Vibration and wave propagation analysis of twisted micro-beam using strain gradient theory

In this research, vibration and wave propagation analysis of a twisted micro- beam on Pasternak foundation is investigated. The strain-displacement relations （kine-matic equations） are calculated by the displacement fields of the twisted micro-beam. The strain gradient theory （SGT） is used to implement the size dependent effect at micro-scale. Finally, using an energy method and Hamilton＇s principle, the governing equations of motion for the twisted micro-beam are derived. Natural frequencies and the wave prop- agation speed of the twisted micro-beam are calculated with an analytical method. Also, the natural frequency, the phase speed, the cut-off frequency, and the wave number of the twisted micro-beam are obtained by considering three material length scale parameters, the rate of twist angle, the thickness, the length of twisted micro-beam, and the elastic medium. The results of this work indicate that the phase speed in a twisted micro-beam increases with an increase in the rate of twist angle. Moreover, the wave number is in- versely related with the thickness of micro-beam. Meanwhile, it is directly related to the wave propagation frequency. Increasing the rate of twist angle causes the increase in the natural frequency especially with higher thickness. The effect of the twist angle rate on the group velocity is observed at a lower wave propagation frequency.

Effect of strain-gradients of surface micro-beams on frequency-shift of a quartz crystal resonator under thickness-shear vibrations

With introduction of the first-order strain-gradient of surface micro-beams into the energy density function,we developed a two-dimensional dynamic model for a compound quartz crystal resonator（QCR） system,consisting of a QCR and surface micro-beam arrays.The frequency shift that was induced by micro-beams with consideration of strain-gradients is discussed in detail and some useful results are obtained,which have important significance in resonator design and applications.

Carrier fringe method of moire interferometry for tiny strain measurements in micro-field

In this paper, we demonstrate a new optical method for tiny strain measurements based on the principle of carrier fringes of moire interferometry. A cross-line grating with frequency of 1200 lp/mm is replicated on the specimen surface, and the strain can be deduced from the changes in carrier fringes before and after the deformation of an object. Four coherent laser beams are used to obtain the carrier fringe patterns of field U and V. Both theoretical analysis and numerical simulation indicate that the ideal accuracy of strain can be controlled within a range of ±1με. Case study of a plane extension experiment shows that the measurement accuracy of strain can be controlled within the range of ±10με. The average strain values of every row of field U and every column of field V can be obtained by using this method, and approximated strain of every pixel in the whole-field can be further acquired, and thus it is possible to measure tiny strains occurred in a micro-field. The technology in this paper can provide comprehensive information for analyzing related mechanical content in the field of MEMS.

Axial Micro-Strain Sensor Based on FM-FBG via Dual-Mode ML-FMF in Sensor Networks

An in-fiber axial micro-strain sensor based on a Few Mode Fiber Bragg Grating (FM-FBG) is proposed and experimentally characterized. This FM-FBG is in inscribed in a multi-layer few-mode fiber (ML-FMF), and could acquire the change of the axial strain along fibers, which depends on the transmission dips. On account of the distinct dual-mode property, a good stability of this sensor is realized. The two transmission dips could have the different sensing behaviors. Both the propagation characteristics and operation principle of such a sensor are demonstrated in detail. High sensitivity of the FM-FBG, ~4 pm/με and ~4.5 pm/με within the range of 0 με - 1456 με, is experimentally achieved. FM-FBGs could be easily scattered along one fiber. So this sensor may have a great potential of being used in sensor networks.

Necking of anisotropic micro-films with strain-gradient effects

Necking of stubby micro-films of aluminum is investigated numerically by considering tension of a specimen with an initial imperfection used to onset localisation. Plastic anisotropy is represented by two different yield criteria and strain-gradient effects are accounted for using the visco-plastic finite strain model. Furthermore, the model is extended to isotropic anisotropic hardening （evolving anisotropy）. For isotropic hardening plastic anisotropy affects the predicted overall nominal stress level, while the peak stress remains at an overall logarithmic strain corresponding to the hardening exponent. This holds true for both local and nonlocal materials. Anisotropic hardening delays the point of maximum overall nominal stress.

Evaluation of micro-behavior of strain field in Chinese mainland with the GPS time se-ries

Based on the time series of GPS station coordinate in the international Earth reference frame （ITRF）, we evaluate annual micro-behavior of strain field in Chinese mainland with the triangle method. The results show that the annual micro-behavior of strain field is divided into two parts by the north-south earthquake belt in the research region. The prevailing direction of compressive principal strain field is nearly consistent in the western region. From west to east, the direction varies from NS to NE. It is in accordance with the direction of the modem compressive principal strain field. This suggests that geologic deformation in western region was mainly caused by that India tectonic plate pushes the research region northward and the Siberia plate pushes it southward relatively. It is an inheritance of new tectonic motion. The prevailing direction of the compressive principal strain field does not exist in the eastern region .The annual biggest shear strain is different greatly in every grid-cell. The values varies from 4.13×10^-8 to 7.0×10^-10. By and large the annual biggest shear strain in the western region is bigger than that in the eastern region. And so is the variation between any two consecutive biggest annual shear strains in the same grid-cell. The annual surface dilatation show that in most grid-cells of the research region the surface dilatation is in compressibility, and the variation between any two consecutive annual surface dilatation in the same grid-cell is small.

Improving Tribological Performance of Gray Cast Iron by Laser Peening in Dynamic Strain Aging Temperature Regime

A high and stable brake disc friction coefficient is needed for automobile safety, while the coefficient degrades due to elevated temperature during the braking process. There is no better solution except changes in material composition and shape design optimization. In the dynamic strain aging（DSA） temperature regime of gray cast iron, micro-dimples with different dimple depth over diameter and surface area density are fabricated on the material surface by laser peening（LP） which is an LST method. Friction behavior and wear mechanism are investigated to evaluate the effects of surface texturing on the tribological performance of specimens under dry conditions. Through LP impacts assisted by DSA, the friction coefficients of the LPed specimens increase noticeably both at room temperature and elevated temperature in comparison to untreated specimens. Moreover, the coefficient of specimen with dimple depth over diameter of 0.03 and surface area density of 30% is up to 0.351 at room temperature, which dramatically rises up to 1.33 times that of untextured specimen and the value is still up to 0.3305 at 400℃ with an increasing ratio of 35% compared to that of untreated specimen. The surface of textured specimen shows better wear resistance compared to untreated specimen. Wear mechanism includes adhesive wear, abrasive wear and oxidation wear. It is demonstrated that LP assisted by DSA can substantially improve wear resistance, raise the friction coefficient as well as its stability of gray cast iron under elevated temperatures. Heat fade and premature wear can be effectively relieved by this surface modification method.

Measurement of residual stress in a multi-layer semiconductor heterostructure by micro-Raman spectroscopy

Si-based multilayer structures are widely used in current microelectronics. During their preparation, some inhomogeneous residual stress is induced, resulting in competition between interface mismatching and surface energy and even leading to structure failure. This work presents a methodological study on the measurement of residual stress in a multi-layer semiconductor heterostructure. Scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, micro-Raman spectroscopy（MRS）, and transmission electron microscopy（TEM） were applied to measure the geometric parameters of the multilayer structure. The relationship between the Raman spectrum and the stress/strain on the [100] and [110] crystal orientations was determined to enable surface and crosssection residual stress analyses, respectively. Based on the Raman mapping results, the distribution of residual stress along the depth of the multi-layer heterostructure was successfully obtained.

Deformable micro-continua in which quantum mysteries reside

Deformable micro-continua of highly localized nature are found to exactly exhibit all quantum effects commonly known for quantum entities at microscopic scale.At every instant,the spatial configuration of each such micro-continuum is prescribed by four spatial distributions of the mass,the velocity,the internal stress,and the intrinsic angular momentum.The deformability features of such micro-continua in response to all configuration changes are identified with a constitutive equation that specifies how the internal stress responds to the mass density field.It is shown that these microcontinua are endowed with the following unique response features:(i)the coupled system of the nonlinear field equations governing their dynamic responses to any given force and torque fields is exactly reducible to a linear dynamic equation governing a complex field variable;(ii)this fundamental dynamic equation and this complex field variable are just the Schrodinger equation and the complex wave function in quantum theory;and,accordingly,(iii)the latter two and all quantum effects known for quantum entities are in a natural and unified manner incorporated as the inherent response features of the micro-continua discovered,thus following objective and deterministic response patterns for quantum entities,in which the physical origins and meanings of the wave function and the Schrodinger equation become self-evident and,in particular,any probabilistic indeterminacy becomes irrelevant.

NEW STRAIN GRADIENT THEORY AND ANALYSIS

A new strain gradient theory which is based on energy nonlocal model is proposed in this paper, and the theory is applied to investigate the size effects in thin metallic wire torsion, ultra-thin beam bending and micro-indentation of polycrystalline copper. First, an energy nonlocal model is suggested. Second, based on the model, a new strain gradient theory is derived. Third, the new theory is applied to analyze three representative experiments.

A study on relation between acoustic emission and characteristic displacement field on the sample with multi en echelon structures——The theoretic and experimental explorations of strain gap

Based on the phenomena that the deformation gap was observed before the great Tangshang earthquake, this paper discusses the strain gap according to test and theory. The (strain) patterns were recorded photographically by real-time holographic interferometry and shadow optical method of caustics, as soon as the loading process started. In the meantime, the AE (acoustic emission) signals were recorded by a micro crack information storage-analysis sys-tem. According to damage theory and location of micro fracture, we have studied the stain gap and gained: a) It is necessary that strain gap appears under the condition of linear elasticity theory, and its situation is relatively stable, corresponding to stress concentration. b) Micro fractures, which appear initially at area of high stress, occur rarely at the strain gap, and their locations are finally in the zone between the stress concentration area and the strain gap, which indicate the clusters or groups. However, the major macro fracture (final rupture) started from the shadow areas, and then grew quickly towards the strain gaps, which resulted in failure of sample.

Effect of Ultrasonic Vibration on Deformation in Micro-blanking Process with Copper Foil

Effect of ultrasonic vibration on deformation in micro-blanking was investigated with copper foils of different grain sizes using a developed device. It is found that maximum shearing strength is decreased by ultrasonic vibration, and this effect becomes bigger for coarse grain than that for fine grain, which can be attributed to acoustic softening effect considering the absorbed acoustic energy. Surface roughness R_a of smooth zone decreases for the polishing effect of vibration at the lateral contact surface. When ultrasonic vibration is applied, the sheared deformation area becomes relatively narrow, and it leads to the reduction of radius of rollover. The analysis of cross section in sheared deformation area shows that the crack initiation is inhabited for the existence of acoustic softening, and the proportion of smooth zone is increased. Also, angle of crack propagation becomes smaller because of periodic strain, and the angle of facture surface is decreased. As a result, the quality of micro-sheet parts is improved by applying ultrasonic vibration.

3种方法单独及联合诊断甲状腺微小结节的价值比较

目的 比较二维高频超声、声脉冲辐射力成像(ARFI)-声触诊组织定量(VTQ)技术及应变弹性成像3种方法单独及联合诊断甲状腺微小结节良恶性的价值。方法 回顾性分析2021年6月—2023年6月在陕西省宝鸡市人民医院就诊的99例(107个甲状腺微小实性结节)结节直径≤10.0 mm患者的临床资料,均采用二维高频超声、ARF-VTQ技术及应变弹性成像进行检查,获得超声资料评分及数据,以穿刺活检和手术病理结果为诊断“金标准”,比较3种超声检查方法单独及联合应用对甲状腺微小结节的诊断效能。结果 62例患者(共68个结节)选择FNAB,37例患者(共39个结节)选择手术。107个甲状腺微小结节中,诊断为恶性微小结节45个,良性微小结节62个。恶性微小结节与良性微小结节相比,结节内回声(等回声和高回声、极低回声和低回声)、边界、微钙化、纵横比>1及血供情况和供血动脉阻力指数(RI)比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。二维高频超声诊断甲状腺微小结节C-TIRADS积分临界值≥2分(C-TIRADS 4b)时,诊断灵敏度为73.33%,特异度为79.03%,曲线下面积[AUC(95%CI)]为0.762(95%CI:0.670~0.839);ARFI-VTQ技术中,107个甲状腺微小结节SWV测值为0.52~7.55 m/s,平均(2.62±0.61)m/s,其中24个实性结节多次出现×.××m/s,最后测值以7.55 m/s记录。恶性微小结节SWV均值为(5.24±2.23) m/s,高于良性微小结节的(2.11±0.70) m/s,差异有统计学意义(t=10.258,P<0.05);当SWV临界值为3.19 m/s时,诊断灵敏度为77.78%,特异度为80.65%,AUC(95%CI)为0.792(95%CI:0.703~0.865);应变弹性成像检查中,当评分临界值≥3分时,诊断的灵敏度为75.56%,特异度为77.42%,AUC(95%CI)为0.765(95%CI:0.673~0.841)。三者联合应用诊断的阳性微小结节为44个,阴性微小结节63个,诊断灵敏度为93.33%,特异度为96.77%,AUC(95%CI)为0.951(95%CI:0.891~0.983)。三者联合诊断效能与二维高频超声检查、ARFI-VTQ、应变弹性成像单独检测比较,差异均有统计学意义(Z=4.861、4.393、4.842,P<0.05)。结论 二维高频超声联合ARFI-VTQ技术及应变弹性成像可提高甲状腺微小结节良恶性的诊断准确性。

薄表土层覆盖区双层介质地基附加应力传递模型

在采空区对应地表兴建建筑物,地基附加应力的作用可能引起采空区已稳定结构的活化并产生地表残余移动变形,影响建筑物的安全使用;针对薄表土层地区的地基附加应力、荷载影响深度计算模型较少且不完善的特点,需从计算过程简单、参数较少且易获得等角度出发,进一步探索双层弹性介质地基附加应力传递模型。首先将薄表土层地区的地基简化为上部厚度较薄、力学强度较弱的表土层,下部为厚度较大、力学强度较大的岩石层地基模型;其次基于Boussinesp弹性解,假定双层地基的各分层分别为横观各向同性弹性体且地基附加应力传播过程中无动能的变化;再次基于岩土层分界面表土与基岩微单元层的弹性应变能守恒和竖向附加应力平衡条件,建立平衡方程,并借助Matlab对方程中的各分项式进行积分求解与化简,推导出适用于薄表土层地区矩形与圆形均布荷载作用下的基础中心点正下方地基附加应力求解方程;然后根据建筑物地基附加应力影响下的采空区稳定性分析方法,基于C#语言编写出薄表土层地区拟建工程对采空区场地稳定性影响分析软件,实现了地基附加应力计算与采空区稳定性评价的科学与高效化,同时对双层介质地基附加应力求解模型进行了验证并与广泛应用的均一介质模型计算结果进行了对比;最后对双层介质参数E1、μ1与E2、μ2对地基附加应力及影响深度规律进行了分析。结果表明:薄表土层地区双层介质地基附加应力传递模型求解简单、结果科学准确;薄表土层双层弹性地基内竖向附加应力在表土层中传播过程中存在一定程度衰减;相对于均一介质体,双层介质地基附加应力影响深度减少5.3%~10.3%;基岩与表土层的弹性模量E_(2)/E_(1)越大,基岩内部沿深度方向的地基附加应力衰减越明显、传递深度越小;地基附加应力对于表土与基岩的泊松比敏感性较差,但仍表现出μ_(1)/μ_(2)越小,基岩内部沿深度方向的地基附加应力越小、传递深度越小的特点。

具有初始损伤的混凝土动态轴拉力学性能仿真研究

基于瓦拉文公式与蒙特卡罗方法并采用Matlab语言构建了随机骨料数值模型,在损伤断裂理论基础上通过Python编程语言于砂浆界面、骨料与砂浆界面和骨料界面嵌入黏聚力单元,建立了二级配混凝土黏聚力模型用于描述混凝土中裂纹萌生、扩展、演化和贯通全过程.以建立的细观模型为基础,对不同孔隙率以及不同微裂纹密度混凝土试件进行了不同应变速率下的动态拉伸加载,研究了混凝土动态轴拉力学性能.结果表明:混凝土轴拉峰值应力与孔隙率呈明显非线性关系,下降曲线为对数函数趋势,孔隙率增加后其对混凝土轴拉峰值应力削弱程度降低,具有初始孔隙的混凝土动态抗拉强度随应变速率的增加而提高.具有初始微裂纹混凝土随着微裂纹密度的增加其峰值应力下降,且动态轴拉强度同样具有速率效应.

基于SBFEM的剪切型裂纹动态开裂模拟

剪切型断裂是岩土工程中常见的破坏模式,了解剪切破坏机理并准确预测剪切型裂纹的萌生、扩展过程对保障工程结构的安全性与稳定性具有重要意义.文章建立了基于比例边界有限元法(scaled boundary finite element methods,SBFEM)和非局部宏-微观损伤模型的剪切型裂纹动态开裂模拟方法,定义了基于偏应变概念的物质点对的正伸长量,可作为预测剪切型裂纹扩展行为的动态开裂准则,一点的损伤定义为该点影响域范围内连接的物质键损伤的加权平均值,而物质键的损伤则与基于偏应变概念的物质点对的正伸长量相关联,并引入能量退化函数建立结构域几何拓扑损伤与能量损失之间的关系,将拓扑损伤与应力应变联系起来,通过能量退化函数修正了SBFEM的刚度系数矩阵,得到了子域在损伤状态下的刚度矩阵,推导了考虑结构损伤的SBFEM动力控制方程,采用Newmark隐式算法对控制方程进行时间离散.最后,通过3个典型算例验证了建议的模型可较好地模拟剪切型断裂问题,能够很好地捕捉剪切型裂纹的扩展路径,并得到较为准确的载荷-位移曲线.

微纳级GaN基VCSEL中周期反射结构与电子阻挡层的设置作用分析

氮化镓(GaN)基微纳米结构生长技术的成熟为微纳级GaN基垂直腔面发射激光器(VCSEL)的制备提供了新的途径。本文设计了基于GaN基轴向异质结微纳米柱的微纳级VCSEL结构,采用Al_(0.8)Ga_(0.2)N/In_(0.2)Ga_(0.8)N应变补偿结构作为上下分布式布拉格反射镜(DBR),其中Al_(0.8)Ga_(0.2)N层的Al组分远高于传统结构中的电子阻挡层(EBL),能够更好地起到电子阻挡的作用。本文使用商用软件PICS3D构建了电子阻挡层处于不同位置的VCSEL数理模型,并进行数值模拟计算,探索和分析物理机理,解释了不同位置EBL对空穴注入效率的影响。结果表明,采用Al_(0.8)Ga_(0.2)N与In_(0.2)Ga_(0.8)N组成的应变补偿DBR可以更好地提高空穴注入效率,优化器件光电性能。

基于热压转印织布微结构制备高性能电纺TPU纤维膜压阻传感器

为了提升柔性应变传感器的传感响应及稳定性,提出了一种热压转印策略,即分别将石墨烯(Gr)、聚苯胺(PANI)及Gr协同PANI负载于电纺热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)纤维膜,然后采用热压转印技术将一种商用织布的表面微结构转印至电纺TPU纤维膜表面,最后将其组装成一系列具有表面和内部双重微结构的柔性压阻传感器。通过系统研究填料种类、热压时间对器件性能的影响,获得了传感性能优异的Gr/PANI-TPU(MGPT)传感器,MGPT传感器相对其他2种纤维膜传感器,具有较宽的响应速率范围(1~1000 mm·min^(-1))、较高的灵敏度(0~6 kPa,灵敏度高达0.143 kPa^(-1))。该传感器还具有较快的响应时间(153 ms)和恢复时间(106 ms),以及优异的耐久性(1000次循环加载-卸载),且在人体应用中表现出良好的动作监测能力。

补偿收缩混凝土在某箱体式污水处理厂中的应用

为提高箱体式污水处理厂主体结构混凝土的抗裂防渗性能,实现箱体式污水处理厂超长超大钢筋混凝土结构的无缝施工,本文采用“氧化镁膨胀剂配制的补偿收缩混凝土+膨胀加强带”组合技术,并在徐州市某箱体式污水处理厂工程箱体中应用。结果表明:在木模板带模养护条件下,外墙大体积混凝土内部到达温峰值后前3 d的平均降温速率超过了5 ℃/24 h,降温速率较快,若拆模过早则会进一步增大降温速率,温降收缩过大会导致竖向墙体结构早期产生有害裂缝;基础筏板和外墙混凝土内部温度修正后微应变最大值范围分别为84~107 με和37~65 με,30 d内缓慢降至8~34 με和-53~-88 με,氧化镁类补偿收缩混凝土能较好补偿早期温降收缩,筏板混凝土在30 d龄期内一直处于微膨胀状态,外墙混凝土收缩量相对较小,各实体结构均具有良好的抗裂防渗性能。

微尺度3D打印柔性传感器创新实验设计与实践

介绍了一种利用微尺度3D打印柔性应变传感器的实验设计及实践,旨在培养学生的创新意识和实践能力,提高教学质量和水平。该实验借助微尺度3D打印技术,实现了传感器微型化和高精度制备,有效地提升了传感器的灵敏度和稳定性。在实践过程中,学生需要独立进行实验设计、制备和测试,注重实验数据的统计和分析,培养了学生的创新思维和实践操作能力。