Blood exosomal micro ribonucleic acid profiling reveals the complexity of hepatocellular carcinoma and identifies potential biomarkers for differential diagnosis

BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide,but there is a shortage of effective biomarkers for its diagnosis.AIM To explore blood exosomal micro ribonucleic acids(miRNAs)as potential biomarkers for HCC diagnosis.RESULTS The principal component analysis suggested that daily alcohol consumption could alter the blood exosomal miRNA profiles of hepatitis B virus positive non-HCC patients through miR-3168 and miR-223-3p.The miRNA profiles also revealed the tumor stages of HCC patients.High expression of miR-455-5p and miR-30c-5p,which significantly correlated with better overall survival in tumor tissues,could also be detected in blood exosomes.Two pairs of miRNAs(miR-584-5p/miR-106-3p and miR-628-3p/miR-941)showed a 94.1%sensitivity and 68.4%specificity to differentiate HCC patients from non-HCC patients.The specificity of the combination was substantially influenced by alcohol consumption habits.CONCLUSION This study suggested that blood exosomal miRNAs can be used as new noninvasive diagnostic tools for HCC.However,their accuracy could be affected by tumor stage and alcohol consumption habits.

Potential role of micro ribonucleic acids in screening for anal cancer in human papilloma virus and human immunodeficiency virus related malignancies

Despite advances in antiretroviral treatment(ART),human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)continues to be a major global public health issue owing to the increased mortality rates related to the prevalent oncogenic viruses among people living with HIV(PLWH).Human papillomavirus(HPV)is the most common sexually transmitted viral disease in both men and women worldwide.High-risk or oncogenic HPV types are associated with the development of HPV-related malignancies,including cervical,penile,and anal cancer,in addition to oral cancers.The incidence of anal squamous cell cancers is increasing among PLWH,necessitating the need for reliable screening methods in this population at risk.In fact,the currently used screening methods,including the Pap smear,are invasive and are neither sensitive nor specific.Investigators are interested in circulatory and tissue micro ribonucleic acids(miRNAs),as these small non-coding RNAs are ideal biomarkers for early detection and prognosis of cancer.Multiple miRNAs are deregulated during HIV and HPV infection and their deregulation contributes to the pathogenesis of disease.Here,we will review the molecular basis of HIV and HPV co-infections and focus on the pathogenesis and epidemiology of anal cancer in PLWH.The limitations of screening for anal cancer and the need for a reliable screening program that involves specific miRNAs with diagnostic and therapeutic values is also discussed.

Research Progress of microRNA in Regulating Gynecological Tumours

The incidence of gynaecological tumours,the main factor threatening women’s health and safety,is increasing with the daily heavier pressure of women’s life and work;Due to its serious threat to women,the disease has grasped increasingly more vigilance and attention.The discovery and research of micro ribonucleic acid(microRNA),a general term for a class of small-molecule RNA,showed that there was a close relationship between microRNA and the occurrence and development of gynaecological tumours.In this paper,based on the recent researches on the relationship between microRNA and gynaecological tumours,a comprehensive analysis was made to do a favour for scientific research and clinical treatment of gynaecological tumours.

Molecular pathways of liver regeneration:A comprehensive review

The liver is a unique parenchymal organ with a regenerative capacity allowing it to restore up to 70%of its volume.Although knowledge of this phenomenon dates back to Greek mythology(the story of Prometheus),many aspects of liver regeneration are still not understood.A variety of different factors,including inflammatory cytokines,growth factors,and bile acids,promote liver regeneration and control the final size of the organ during typical regeneration,which is performed by mature hepatocytes,and during alternative regeneration,which is performed by recently identified resident stem cells called“hepatic progenitor cells”.Hepatic progenitor cells drive liver regeneration when hepatocytes are unable to restore the liver mass,such as in cases of chronic injury or excessive acute injury.In liver maintenance,the body mass ratio is essential for homeostasis because the liver has numerous functions;therefore,a greater understanding of this process will lead to better control of liver injuries,improved transplantation of small grafts and the discovery of new methods for the treatment of liver diseases.The current review sheds light on the key molecular pathways and cells involved in typical and progenitor-dependent liver mass regeneration after various acute or chronic injuries.Subsequent studies and a better understanding of liver regeneration will lead to the development of new therapeutic methods for liver diseases.