It is suggested to select tools on site according to the drilling construction situation to ensure the drilling effect.

Study of the expansion characteristics of a pulsed plasma jet in air

In the background of electrothermal-chemical （ETC） emission,an investigation has been conducted on the characteristics of a freely expanding pulsed plasma jet in air.The evolutionary process of the plasma jet is experimentally investigated using a piezoelectric pressure sensor and a digital high-speed video system.The variation relation in the extended volume,axial displacement and radial displacement of the pulsed plasma jet in atmosphere with time under different discharge voltages and jet breaking pressures is obtained.Based on experiments,a two-dimensional axisymmetric unsteady model is established to analyze the characteristics of the two-phase interface and the variation of flow-field parameters resulting from a pulsed plasma jet into air at a pressure of 1.5-3.5 MPa under three nozzle diameters （3 mm,4 mm and 5 ram,respectively）.The images of the plasma jet reveal a changing shape process,from a quasiellipsoid to a conical head and an elongated cylindrical tail.The axial displacement of the jet is always larger than that along the radial direction.The extended volume reveals a single peak distribution with time.Compared to the experiment,the numerical simulation agrees well with the experimental data.The parameters of the jet field mutate at the nozzle exit with a decrease in the parameter pulse near the nozzle,and become more and more gradual and close to environmental parameters.Increasing the injection pressure and nozzle diameter can increase the parameters of the flow field such as the expansion volume of the pulsed plasma jet,the size of the Mach disk and the pressure.In addition,the turbulent mixing in the expansion process is also enhanced.

增压式脉冲水射流瞬时压力特性试验研究

射流压力特性决定其冲击能力,针对增压式脉冲水射流瞬时压力特性尚不明确这一问题,利用自行研制的增压式脉冲水射流压力采集系统开展试验,探究进水压力、进油压力及喷嘴直径等参数对增压腔压力特性的影响规律。试验结果表明:随着进水压力的提升,峰值压力不变,谷值压力同步提升,频率增大,增压比不变;随着进油压力的提升,峰值压力逐步增大,谷值压力不变,频率增大,增压比不变;随着喷嘴直径的增大,峰值压力逐步降低,谷值压力不变,频率增大,增压比逐步降低。同时,单周期瞬时压力中包含有两次主级脉动与一段次级脉动,通过调制进水压力可获取具有间断性与连续性的脉动压力特征。

气举用脉冲进气自激振荡空气喷嘴数值模拟与试验研究

气举(气力泵)广泛应用在海洋采矿、钻孔水力开采、深水清淤等场合,越来越引起用户的重视。国内外学者对提升气举效率做了不少探索性研究,提出了脉冲进气是有效提升气举效率的途径之一,据此,提出一种亥姆霍兹式空气喷嘴,通过此喷嘴产生脉冲射流作为气举的进气方式,达到改善气举性能的目的。依据波涡理论,分析了自激振荡脉冲射流的产生机理;运用Fluent软件,对自激振荡空气喷嘴内流场进行了数值模拟,基于仿真结果进行试验研究。研究表明:结构参数和运行参数对射流特性影响显著。在入口压力为3 bar(1 bar=1×10^(5)Pa),腔长L=64 mm,频率为8 Hz情况下,压力脉动波动差值和幅值最大,产生的空气脉冲射流最显著;幅值随腔长的增大先上升后下降。数值模拟与试验结果一致。研究成果可为空气脉冲射流与气举一体化的工程应用提供参考,具有较高的工程应用价值。

脉冲驱动等离子体射流中活性粒子空间分布规律

为探究大气压脉冲驱动等离子体射流中活性粒子空间分布特性,采用同轴双环等离子体射流反应器,在外施脉冲激励驱动下,研究各活性粒子在不同电离段的特征峰相对强度沿轴向空间的变化规律。结果表明:在脉冲激励等离子体射流所有测量点位均能检测到NO、OH、N_(2)、N_(2)^(+)、He等活性粒子特征峰,其中以OH、N_(2)、N_(2)^(+)粒子所对应的发射光谱谱带及特征峰较为显著;在高压电极和接地电极之间的电场驱动电离段,活性粒子NO、OH、N_(2)的特征峰相对强度在靠近高压电极和接地电极区域较高,而在两电极中间的区域相对强度较低,不同激发能级He、N_(2)^(+)特征峰相对强度沿气流方向逐渐降低;在接地电极至反应器管口的半开放离子激发段,活性粒子NO、OH以及不同能级N_(2)、N_(2)^(+)、He特征峰的相对强度轴向分布呈现出随着气流方向逐渐降低的趋势;在反应器管口至等离子体射流末端区域的开放离子激发段,活性粒子OH、NO与不同能级He特征峰的相对强度轴向分布随气体流动方向逐渐减弱,不同能级N_(2)、N_(2)^(+)特征峰的相对强度呈现出先增后减的规律,为脉冲驱动等离子体射流能量传递过程与反应机理的深入研究提供支撑。

椰子油火龙果汁纳米乳液冻干果粉的制备及其结构表征

联合真空冷冻干燥技术与动态超高压微射流技术制备椰子油火龙果汁纳米乳液冻干果粉,通过单因素试验及响应面法优化制备工艺条件,并对果粉理化性质及结构进行表征。结果表明:最佳制备工艺条件为以乳液质量为基准,椰子油添加量4.17%、皂角提取物添加量3.22 mg/100 g,在动态超高压微射流100 MPa下处理3次,所得冻干果粉中椰子油包埋率为61.21%±0.69%,溶解性为88.14%±0.91%。扫描电镜结果显示,果粉结构为片层块状结构,附着有单个球状细小颗粒。红外光谱结果表明,冻干果粉可有效包埋椰子油,减缓油脂氧化。差示量热扫描结果显示,冻干果粉具有良好的耐热性。

Deposition of SiCxHyOz thin film on epoxy resin by nanosecond pulsed APPJ for improving the surface insulating performance

Non-thermal plasma surface modification for epoxy resin（EP）to improve the insulation properties has wide application prospects in gas insulated switchgear and gas insulatedtransmission line.In this paper,a pulsed Ar dual dielectrics atmospheric-pressure plasma jet（APPJ）was used for Si CxHyOzthin film deposition on EP samples.The film deposition was optimized by varying the treatment time while other parameters were kept at constants（treatment distance：10 mm,precursor flow rate：0.6 l min-（-1）,maximum instantaneous power：3.08 k W and single pulse energy：0.18 m J）.It was found that the maximum value of flashover voltages for negative and positive voltage were improved by 18%and 13%when the deposition time was3 min,respectively.The flashover voltage reduced as treatment time increased.Moreover,all the surface conductivity,surface charge dissipation rate and surface trap level distribution reached an optimal value when thin film deposition time was 3 min.Other measurements,such as atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscope for EP surface morphology,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for EP surface compositions,optical emission spectra for APPJ deposition process were carried out to better understand the deposition processes and mechanisms.The results indicated that the original organic groups（C–H,C–C,C=O,C=C）were gradually replaced by the Si containing inorganic groups（Si–O–Si and Si–OH）.The reduction of C=O in ester group and C=C in p-substituted benzene of the EP samples might be responsible for shallowing the trap level and then enhancing the flashover voltage.However,when the plasma treatment time was longer than 3 min,the significant increase of the surface roughness might increase the trap level depth and then deteriorate the flashover performance.

环空流体强化自激脉冲淹没水射流调制与破煤特性

针对下向孔淹没水射流卸压增透技术的瓶颈问题,即冲击力弱、破煤效率低、冲割煤量少、适应性差等,提出了环空流体强化自激脉冲水射流下向孔破煤增透思想和原理,以破除孔底压持效应和水垫增阻效应,提高淹没状态水射流的冲击力和破煤效率。采用大涡模拟、打击力测试和冲击釜破煤实验等研究方法,研究了淹没条件下环空流体强化自激脉冲水射流的高效调制和破煤特性。首先建立了适用于煤矿下向孔增透的环空流体强化自激脉冲喷嘴物理模型,优化了喷嘴结构参数;然后研制了淹没脉冲射流高频打击力测试系统和环空流体强化自激脉冲水射流喷嘴,量化分析了环空流体强化自激脉冲喷嘴在淹没环境中的打击力和流场特性;最后研发了淹没水射流破煤实验系统,开展了淹没水射流破煤实验,揭示了环空流体强化自激脉冲水射流的破煤特性。研究结果表明:在煤矿下向孔工程条件下,由两侧带有自吸口的亥姆赫兹型自激脉冲喷嘴能够有效产生环空流体强化自激脉冲水射流,最优喷嘴结构参数为上喷嘴直径d1=3 mm、壁面碰撞角α=120°、下喷嘴直径d2=3.6 mm、振荡腔腔长L=10.5 mm、振荡腔腔径D=27 mm、引入口直径d3=4.2 mm,泵压为10 MPa时卷吸环空水量最大值为0.28 L/s,平均0.19 L/s;泵压相同时环空流体强化自激脉冲水射流与自激脉冲水射流主频相近,环空流体强化自激脉冲水射流的主频为253~285 Hz,而自激脉冲水射流的主频为251~282 Hz;环空流体强化自激脉冲水射流的峰值打击力分别为自激脉冲水射流、连续射流峰值打击力的1.05~1.08倍和1.63~1.89倍,平均打击力是自激脉冲水射流的1.09~1.16倍,反映了环空流体强化自激脉冲水射流在淹没状态下能够持续产生较大的打击力,具有良好的脉冲射流特性;相同泵压和靶距条件下,环空流体强化自激脉冲水射流比自激脉冲水射流、连续水射流对煤样的破坏效果更强;环空流体强化自激脉冲水射流具备良好的冲蚀煤体破坏效果,约88.65%的煤渣粒度在8 mm以下,当泵压为10 MPa,靶距为10d1时,冲蚀时间为10 s,射流对煤样的冲蚀作用最佳,冲蚀深度47.32 mm,冲蚀体积15.7 cm3。研究成果不仅可破解煤矿下向孔水射流增透的瓶颈问题,同时具有少掘岩巷、节省成本的优势,有望替代和超越上向孔水射流卸压增透,在煤矿瓦斯灾害防治和煤层气开发领域,具有广阔的应用前景。

大气压等离子体射流放电参数对沉积氧化钛薄膜特性的影响

大气压等离子体增强化学气相沉积(AP-PECVD)功能薄膜技术受到广泛的关注,但等离子体的作用机理仍有待进一步探讨。利用针-板电极大气压电晕Ar等离子体射流,在不同放电频率条件下,对单、双脉冲的放电参数及沉积TiO_(2)薄膜的性质进行比较,阐明了脉冲放电特性对等离子体参数和TiO_(2)薄膜生长的影响,进而推断AP-PECVD中等离子体的作用机理。结果表明:单个电压周期内,放电电流呈稳定的单脉冲或双脉冲,电晕等离子体射流区域呈均匀弥散分布,沉积的氧化钛薄膜均匀致密;其他条件相同的情况下,双脉冲放电极间平均耗散功率、等离子体气体温度大于单脉冲放电,并且等离子体区域发光显著增强,发射光谱计算得到大气压等离子体射流电子激发温度约8000 K,双脉冲等离子体射流电子温度略高于单脉冲等离子体射流。对于薄膜生长,双脉冲放电薄膜沉积速率比单脉冲放电大,沉积的薄膜更加致密,亲水性更强。由于等离子体参数上的差异,在钛酸异丙酯解离过程和TiO_(2)薄膜形成时的表面扩散过程中,双脉冲等离子体射流比单脉冲射流贡献更大,有利于快速沉积更致密、亲水性更高的氧化钛薄膜。

自激吸气式脉冲射流装置机理的试验和理论研究

为了揭示自激吸气式脉冲射流装置的脉冲产生机理,通过试验获取了装置典型测点压力、靶心冲击压力的时间变化过程和内部水气流动图像,分析了工作压力1.4~1.8 MPa和围压0~0.15 MPa下冲击压力的平均值、脉冲频率和脉冲效果,并结合水气两相流理论研究了装置内部的水气流动结构和水气流动过程。结果表明,围压不变和工作压力越高,冲击压力平均值越大,围压0.1 MPa时,增加幅度为51%;工作压力不变和围压越高,冲击压力平均值越小,工作压力1.8 MPa时,降低幅度为63%;不同工作压力和围压的冲击压力脉冲频率变化不大,在0.5~1.0 Hz之间,但工作压力越高或围压越低,脉冲效果越好;装置内部的碰撞体附近和射流核两侧为亚声速水气流动,下喷嘴入口为超声速水气流动;装置在内部负压区域形成了泡状水气涡团,吸气量、碰撞体测点压力和冲击压力的时间变化过程与典型时间水气涡团的旋转速度和气泡直径之间具有明显的相互影响关系。

串联型异形结构喷嘴冲击特性的实验研究

针对普通喷嘴喷射效能不高的问题,比较不同结构参数下喷嘴产生自振脉冲射流效应的能力。基于喷嘴不同的结构参数和产生脉冲射流效应之间的关系,构建自振脉冲装置的物理模型,并对喷射能效进行实验分析。实验条件为:以靶盘为冲击对象,定量分析当量结构一致的球面、锥面和平面形冲击壁结构喷嘴的冲击压力,即腔长和靶距为自变量,射流冲击压力为因变量。实验结果显示:谐振腔长度对喷射效能的影响较大,锥面体冲击壁喷嘴随冲击能力最优,冲击效果好,平面体比球面体稍小;超过最佳腔长后,平面体喷嘴冲击压力增长速率明显降低。锥面体冲击壁喷嘴在其他自变量相同的条件下,其振腔内锥度为120°时的自激振荡脉冲效果最佳。实验结果充分验证了理论分析,这对喷嘴结构参数的设计和改进具有重要指导意义。

电袋复合除尘器中滤袋清灰方法的比较研究

本文旨在比较研究电袋复合除尘器中常见的滤袋清灰方法,并探讨清灰方法的优化和改进。首先介绍了电袋复合除尘器的应用现状和发展趋势,以及滤袋清灰方法在除尘器中的作用和意义;然后详细介绍了机械振打清灰、高压气体清灰、脉冲喷吹清灰和气体倒吹清灰这4种常见的清灰方法,并分析了清灰效果、清灰能耗、清灰对滤袋寿命的影响以及适用范围;最后提出了清灰方法的优化和改进措施,包括机械振打清灰的优化、高压气体清灰的改进、脉冲喷吹清灰的优化以及气体倒吹清灰的改进。

喷吹压力和脉冲宽度对脉冲喷吹滤筒除尘器清灰效果的影响

无粉尘条件下,利用压力传感器测定脉冲喷吹实验台上滤筒侧壁各测点的正压力峰值及到达该峰值的时间。结果表明,喷吹压力对正压力峰值及到达该峰值的时间这两个指标的影响较大,提高喷吹压力能够很好地改善脉冲喷吹滤筒除尘器的清灰性能,但脉冲宽度的增加对这两个指标的影响不明显。有粉尘条件下,对使用中的脉冲滤筒除尘器滤筒内外压差的测定发现,提高喷吹压力能明显增加喷吹前和喷吹瞬间滤筒内外压差的差值变化,从而有助于提高除尘器的清灰性能;而脉冲宽度对滤筒内外压差的影响不明显。本文通过对除尘器喷吹压力和脉冲宽度的研究,为其清灰性能的提高提供了指导。

水下超声速气体射流回击现象的实验研究

对水下超声速气体射流的动力学行为进行了实验研究．通过流动可视化揭示了回击现象的演化过程,利用探针排获得了射流近场区的脉动压力分布,实验结果表明:在超声速喷管出口两倍直径处,射流形貌的变化导致气体中出现了大幅值压力脉冲．通过流场可视化与压力测量的同步校验,证实了喷口端面处回击事件与流场气相区中压力脉动之间相关性．

基于Marx电路的全固态纳秒脉冲等离子体射流装置的研制

研制一套具有快边沿纳秒脉冲等离子体射流装置。该装置由基于Marx电路的并带有尾切开关的全固态纳秒脉冲发生器和具有针环电极结构的等离子体射流装置组成。其中,纳秒脉冲源主要由直流电源、控制电路和主电路组成,主电路为10级模块化设计的Marx电路,使用MOSFET作为主开关和尾切开关;控制电路产生同步触发脉冲信号,通过光纤进行隔离后同步驱动MOSFET工作。输出纳秒脉冲电压参数为:幅值0~8k V可调,脉宽100~1 000ns,重复频率1Hz^1k Hz,上升沿30ns左右,下降沿50ns以内。等离子体射流装置使用氩气作为工作气体,其结构为针-环电极结构。搭建等离子体射流实验平台,并能够产生稳定的等离子体,为进一步探索大气压等离子射流的应用奠定了基础。

纳秒脉冲放电等离子体射流特性

采用单针式电极,使用单极性重复频率脉冲电源,在常压氦气、氩气、氮气和空气中得到等离子体射流,并改变电压、流量和气体种类,分别观察不同的实验条件对等离子体射流的影响。实验结果表明:射流长度随施加电压的增加而增长;随着流量的连续变化,射流长度先逐渐变长,达到峰值后由于湍流影响,长度又逐渐缩短,达到一定流量后趋于饱和。此外,不同工作气体中的等离子体射流呈现截然不同的外观,氦气和氩气中射流呈针状模式,长度可达7cm以上;而在氮气和空气中,射流呈现为长度不超过2cm的刷状模式。

大气压放电氦气等离子体射流特性

为研究大气压下不同氦气等离子体射流结构的电特性及其射流影响因素,对外表面双电极、针-环电极、单电极结构下的大气压放电氦气等离子体射流特性进行了实验分析。分别观测、对比了不同实验条件,如电极位置、电极尺寸、外加电压和气体体积流量等,对等离子体射流的影响。结果表明:外表面双电极和针-环电极结构均可实现稳定的多脉冲放电;处于层流状态时,3种结构下等离子体射流长度均随着电压的升高而变长;当针-环电极结构的接地电极远离喷口,或是单电极结构的高压电极远离喷口时,射流长度均会缩短;外表面双电极和单电极结构中,高压电极宽度的增大会使射流长度变长,但针-环结构中电极宽度增大反而会导致射流长度缩短;针-环电极结构的伏安曲线、功率特性曲线均比外表面双电极结构的对应曲线"陡",且针-环电极结构的放电功率相对较高。

高压脉冲水射流顶底板钻孔提高煤层瓦斯抽采率的应用研究

在分析松软煤层中钻孔塌孔、硬分层中成孔机理的基础上,提出利用高压脉冲水射流在硬分层或顶底板中钻孔,切至软分层提高瓦斯抽采率的新钻孔工艺。并基于高压脉冲射流破煤岩动力特性,分析计算了射流在松软煤层中切缝所需的射流压力及流量;研制出钻孔、切缝系统装置及工艺。在四川某煤矿的松软煤层进行了现场试验,应用结果表明钻孔深度是本煤层钻孔深度的2.7倍,平均单孔瓦斯的抽放纯量为0.19～0.26 m3/min,是采用原工艺钻孔的5.2倍以上。