Application of micro/nanoscale thermal radiation to thermophotovoltaic system

Thermophotovoltaic （TPV） system has been regarded as one promising means to alleviate current energy demand because it can directly generate electricity from radiation heat via photons. However, the presently available TPV systems suffer from low conversion efficiency and low throughput. A viable solution to increase their efficiency is to apply micro/nanoscale radiation principles in the design of different components to utilize the characteristics ~f thermal radiation at small distances and in microstructures. Several critical issues are reviewed, such as photovoltaic effect, quantum efficiency and efficiency of TPV system. Emphasis is given to the development of wavelength-selective emitters and filters and the aspects of micro/nanoscale heat transfer. Recent progress, along with the challenges and opportunities for future development of TPV systems are also outlined.

Modeling and Evaluating of Surface Roughness Prediction in Micro-grinding on Soda-lime Glass Considering Tool Characterization

The current research of micro-grinding mainly focuses on the optimal processing technology for different materials. However, the material removal mechanism in micro-grinding is the base of achieving high quality processing surface. Therefore, a novel method for predicting surface roughness in micro-grinding of hard brittle materials considering micro-grinding tool grains protrusion topography is proposed in this paper. The differences of material removal mechanism between convention grinding process and micro-grinding process are analyzed. Topography characterization has been done on micro-grinding tools which are fabricated by electroplating. Models of grain density generation and grain interval are built, and new predicting model of micro-grinding surface roughness is developed. In order to verify the precision and application effect of the surface roughness prediction model proposed, a micro-grinding orthogonally experiment on soda-lime glass is designed and conducted. A series of micro-machining surfaces which are 78 nm to 0.98 ~tm roughness of brittle material is achieved. It is found that experimental roughness results and the predicting roughness data have an evident coincidence, and the component variable of describing the size effects in predicting model is calculated to be 1.5x 107 by reverse method based on the experimental results. The proposed model builds a set of distribution to consider grains distribution densities in different protrusion heights. Finally, the characterization of micro-grinding tools which are used in the experiment has been done based on the distribution set. It is concluded that there is a significant coincidence between surface prediction data from the proposed model and measurements from experiment results. Therefore, the effectiveness of the model is demonstrated. This paper proposes a novel method for predicting surface roughness in micro-grinding of hard brittle materials considering micro-grinding tool grains protrusion topography, which would provide significant research theory and experimental reference of material removal mechanism in micro-grinding of soda-lime glass.

Effect of Micro-Dimples on Hydrodynamic Lubrication of Textured Sinusoidal Roughness Surfaces

Surface texturing has been applied to improving the tribological performance of mechanical components for many years. Currently, the researches simulate the film pressure distribution of textured rough surfaces on the basis of the average flow model, and however the influence of roughness on the film pressure distribution could not be precisely expressed. Therefore, in order to study the hydrodynamic lubrication of the rough textured surfaces, sinusoidal waves are employed to characterize untextured surfaces. A deterministic model for hydrodynamic lubrication of microdimple textured rough surfaces is developed to predict the distribution of hydrodynamic pressure. By supplementing with the JFO cavitation boundary, the load carrying capacity of the film produced by micro-dimples and roughness is obtained. And the geometric parameters of textured rough surface are optimized to obtain the maximum hydrodynamic lubrication by specifying an optimization goal of the load carrying capacity. The effect of roughness on the hydrodynamic pressure of surface texture is significant and the load carrying capacity decreases with the increase of the roughness ratio because the roughness greatly suppresses the hydrodynamic effect of dimples. It shows that the roughness ratio of surface may be as small as possible to suppress the effect of hydrodynamic lubrication. Additionally,there are the optimum values of the micro-dimple depth and area density to maximize the load carrying capacity for any given value of the roughness ratio. The proposed approach is capable of accurately reflects the influence of roughness on the hydrodynamic pressure, and developed a deterministic model to investigate the hydrodynamic lubrication of textured surfaces.

Study on Surface Roughness in Micro Milling of Single Crystal Materials

Micro milling is a machining method of high precision and efficiency for micro components and features.In order to study the surface quality of single crystal materials in micro milling,the two-edged cemented carbide tool milling cutter with 0.4 mm diameter was used,and the orthogonal experiment was completed on the micro-milling of single crystal aluminum material.Through the analysis of statistical results,the primary and secondary factor which impacting on surface quality were found as follows:spindle speed,feed rate,milling depth.The ideal combination of optimized process parameters were obtained,when the spindle speed was 36000 r/min,the milling depth was 10μm,the feed rate was 80μm/s,which made the milling surface roughness is 0.782μm and minimal.Single crystal materials removal mechanism were revealed,and the influence of cutting parameters on micro-milling surface were discussed,the reason of tool wear was analyzed.Those provide a certain theoretical and experimental basis for micro milling of single crystal materials.

Effect of Surface Roughness in Micro-nano Scale on Slotted Waveguide Arrays in Ku-band

Modeling of the roughness in micro-nano scale and its influence have not been fully investigated, however the roughness will cause amplitude and phase errors of the radiating slot, and decrease the precision and efficiency of the SWA in Ku-band. Firstly, the roughness is simulated using the electromechanical coupled（EC） model. The relationship between roughness and the antenna＇s radiation properties is obtained. For verification, an antenna proto- type is manufactured and tested, and the simulation method is introduced. According to the prototype, a contrasting experiment dealing with the flatness of the radiating plane is conducted to test the simulation method. The advantage of the EC model is validated by comparisons of the EC model and two classical roughness models （sine wave and fractal function）, which shows that the EC model gives a more accurate description model for roughness, the maxi- mum error is 13%. The existence of roughness strongly broadens the beamwidth and raises the side-lobe level of SWA, which is 1.2 times greater than the ideal antenna. In addition, effect of the EC model＇s evaluation indices is investigated, the most affected scale of the roughness is found, which is 1/10 of the working wavelength. The proposed research provides the instruction for antenna designing and manufacturing.

Analysis of Microdisk/Microring’s Surface Roughness Effect by Orthogonal Decomposition

Application of micro-resonator is limited by different types of surface inhomogeneity. The 1-th derivative of inhomogeneity (i.e. Δrˊ(φ)) affects the wave transport as well as the height of inhomogeneity (i.e. Δrˊ(φ)). A method based on orthogonal decomposition is proposed to analysis both scattering mechanism respectively. Then surface roughness effect on Q-factor of micro-disk waveguide gallery mode (WGM) resonator is investigated with our method and the analysis fits well with FDTD simulation results.

Modeling of rough surfaces with given roughness parameters

Modeling of rough surfaces with given roughness parameters is studied,where surfaces with Gaussian height distribution and exponential auto-correlation function(ACF) are concerned.A large number of micro topography samples are randomly generated first using the rough surface simulation method with FFT.Then roughness parameters of the simulated roughness profiles are calculated according to parameter definition,and the relationship between roughness parameters and statistical distribution parameters is investigated.The effects of high-pass filtering with different cut-off lengths on the relationship are analyzed.Subsequently,computing formulae of roughness parameters based on standard deviation and correlation length are constructed with mathematical regression method.The constructed formulae are tested with measured data of actual topographies,and the influences of auto-correlation variations at different lag lengths on the change of roughness parameter are discussed.The constructed computing formulae provide an approach to active modeling of rough surfaces with given roughness parameters.

Response of slope surface roughness to wave-induced erosion during water level fluctuating

The bank slopes in hydro-fluctuation areas of reservoirs or lakes suffer from severe erosion due to an absence of protection. Waves are one of the important external forces that cause bank erosion and slope failures. However, the processes and quantified impacts of wave-induced erosion on slopes remain unclear under different water level-fluctuation conditions. This paper focuses on the characteristics of wave-induced slope erosion under three conditions: water level dropping(WLD), fixed(WLF) and rising(WLR). A steel tank with glass pane was used to simulate the wave-induced slope erosion in the three treatments. The slope elevation data were collected by using the method of the pin meter for every 15 minutes from the beginning to the end, a total of 5 times during all treatments. These data were processed by using software(SURFER 9.0) to get the slope micro-topography and the erosion volume. Then the temporal and spatial change of slope erosion was analysed according to the erosion amount or erosion rate calculated based on bulk density of slope soil. The results demonstrated that the soil erosion rates for different water level changing treatments are in the following order: WLR>WLD>WLF. For the erosion spatial variation, the middle part of the slope was the major source of sediment in the WLD. The upper part of the slope was the major source of the sediment for the other two treatments. Compared with the standard deviation(SD), the coefficient of variation(CV) based on the SD is more representative of variations in the soil surface roughness(SSR). Furthermore, the good fit between the SSR and soil erosion rate have the potential to be used to predict soil erosion. Above all, the injection angle of the wave determined the rate of erosion to some extent, and the fall-back flow of the wave could also influence the extent of erosion, deposition, and bank morphology. It is vital to choose the appropriate index(SD or CV) in the three water levels to improve the prediction accuracy. This paper could provide scientific knowledge to manage reservoirs or river banks.

A New Method of Roughness Construction and Analysis of Construct Parameters

In micro-manufacturing,roughness is unavoidable due to the tolerance of micro-machining methods.Roughness in microchannel could have a significant influence on flow and heat transfer since the size of microchannel is very small.In our work,roughness is modeled as a superposition of waves.A simple Fourier series method is proposed to construct the rough surface.With this method,roughness is constructed on the bottom of the rectangular microchannel which has a hydraulic diameter of 0.5 mm.Two important parameters during roughness construction,triangulate size and correlation length are studied under the same relative roughness 1%.Results show that flow and heat transfer characteristics are not sensitive to triangulate size.While triangulate size is changing from 0.1 mm to 0.05 mm,the variations of pressure drop and average Nusselt number are less than 1%.Correlation length could influence the topography of roughness surface a lot,smaller correlation length will lead to more pressure drop and lower Nusselt number.

Efect of Micro Abrasive Slurry Jet Polishing on Properties of Coated Cemented Carbide Tools

Owing to the popularization of coating technology, physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) coated tools have become indispensable in the cutting process. Additionally, the post-treatment of coated tools applied to industrial production can efectively enhance the surface quality of coating. To improve the processing performance of coated tools, micro abrasive slurry jet (MASJ) polishing technology is frst applied to the post-treatment of coated tools. Subsequently, the efects of process parameters on the surface quality and cutting thickness of coating are investigated via single-factor experiments. In the experiment, the best surface roughness is obtained by setting the working pressure to 0.4 MPa, particle size to 3 μm, incidence angle to 30°, and abrasive mass concentration to 100 g/L. Based on the results of the single-factor experiments, combination experiments are designed, and three types of coated tools with diferent surface qualities and coating thicknesses are obtained. The MASJ process for the post-treatment of coated tools is investigated based on a tool wear experiment and the efects of cutting parameters on the cutting force and workpiece surface quality of three types of cutting tools. The result indicates that MASJ machining can efectively improve the machining performance of coated tools.

考虑粗糙度的复合微织构轴承动力特性分析

为了提高滑动轴承旋转摩擦副的动力学性能和优化轴承结构,综合考虑表面粗糙度和复合微织构等因素,建立轴承转子系统的动力学特性计算模型,从理论上研究了考虑表面粗糙度时的复合微织构轴承的稳定性。针对圆形复合矩形微织构轴承,计算了不同粗糙度下轴承的油膜压力和临界速度,分析了不同复合微织构深度下的轴承刚度系数、阻尼系数及临界速度。研究结果表明:复合微织构轴承可以获得更大的临界速度,提高轴承的稳定性;复合微织构轴承的稳定性随织构深度的增大先增大后减小,在圆形和矩形织构无量纲深度分别为0.2和0.3附近稳定性最佳;相较于不考虑粗糙度时,采用均方根偏差为0.209μm时的考虑粗糙度的复合微织构轴承稳定性更佳,但最佳织构深度有所减小。

冷等离子体和微量润滑复合微铣削铝锂合金的表面性能研究

铝锂合金的延展性造成材料对刀具的粘附,会导致毛刺和积屑瘤等问题产生。为此,采用冷等离子体和微量润滑复合微铣削的方法加工铝锂合金,研究了工件的表面性能,并与单纯的干式、冷等离子体和微量润滑方法进行了对比。结果表明冷等离子体不仅改善了纳米流体在工件表面的浸润性,而且提高了材料的去除效率;相比于单纯的干式、冷等离子体和微量润滑方法,冷等离子体和微量润滑复合条件下的微铣削力分别降低了52.9%、42.9%和17.5%,而三维表面粗糙度Sa分别降低了67.3%、44.8%和33.3%。

3D打印隧道衬砌-围岩界面力学性能研究

[目的]3D打印技术在工程结构施工的研究和应用已逐渐深入,应用3D打印建造地铁隧道开拓了一种新的思路和方法,而3D打印施工过程中,衬砌与隧道围岩的共构效果和协同工作性能的保障是构建隧道衬砌结构体系的关键,需对其进行深入研究。[方法]通过试验模拟不同围岩条件下的界面特性,深入研究了3D打印隧道施工中衬砌和围岩之间的粘结力学性能及其影响因素。[结果及结论]围岩表面的粗糙度对3D打印衬砌混凝土的粘结效果有显著影响,而表面涂覆涂层能够有效改善衬砌-围岩界面的粘结性能,通过填补衬砌-围岩界面的微观不平整有利于提高3D打印衬砌施工质量。

机床主轴系统微锻加工表面粗糙度预测分析

为提高数控机床精度,开展轴向方向上主轴系统的平衡分析。频谱相关性测试结果显示,主轴旋转误差属于引起工件粗糙的关键影响因素。该研究有助于提高机床传动效率,提高数控机床加工精度,具有较好的实际应用价值。

考虑材料塑性流动的粗糙表面弹塑性接触建模

针对粗糙表面弹塑性接触问题,考虑微凸体顶端因接触变形产生的材料塑性流动,从塑性变形体积守恒准则出发,将相邻接触单元划分为不同类型接触片段,对不同类型接触片段分别提出了材料塑性流动模式与算法,建立了表面微观形貌循环更新的弹塑性接触模型。通过与Hertz解和有限元解进行对比,检验了所提模型的有效性。应用所提模型开展粗糙表面弹塑性接触分析,获得了表面微观形貌和接触压力演化过程。结果表明:所提模型与Hertz解和有限元解基本相符,最大误差在10%以内;材料塑性流动使得材料由峰顶逐渐向峰谷转移,导致接触范围随之变大,平均接触压力随之减小,但转变速度逐渐趋缓。

CeO_(2)/PTFE涂层微粗糙结构的构筑及其超疏水性能

采用熔盐法制备呈八面体状、粒径尺寸分布在300~500 nm的CeO_(2)颗粒,借助喷涂法制备CeO_(2)/PTFE涂层,目的是通过CeO_(2)颗粒的加入填充或者嵌入在PTFE的网络结构上,以此构筑CeO_(2)/PTFE涂层微粗糙结构提高其疏水性能.探讨不同的CeO_(2)颗粒含量在不同硬度铝基底上(Al 3003和Al 3004)对CeO_(2)/PTFE涂层疏水性能的影响,进而从“CeO_(2)颗粒的显微结构”和“微粗糙结构的构筑”两个方面阐明CeO_(2)/PTFE涂层的超疏水机理.结果表明:当CeO_(2)颗粒含量为0.5 wt%时,从SEM图中看出CeO_(2)/PTFE涂层的表面出现大量突起且呈现密集均匀排布即构筑出“单层连续网络结构”;CeO_(2)颗粒嵌入PTFE涂层的网络结构中CeO_(2)/PTFE涂层疏水性能最佳,从润湿性分析得到在Al 3003和Al 3004接触角分别为154.7°和153.3°.当CeO_(2)颗粒含量小于0.5 wt%时,构筑涂层表面呈现“孤岛状结构”;大于0.5 wt%时,构筑涂层表面呈现“多层不连续网络结构”.

计入粗糙峰的微纳结构表面水润滑流体动力学仿真

随着表面精密加工技术与润滑减摩研究的发展,利用表面织构化技术提升其表面减摩效果的研究已引起广泛关注,但少有研究考虑摩擦副表面粗糙形貌对润滑特性带来影响.本研究采用计算流体动力学(CFD)模拟方法,建立了矩形织构模型,并在其表面计入粗糙峰结构,讨论水润滑条件下不同粗糙峰结构模型润滑特性变化规律.结果表明:调节微纳复合表面结构参数,将改变润滑水膜承载力,进而影响微纳复合结构表面的动压润滑效果.此外,织构内涡流生成导致涡量变化,引起能量耗散并影响摩擦力.对矩形织构模型,适当的深度比(H=0.6)可使其表面动压润滑效应达到最优;而增大织构宽度比(W),动压润滑效应增强.在微织构表面引入高斯随机粗糙峰后,当随机粗糙峰高度变化标准差δ为0.5时,承载力可提升44%,摩擦系数降低30.9%.若引入半正弦粗糙峰,承载力和摩擦系数的变化范围均小于10%,对润滑效果的影响不明显.若同时引入高斯随机粗糙峰和半正弦粗糙峰,承载力可提升42%,摩擦系数下降31.1%,即表面动压润滑效果提升也较为显著.

反向处理铜箔微纳组织形成机理及其对力学性能的作用机制

目的第五代移动通信技术(5G)时代,高频高速信号传输过程中由于“趋肤效应”引起的信号损耗甚至“失真”越来越严重,为了解决这一问题,提出了一种反向处理铜箔的新技术,然而国内当前应用的高性能反向处理铜箔(RTF)主要依赖进口,要想在短时间内缩小国内外铜箔性能和生产效率的差距,最终实现这类高端铜箔的国产化,必须在明确该类铜箔微纳结构形成机理及其对性能影响的前提下,加快制备工艺的开发和优化。方法采用电镀法在阴极钛辊上沉积了电解生箔,在其光面进行粗化和镀Zn层等后续处理获得反向处理铜箔,同时以国外反向处理铜箔为参照,采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜详细分析其微纳组织与结构,采用激光共聚焦显微镜和万能试验机测量其粗糙度和拉伸性能。结果本工作中的RTF具有与国外商业产品相似的微观结构,由小的等轴晶和较大的柱状晶组成,且包含较多的纳米孪晶,孪晶界占比为30.8%,平均宽度为7.9 nm。S面是均匀的米粒状铜颗粒,而M面是较大的圆锥形铜颗粒。S面上的Zn层均匀致密,厚度约为6.5 nm,只有小部分Zn扩散到基底上形成CuZn3相。但从S面到M面,优选取向从(111)Cu逐渐变为(220)Cu,这与参比RTF略有不同。性能方面,参比RTF的Ra和Rz分别为1.22、1.42μm,抗拉强度为335.10 MPa,伸长率为15.5%,本工作中的RTF具有较低的粗糙度,Ra和Rz分别为0.68、1.03μm,其强度也具有明显优势(393.68 MPa),但延展性低于参比样品。通过对比分析,总结了铜箔在初始外延、过渡生长和电沉积条件控制的生长阶段3个阶段的生长特性,给出了影响每个阶段晶粒生长的主要因素,并且详细讨论了晶粒尺寸和纳米孪晶宽度对铜箔拉伸性能的影响。结论对RTF微观结构和性能的深入研究,有助于找到高性能铜箔国产化“瓶颈”的根源,为高性能铜箔在5G通信领域的进一步发展和应用奠定基础。

低轮廓电解铜箔表面微细粗化工艺研究

目的针对低轮廓电解铜箔剥离强度不足的问题,进行铜箔表面微细粗化处理研究,通过在铜箔表面生成可控形态的针状结构粗化层,以期在不影响低轮廓铜箔表面整体轮廓的条件下,提高铜箔的抗剥离性能。方法采用电化学微细粗化法,以NaOH和K_(2)S_(2)O_(8)的混合溶液为粗化电解液,研究电流密度、NaOH浓度及K_(2)S_(2)O_(8)浓度等主要工艺参数对铜箔表面针状结构形貌、粗糙度及铜箔剥离强度的影响。结果经过微细粗化处理后,低轮廓电解铜箔表面形成了针状多面体结构,在粗化电流密度为1.5 A/dm^(2)、粗化液中NaOH质量浓度为100 g/L、K_(2)S_(2)O_(8)质量浓度为20 g/L的条件下,粗化层形成的针状多面体结构致密且均匀,铜箔的剥离强度提升至0.48 N/mm。结论通过电化学微细粗化法,在低轮廓电解铜箔表面成功制备了针状结构的粗化层,通过优化微细粗化工艺参数,实现了铜箔表面针状结构粗化层的可控制备,在保证铜箔低表面粗糙度的同时,有效提高了铜箔的剥离强度。

多线切割保公差工艺对烧结钕铁硼永磁体表面质量的影响

采用多线切割保公差工艺切割烧结钕铁硼永磁体,利用SJ-410粗糙度仪、JMS-6010LA型扫描电子显微镜对微观形貌及表面粗糙度R_(a)进行表征。结果表明:随着进给速度增高和线速度的降低,金刚石磨粒压入深度减小,微观形貌由深犁沟、凹坑、破损变为浅犁沟、浅凹坑和破碎,材料去除机理由塑性去除变为塑性变形。粗糙度R_(a)随着进给速度和线速度的增高而减小;进给速度和线速度对法向载荷呈相反作用,在不同工艺参数下的材料去除方式中,塑性变形和塑性去除占据主导作用,进给速度10 mm/h和线速度1190 m/min的粗糙度最低,表面质量最优。切割时间只与进给速度有关,线弓随着进给速度增加,随线速度降低。