Micro thermal shear stress sensor based on vacuum anodic bonding and bulk-micromachining

This paper describes a micro thermal shear stress sensor with a cavity underneath, based on vacuum anodic bonding and bulk micromachined technology. A Ti/Pt alloy strip, 2μm×100μm, is deposited on the top of a thin silicon nitride diaphragm and functioned as the thermal sensor element. By using vacuum anodic bonding and bulk-si anisotropic wet etching process instead of the sacrificial-layer technique, a cavity, functioned as the adiabatic vacuum chamber, 200μm×200μm×400μm, is placed between the silicon nitride diaphragm and glass （Corning 7740）. This method totally avoid adhesion problem which is a major issue of the sacrificial-layer technique.

Evolution of Residual Stresses in Micro-arc Oxidation Ceramic Coatings on 6061 Al Alloy

Most researches on micro-arc oxidation mainly focus on the application rather than discovering the evolution of residual stresses. However, residual stresses in the surface coatings of structural components have adverse effects on their properties, such as fatigue life, dimensional stability and corrosion resistance, etc. The micro-arc oxidation ceramic coatings are produced on the surfaces of 6061 aluminum alloy by a homemade asymmetric AC type of micro-arc oxidation equipment of 20 kW. A constant current density of 4.4___0.1 A/dm2 and a self-regulated composite electrolyte are used. The micro-arc oxidation treatment period ranges from 10 min to 40 min, and the thickness of the ceramic coatings is more than 20 Bin. Residual stresses attributed to 7-A1203 constituent in the coatings at different micro-arc oxidation periods are analyzed by an X-ray diffractometer using the sin2~u method. The analysis results show that the residual stress in the ceramic coatings is compressive in nature, and it increases first and then decreases with micro-arc oxidation time increase. The maximum stress value is 1 667_＋20 MPa for period of 20 min. Through analyzing the coating thickness, surface morphology and phase composition, it is found that the residual stress in the ceramic coatings is linked closely with the coating growth, the phase composition and the micro cracks formed. It is also found that both the heat treatment and the ultrasonic action release remarkably the residual compressive stress. The heat treatment makes the residual compressive stress value decrease 1 378 MPa. The ultrasonic action even alters the nature of the residual stress, making the residual compressive stress change into a residual tensile stress.

Micro-Raman Spectroscopy for Stress Evaluation of 3C-SiC Epitaxially Grown on Si Substrate by Hot Wall CVD

A series of cubic SiC single crystals were heteroepitaxially grown by the hot-wall chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using a HMDS-C3H8-H2 system on 2 inch silicon substrates with the orientations of (100), (111), (110) and (211), respectively. Even though an initial carbonization was carried out to reduce the large lattice mismatch, residual stress could not be completely relieved, partly also due to the difference of their thermal expansion coefficients. Raman scattering studies for the specimens were performed to estimate the internal stress in the SiC epilayer and the substrate. Raman spectra were mapped out on the sample surface as well as on the cross section using an automated x-y stage with a spatial resolution capable of 100 nm. For all the samples, two Raman peaks corresponding to the transverse optical (TO) and longitudinal optical (LO) phonon modes were observed, even though the intensity varied with the polarization configurations. In the SiC epilayers, tensile stresses decrease away from the interface, while compressive stresses exist in the substrate, with the magnitudes dependent on the growth orientation. The lattice strains were discussed in terms of the elastic deformation theory for the comparison.

Residual Stresses and Micro-Hardness Testing in Evaluating the Heat Affected Zone’s Width of Ferritic Ductile Iron Arc Welds

Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) in Ductile Irons (DI) is often required by foundries for practical manufacturing reasons. The mechanical properties of the welded structures are strongly dependent on their HAZ’s width. A model based on the behaviour of the ferritic matrix of high-Si DIs in order to make an approach in measuring their HAZ’s width is developed in this study. A series of thermal treatments on 3.35 and 3.75 wt% Si as-cast DIs and spot SMAWs is applied on these materials. The applied SMAWs are done on non-preheated and preheated samples (150℃ - 300℃). For welding we modify the amperage (100 - 140A). The micro-hardness Vickers changes in the ferrite of the as-cast samples and inside the HAZ of the welded ones can be attributed to the existence of residual stresses (RS) in the ferritic matrix and assist in estimating the HAZ’s width.

Measurement of residual stress in a multi-layer semiconductor heterostructure by micro-Raman spectroscopy

Si-based multilayer structures are widely used in current microelectronics. During their preparation, some inhomogeneous residual stress is induced, resulting in competition between interface mismatching and surface energy and even leading to structure failure. This work presents a methodological study on the measurement of residual stress in a multi-layer semiconductor heterostructure. Scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, micro-Raman spectroscopy（MRS）, and transmission electron microscopy（TEM） were applied to measure the geometric parameters of the multilayer structure. The relationship between the Raman spectrum and the stress/strain on the [100] and [110] crystal orientations was determined to enable surface and crosssection residual stress analyses, respectively. Based on the Raman mapping results, the distribution of residual stress along the depth of the multi-layer heterostructure was successfully obtained.

Size-dependent effect on biaxial and shear nonlinear buckling analysis of nonlocal isotropic and orthotropic micro-plate based on surface stress and modified couple stress theories using differential quadrature method

The size-dependent effect on the biaxial and shear nonlinear buckling analysis of an isotropic and orthotropic micro-plate based on the surface stress, the modified couple stress theory （MCST）, and the nonlocal elasticity theories using the differential quadrature method （DQM） is presented. Main advantages of the MCST over the classical theory （CT） are the inclusion of the asymmetric couple stress tensor and the consideration of only one material length scale parameter. Based on the nonlinear von Karman assumption, the governing equations of equilibrium for the micro-classical plate consid- ering midplane displacements are derived based on the minimum principle of potential energy. Using the DQM, the biaxial and shear critical buckling loads of the micro-plate for various boundary conditions are obtained. Accuracy of the obtained results is validated by comparing the solutions with those reported in the literature. A parametric study is conducted to show the effects of the aspect ratio, the side-to-thickness ratio, Eringen＇s nonlocal parameter, the material length scale parameter, Young＇s modulus of the surface layer, the surface residual stress, the polymer matrix coefficients, and various boundary conditions on the dimensionless uniaxial, biaxial, and shear critical buckling loads. The results indicate that the critical buckling loads are strongly sensitive to Eringen＇s nonlocal parameter, the material length scale parameter, and the surface residual stress effects, while the effect of Young＇s modulus of the surface layer on the critical buckling load is negligible. Also, considering the size dependent effect causes the increase in the stiffness of the orthotropic micro-plate. The results show that the critical biaxial buckling load increases with an increase in G12/E2 and vice versa for E1/E2. It is shown that the nonlinear biaxial buckling ratio decreases as the aspect ratio increases and vice versa for the buckling amplitude. Because of the most lightweight micro-composite materials with high strength/weight and stiffness/weight ratios, it is anticipated that the results of the present work are useful in experimental characterization of the mechanical properties of micro-composite plates in the aircraft industry and other engineering applications.

High fat diet dysregulates microRNA-17-5p and triggers retinal inflammation:Role of endoplasmic-reticulum-stress

AIM To elucidate how high diet-induced endoplasmic reticulum-stress upregulates thioredoxin interacting protein expression in Müller cells leading to retinal inflammation. METHODS Male C57Bl/J mice were fed either normal diet or 60% high fat diet for 4-8 wk. During the 4 wk study, mice received phenyl-butyric acid(PBA); endoplasmic reticulum-stress inhibitor; for 2 wk. Insulin resistance was assessed by oral glucose tolerance. Effects of palmitate-bovine serum albumin(BSA)(400 μmol/L) were examined in retinal Müller glial cell line and primary Müller cells isolated from wild type and thioredoxin interacting protein knock-out mice. Expression of thioredoxin interacting protein, endoplasmic reticulum-stress markers, mi R-17-5p m RNA, as well as nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein(NLRP3) and IL1β protein was determined.RESULTS High fat diet for 8 wk induced obesity and insulin resistance evident by increases in body weight and impaired glucose tolerance. By performing quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, we found that high fat diet triggered the expression of retinal endoplasmic reticulum-stress markers(P < 0.05). These effects were associated with increased thioredoxin interacting protein and decreased mi R-17-5p expression, whichwere restored by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulumstress with PBA(P < 0.05). In vitro, palmitate-BSA triggered endoplasmic reticulum-stress markers, which was accompanied with reduced mi R-17-5p and induced thioredoxin interacting protein m RNA in retinal Müller glial cell line(P < 0.05). Palmitate upregulated NLRP3 and IL1β expression in primary Müller cells isolated from wild type. However, using primary Müller cells isolated from thioredoxin interacting protein knock-out mice abolished palmitate-mediated increase in NLRP3 and IL1β.CONCLUSION Our work suggests that targeting endoplasmic reticulumstress or thioredoxin interacting protein are potential therapeutic strategies for early intervention of obesityinduced retinal inflammation.

Linear and nonlinear torsional free vibration of functionally graded micro/nano-tubes based on modified couple stress theory

The linear and nonlinear torsional free vibration analyses of functionMly graded micro/nuno-tubes （FGMTs） are analytically investigated based on the couple stress theory. The employed non-classical continuum theory contains one material length scale parameter, which can capture the small scale effect. The FGMT model accounts for the through-radius power-law variation of a two-constituent material. Hamilton＇s principle is used to develop the non-classical nonlinear governing equation. To study the effect of the boundary conditions, two types of end conditions, i.e., fixed-fixed and fixed-free, are considered. The derived boundary value governing equation is of the fourthorder, and is solved by the homotopy analysis method （HAM）. This method is based on the Taylor series with an embedded parameter and is capable of providing very good approximations by means of only a few terms, if the initial guess and the auxiliary linear operator are properly selected. The analytical expressions are developed for the linear and nonlinear natural frequencies, which can be conveniently used to investigate the effects of the dimensionless length scale parameter, the material gradient index, and the vibration amplitude on the natural frequencies of FGMTs.

Characterization of EBPVD micro-layer composites and simulation of its internal stress state

Based on the basic operating principal and the technology characteristic of electron beam physical vapor deposition(EBPVD) technique, EBPVD was used to prepare the micro-layer composites. The effect on the substrate preheating temperature was taken into accounts and the finite element analysis package ANSYS was used to simulate the internal stress field and the potential displacement changing tendency. The results show that one of the most important quality factors on the judgment of micro-layer composites is the adhesion between the substrate and the deposition layers as well as among the different deposition layers. Besides the existance of temperature gradient through the thickness of layers, the main reason for the internal stress in micro-layer composites is the mismatch of various properties of the layer and the substrate of different thermal expansions and crystal lattice types. With the increase of substrate preheating temperature, the inter-laminar shear stress also takes on a tendency of increase but the axial residual stress decrease.

固体力学跨尺度计算若干问题研究

本文展示了固体力学领域跨尺度计算的若干问题和研究概况。(1)建立位错动力学与有限元耦合DDD-FEM的计算模型,实现了能够基于纳米尺度离散位错运动机制计算分析连续介质有限变形晶体塑性问题,提出微纳尺度(200 nm~10μm)晶体塑性流动应力解析公式,结合试验数据揭示了在无应变梯度下强度和变形的尺寸效应;(2)建立具有微相分离结构的纳米尺度粗粒化分子动力学模型CG-MD,计算获得聚脲材料在时域和频域下的存储模量和损耗模量,通过动态加载分析的DMA试验和超声波试验的数据验证,解决了连续介质尺度下微相分离高分子共聚物的设计难题;(3)通过数据驱动关联高分辨率的微米尺度CT影像和临床低分辨率的毫米尺度CT影像的特征值,建立了围关节松质骨小梁的等效模量和结构张量,为骨组织增材制造点阵结构设计和实现个性化骨缺损重建奠定了基础。

Analytical Research of Temperature Distribution and Thermal Stresses within Circular Micro-hotplates

Micro-hotplate(MHP) technology is one key part in the manufacturing of gas sensors.The pursuit of analytical solutions for the temperature distribution and also thermal stresses within the MHP is of intrinsic scientific interest.In this study,analytical solutions for the temperature field,and both radial and tangential stresses and von Mises stress for circular MHP were obtained.Two geometries were considered:one had a circular heater at the center and the other had a circular heater at the center and an annular heater within the membrane part.Internal heat generation was incorporated in the energy equation for the MHP and different values of convection heat transfer coefficient were used at the upper and lower surfaces of the MHP.It has been shown that the MHP with two heaters can provide more uniform temperature field compared with the MHP with one heater.The main objective of this work is to provide an exact analytical solution for thermal stresses within the circular micro-heater with a simple geometry as a benchmark,from mathematical point of view,against which the accuracy of new numerical schemes can be checked.To make sure that the analytical procedure is correct,the analytical results are checked against numerical solutions derived from finite element simulation.Since the analytical models for the temperature field and especially for the thermal stresses of MHP are seldom investigated in the literature,the obtained results are believed to facilitate the design and performance evaluation of MHPs as well.

Chloride Resistance of Concrete under Complex Stress and Environment

The presence of stress is shown to have a significant impact on chloride ions in concrete. Reinforced concrete is usually durable and cost-effective which has resulted in its widespread use for construction, however, the concrete subjected to environment and load has become increasingly apparently that attacked by aggressive agents such as chloride ion. In this study, the coupling influences are stress effects and environmental problems on the coastline concrete durability have been investigated. A series of cyclic of a wet-dry cycle and submersion tests were performed onto the stressed concrete to obtain an understanding of the physical mechanisms causing the accumulation of chlorides in the interior pores of concrete under different stress types and exposure environments, based on the same duration. Specimens were prepared and subjected to NaCl solution in a wet-dry cycle and submersion, the chloride in the tension zone is gradual with increasing the stress level, as well as the chloride ion in the wet-dry cycle, is increasing the number of cycles. The apparent diffusion coefficient of each specimen was calculated respectively, the profile of concentration at a different section of tension and compression zones were presented in influence factors of the number of cycles, the length of drying phase, and periodic wetting cycles with sodium solution was discussed. After employed Fick’s second law, the results suggested Da in a wet-dry cycle is much higher than the Da in submersion zones.

长波红外差分干涉仪光栅低温安装结构设计与优化

长波红外差分干涉仪在低温工况下会因光学元件受到非均匀应力作用产生干涉条纹的畸变,从而降低干涉仪系统性能。本文为解决低温工况干涉条纹弯曲畸变问题,基于长波红外差分干涉仪光机系统进行了干涉条纹畸变影响因素分析,结合光-机-热耦合分析方法,对干涉仪系统低温工作状态进行仿真。随后设计了针对影响条纹畸变的关键元件——光栅元件的低温微应力动态稳定支撑安装结构,结构优化后的光栅表面面形均方根(Root Mean Square,RMS)值为3.89×10^(-2) nm,面形峰谷值(Peak to Valley,PV)值为2.21×10^(-1) nm,分别较优化前初始系统的分析结果减小了5个数量级,系统仿真干涉条纹畸变小于1个探测器像元。全系统低温验证试验表明,优化结构可有效抑制干涉条纹畸变,畸变量小于2个探测器像元,试验与仿真计算结果一致性较好,验证了优化分析方法的有效性。该优化方案对提升反射式光学系统结构低温稳定性,提高系统工作能力有较大意义和价值。

Tectonic Stress Wave,Microfracture Wave,and a Modified Elastic-Rebound Model of Earthquakes

Based on a sample of some real earthquakes,we have suggested in previous papers that there is a density-tectonic stress wave with ultra-low frequency which is emitted from the epicenter region for months before earthquakes,and a micro-fracture wave 1 ～ 10 days before earthquakes. The former has been observed by different kinds of measurements and the latter has been observed by a few chance observations which consists of electromagnetic,gravitational and sonic fluctuations. We show real observational results that depict the two waves and they have very different frequencies,which are not difficult to discriminate. The classical elastic-rebound model is one of the most influential theories on earthquakes,and the thermodynamic elastic-rebound model has amended the classical framework. Considering the two waves above,we attempt to further modify the elasticrebound model,and the new framework could be called the "micro-fracture elasticrebound model". We infer that tectonic earthquakes could have three special phases: the accumulation of tectonic stress,micro-fracture,and main-fracture. Accordingly,there would be three waves which come from the epicenter of a tectonic earthquake,i. e. ,the tectonic stress wave with ultra-low frequency a few months before the earthquake,the micro-fracture wave about 1 ～ 10 days before the earthquake and the main-fracture wave (common earthquake wave).

微织构对V型滑动导轨副摩擦磨损特性影响的研究

V型滑动导轨副具有低成本、良好的承载能力和导向性等优点,至今仍应用于很多机械设备中,但同时也存在着摩擦系数大、易磨损和低速稳定性差等缺点。为提高V型滑动导轨副的摩擦学性能,利用激光表面织构化技术分别在导轨的接触面上设计并制备直线和椭圆微织构。通过不同仿真软件对激光制备出的微织构是否产生流体动压效应进行验证,分析微织构对导轨接触面的接触应力的影响。利用自制往复滑动导轨试验平台在混合润滑条件下测试了不同类型织构化导轨副的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明,织构化导轨副均可以产生流体动压效应,且椭圆微织构可以产生更大的流体动压效应。此外,椭圆微织构仅位于下导轨表面可以较大程度降低其接触应力。因此,当椭圆微织构位于下导轨表面时减摩效果最好,具有最低的平均摩擦系数,与无织构导轨副相比下降了31.7%。

盆底肌训练联合微点阵激光治疗轻中度产后压力性尿失禁的疗效及对患者性生活质量的影响

目的探讨盆底肌训练(PFMT)联合微点阵激光治疗轻中度产后压力性尿失禁(PSUI)的临床效果及对患者性生活质量的影响。方法选取2020年1月至2022年10月西南交通大学附属医院、内江市第一人民医院及四川锦欣妇女儿童医院就诊的240例轻中度PSUI患者作为研究对象。按照随机数字表法分为对照组和研究组,各120例。对照组采用PFMT,研究组采用PFMT联合微点阵激光治疗,共治疗3个月,随访3个月。比较两组临床疗效,治疗前后1 h漏尿量、尿失禁症状评分、生活质量评分、产后抑郁筛查量表(PDSS)评分、产后特有焦虑量表(PSAS)评分、性生活质量评分及不良反应发生情况。结果研究组显效率及总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05);治疗后研究组1 h漏尿量少于对照组(P<0.05),生活质量评分高于对照组(P<0.05),尿失禁症状评分、PDSS评分、PSAS评分低于对照组(P<0.05);研究组治疗后及随访3个月时性生活质量评分高于对照组(P<0.05);研究组不良反应发生率为6.78%,对照组无不良反应发生。结论PFMT联合微点阵激光治疗轻中度PSUI疗效确切,能提高有效率,改善患者生活质量,缓解产后抑郁焦虑情绪,提高性生活质量。

微型钢骨桩综合防护体系在边坡防护中的应用分析

工程中遇到的复杂临时边坡,普遍具有安全储备要求较低且使用时长较短的特点,这类边坡在不具备放坡条件时,如果采用抗滑桩、预应力锚索框格梁等传统支护措施进行防护,则容易造成较大的工程浪费。采用微型钢骨桩+预应力锚索组成的“双柔性”支护结构,在满足工程安全需求的前提下,具有施工简便,造价合理,占地面积小,地质、地形适应能力强等优点,可在类似工程中进一步推广应用。

六价铬诱导L-02肝细胞应激损伤的microRNA研究

目的通过体外实验,在细胞水平探讨六价铬[Cr(Ⅵ)]诱导的L-02肝细胞氧化应激状态及microRNA谱系的改变。方法实验中设计不同的Cr(Ⅵ)浓度梯度,选择不同的时间点进行观察,用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)比色法检测L-02肝细胞活力,用荧光探针DCFH-DA观察L-02肝细胞氧化应激状态,用实时定量PCR技术检测L-02肝细胞中多个毒物特异性microRNA表达。结果MTT实验显示5μmol/L浓度的Cr(Ⅵ)是L-02肝细胞70%存活的临界值,在各时间点细胞的存活率分别为84.15%、81.44%、74.25%和68.04%。5μmol/L浓度的Cr(Ⅵ)处理L-02肝细胞8 h可诱发最强的氧化应激状态,ROS相对荧光值达169.2%。在氧化应激最高点检测到的microRNA改变是:miR-370、miR-let-7和miR-125b表达上调,miR-122和miR-137表达下调,miR-298和miR-153表达差异无统计学意义。结论金属毒物Cr(Ⅵ)可诱导L-02肝细胞氧化应激状态,并出现特征性的microRNA表达谱。

大采高回撤通道“高+低位”断顶爆破实践

大采高冲击地压工作面末采期间面临的冲击地压风险极高,为了解决此类工作面的冲击地压防治难题,针对纳林河二号矿大采高工作面末采阶段顶板的处置问题,从覆岩冲击层位应力阻断和正面保护回撤通道的角度出发进行爆破方案的设计、对比及优化,初步证实“高+低位”具有2个方面明显的技术优势。一是爆破对覆岩的致裂破碎方面,串联一次起爆增强了爆破致裂的效果和对爆破区域块体的破碎作用,与此同时该区域的应力变化梯度Δσ显著降低,更好的起到阻断高应力传递的作用;二是爆破覆盖的尺度方面,实现全层位的应力阻断,避免了卸压盲区。在此基础上,末采阶段工作面压力峰值分布范围、集中程度明显减小,同时末采阶段液压支架阻力正态分布中均值、标准差均减小,且10%~37%应力计不同程度出现卸荷状态,证实“高+低位”爆破对末采阶段、回撤通道及孤立煤体形成了正面保护作用。

GH4169高温合金表面电解辅助微铣削工艺研究

由于GH4169高温合金热导率低、在高温下能保持很高的强度,导致铣削加工过程中切削温度高、切削力大.为此,采用可转位双刀片-双阴极铣刀,对GH4169高温合金表面进行电解辅助微铣削加工,探究在不同加工参数下电解辅助微铣削表面质量的变化规律,并对传统铣削和电解辅助微铣削试验结果进行对比.结果表明,电解辅助微铣削可以去除传统铣削表面的刀痕、点蚀和碎屑等缺陷,同时出现了腐蚀凹坑和晶界腐蚀缺陷;相较于传统铣削,电解辅助微铣削可以显著提高加工表面质量;电解辅助微铣削表面粗糙度和表面残余应力随加工电压的增大而减小,为获得较好的加工表面质量,应选择较大的加工电压水平.