Effects of the initiation position on the damage and fracture characteristics of linear-charge blasting in rock

To study the effects of the initiation position on the damage and fracture characteristics of linear-charge blasting, blasting model experiments were conducted in this study using computed tomography scanning and three-dimensional reconstruction methods. The fractal damage theory was used to quantify the crack distribution and damage degree of sandstone specimens after blasting. The results showed that regardless of an inverse or top initiation, due to compression deformation and sliding frictional resistance, the plugging medium of the borehole is effective. The energy of the explosive gas near the top of the borehole is consumed. This affects the effective crushing of rocks near the top of the borehole, where the extent of damage to Sections Ⅰ and Ⅱ is less than that of Sections Ⅲ and Ⅳ. In addition, the analysis revealed that under conditions of top initiation, the reflected tensile damage of the rock at the free face of the top of the borehole and the compression deformation of the plug and friction consume more blasting energy, resulting in lower blasting energy efficiency for top initiation. As a result, the overall damage degree of the specimens in the top-initiation group was significantly smaller than that in the inverse-initiation group. Under conditions of inverse initiation, the blasting energy efficiency is greater, causing the specimen to experience greater damage. Therefore, in the engineering practice of rock tunnel cut blasting, to utilize blasting energy effectively and enhance the effects of rock fragmentation, using the inverse-initiation method is recommended. In addition, in three-dimensional(3D) rock blasting, the bottom of the borehole has obvious end effects under the conditions of inverse initiation, and the crack distribution at the bottom of the borehole is trumpet-shaped. The occurrence of an end effect in the 3D linear-charge blasting model experiment is related to the initiation position and the blocking condition.

Experimental study on explosion dispersion process of a multi-layer composite charge under different initiation modes

The influe nce of initiation modes on the explosive dispersion process of the multi-layer co mposite charge(MCC) was studied.Overpressure sensors and high-speed photography system were used to investigate the energy release process of an MCC with a specific structure.The shock wave pressure and explosive dispersion characteristics of the MCC under different initiation modes were compared.The forming and expanding process of the shock wave of the composite charge under different initiation modes was determined.The separation position of the shock wave and fireball interface was determined.The calculation formulas of the shock radius and overpressure of the composite charge are presented.The radius of the shock wave of the composite charge was significantly affected by the initiation mode.Moreover,the development process of the composite explosive fireball under different initiation modes was analyzed,the variation rules of the composite charge dispersion radius and fireball dispersion velocity with time were obtained under the different initiation modes,the explosion energy release rate of composite charge under simultaneous initiation modes was the highest,and the peak overpressure under the simultaneous initiation mode was 1.61 times that of central single-point initiation.

Research on Matching Relationship Between Number of Initiation Points and Charge Diameter

For shaped charges,LS-DYNA software was adopted to explore the influence of number of initiation points on the penetrator formation numerically.Changed the number of initiation points from 4 to 36,the performance of penetrator under four different kinds of typical charge diameter was analyzed,and the effect of detonation wave pressure on the liner was discussed.The minimum number of initiation points to substitute for annular initiation was obtained for each of four warheads with different charge diameters,and the curve representing the relation between the number of initiation points and charge diameter was found out also by using polynomial fitting.The simulation result provides a reference for the design of multimode warhead.

Modeling the blast load induced by a close-in explosion considering cylindrical charge parameters

Structural damage is significantly influenced by the various parameters of a close-in explosion.To establish a close-in blast loading model for cylindrical charges according to these parameters,a series of field experiments and a systematic numerical analysis were conducted.A high-fidelity finite element model developed using AUTODYN was first validated using blast data collected from field tests conducted in this and previous studies.A quantitative analysis was then performed to determine the influence of the charge shape,aspect ratio(length to diameter),orientation,and detonation configuration on the characteristics and distributions of the blast loading(incident peak overpressure and impulse)according to scaled distance.The results revealed that the secondary peak overpressure generated by a cylindrical charge was mainly distributed along the axial direction and was smaller than the overpressure generated by an equivalent spherical charge.The effects of charge shape on the blast loading at 45°and 67.5°in the axial plane could be neglected at scaled distances greater than 2 m/kg^(1/3);the effect of aspect ratios greater than 2 on the peak overpressure in the 90°(radial)direction could be neglected at all scaled distances;and double-end detonation increased the radial blast loading by up to 60%compared to singleend detonation.Finally,an empirical cylindrical charge blast loading model was developed considering the influences of charge aspect ratio,orientation,and detonation configuration.The results obtained in this study can serve as a reference for the design of blast tests using cylindrical charges and aid engineers in the design of blast-resistant structures.

ON THE STUDY OF THE INITIATION OF THE MICRO CRACK ON THE SMOOTH SURFACE OF POLYCRYSTALLINE

Crystallographic plasticity was applied to study the initiation of micro cracks on the smooth surface of polycrystalline under uniform applied stress. Even under the uniform external stress, due to the different crystallographic orientations of the grains in the polycrystalline, there is un-uniform stress distribution and the deformation is also not uniform. Under the fatigue loading, the roughness increases with the number of fatigue, and deformation will localize in some places, where micro cracks form.

The Case of Nonzero Initial Conditions in the Evolution of the Charge Density Distribution Function for a Spherically Symmetric System

We explored the Cauchy problem for the evolution of the charge density distribution function for a spherically symmetric system with nonzero initial conditions. In our model, the evolution of the charge density distribution function is simulated for the case of a non-uniform charged sphere. The initial speed of the system is nonzero. The solution breaks down into two components: the first one describes the system’s motion as a whole and the second describes the process of the evolution of the charge density function under the influence of its own electric field in the center-of-mass system. In this paper we considered the characteristic features of the implementation of a difference scheme for numerical simulation. We also illustrate the process of “scattering” of a moving charged system under the influence of its own electric field on the basis of the solution of the Cauchy problem for vector functions of the electric field and vector velocity field of a charged medium.

THE CALCULATION OF INITIAL SHOCK WAVE IN ROCK WITH UNCOUPLING CHARGE BLASTING

According to the structure of explosive charge in rock blasting, a physical model has been set up in this paper. Based on the model, a methodology for calculating initial shock wave of uncoupling charge has been given. The pressure p3 has been calculated when high explosives act on granite, limestone, marble and shaIe respectively. Some important conclusions are also gained by the analysis of results.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION FOR DYNAMIC INITIAL SHOCK PARAMETERS OF COUPLING CHARGE ON BOREHOLE WALL UNDER THE ACTION OF HIGH EXPLOSIVES

According to detonation theory and hydrodynamic principle, a physical model has been set up in this paper. Based on the model a methodology for calculating dynamic initial shock parameters such as shock pressure pm shock wave velosity Dm etc. of coupling charge on borehole wall has ben developed. The shock parameters have been calculated when high explosives works on granite, limestone and marble respectively. The magnitude of every parameter on borehole wall has been obtained from ignited dot to the end of borehole along axial direction. Some important conclusions are also gained.

Numerical simulation of the blast wave of a multilayer composite charge

The numerical simulation of a blast wave of a multilayer composite charge is investigated.A calculation model of the near-field explosion and far-field propagation of the shock wave of a composite charge is established using the AUTODYN finite element program.Results of the near-field and far-field calculations of the shock wave respectively converge at cell sizes of 0.25-0.5 cm and 1-3 cm.The Euler--fluxcorrected transport solver is found to be suitable for the far-field calculation after mapping.A numerical simulation is conducted to study the formation,propagation,and interaction of the shock wave of the composite charge for different initiation modes.It is found that the initiation mode obviously affects the shock-wave waveform and pressure distribution of the composite charge.Additionally,it is found that the area of the overpressure distribution is greatest for internal and external simultaneous initiation,and the peak pressure of the shock wave exponentially decays,fitting the calculation formula of the peak overpressure attenuation under different initiation modes,which is obtained and verified by experiment.The difference between numerical and experimental results is less than 10%,and the peak overpressure of both internal and external initiation is 56.12% higher than that of central single-point initiation.

Numerical Simulation of Shaped Charge Jet Using Multi-Phase SPH Method

Since the jets and detonation gaseous products are separated by sharp interfaces, the traditional smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method is difficult to avoid the computational instability at interfaces. The multi-phase SPH (MSPH) method was applied to improving the stabil-ity, which smoothes the particle density and makes pressure continuous at interfaces. Numericalexamples of jet forming process were used to test capability of the MSPH method. The results show that the method remains algorithm stability for large density gradient between the jets and gaseous products and has potential application to both the explosion and the jet problems. The effect of initiation ways of the shaped charge was discussed as well.

Study and Implementation on Batteries Charging Method of Micro-Grid Photovoltaic Systems

In the micro-grid photovoltaic systems, the random changes of solar radiation enable lead-acid batteries to experience low SOC (State of Charge) or overcharged for periods of time if directly charged with such traditional methods as decreased charging current, which will reduce lifetime of batteries. What’s more, it’s difficult to find a proper reduction coefficient in decreasing charging current. To adapt to the random changes of circumstance and avoid selecting the reduction coefficient, a new fast charging method named decreased charging current based on SOC is proposed to apply into micro-grid photovoltaic systems. It combines batteries’ SOC with the maximum charging voltage to determine the charging rate without strictly selecting reduction coefficient. By close-loop current control strategy and related scheme, the experiment proves the new method is feasible and verifies that, comparing with decreased charging current, the improved method make batteries’ SOC reach 100% in shorter time as well as the temperature of batteries raise more slowly.

A study on the surface overpressure distribution and formation of a double curvature liner under a two-point initiation

The formation mechanism of an EFP(explosively formed projectile)using a double curvature liner under the overpressure effect generated by a regular oblique reflection was investigated in this paper.Based on the detonation wave propagation theory,the change of the incident angle of the detonation wave collision at different positions and the distribution area of the overpressure on the surface of the liner were calculated.Three dimensional numerical simulations of the formation process of the EFP with tail.as well as the ability to penetrate 45#steel were performed using LS-DYNA software,and the EFP ve locity,the penetration ability,and the forming were assessed via experiments and x_ray photographs.The experimental results coincides with those of the simulations.Results indicate that the collision of the detonation wave was controlled to be a regular oblique reflection acting on the liner by setting the di-mensions of the unit charge and maintai ning the pressure at the collision point region at more than 2.4 times the CJ detonation when the incident angle approached the cnitical angle.The distance from the liner midline to the boundary of the area within which the pressure ratio of the regular oblique reflection pressure to the qJ detonation pressure was greater than 2.5,2,and 15was approximately 0.66 mm,132 mm,and 3.3 mm,respectively.Itis noted that pressure gradient caused the liner to turn inside out in the middle to form the head of the EFP and close the two tails of the EFP at approximately 120μs.The penetration depth of the EFP into a 45#steel target exceeded 30 mm,and there was radial expansion between the head and tail of the EFP,increasing the penetration resistance of the EFP.Therefore,the structural size of the unit charge and the liner can be further optimized to reduce resist ance to increase the penetration ability of the EFP.

考虑氢能应用的光伏直流微电网中储能容量配置寻优方法研究

针对光伏出力的间歇性与不稳定性,使得单纯依赖蓄电池进行能量平抑和调节,难以满足微电网持续稳定运行的需求,提出考虑氢能应用的光伏直流微电网中储能容量配置寻优方法。考虑氢能在光伏直流微电网中的应用,对光伏电池、蓄电池以及电解槽—储氢罐—燃料电池建模分析。根据建模分析结果,设计功率平抑控制策略与混合储能充放电管理策略。将最大化年净利润与光伏自消纳率作为优化目标,建立储能容量配置优化模型,获得储能容量最优配置结果。实验结果表明,应用所提方法后,光伏直流微电网的功率偏移率实现了显著的降低,调峰能力得到了有效优化,并且调度后微电网的自平衡率大幅提升,表明该方法具有良好的容量配置效果。

周边孔聚能装置间隔装药在光面爆破中的应用研究

隧道光面爆破工程的周边孔需要采用间隔装药方式,而大部分间隔装药方式采用“导爆索+雷管”联合起爆技术,此技术具有一定的局限性且经常发生拒爆现象。如何在保证隧道掘进效率的前提下提高光面爆破效果成为目前亟待解决的难题,从现场试验方面开展相关研究,提出“聚能装置+数码电子雷管”新型联合起爆技术,将其应用于高原某隧道,通过与原始的“导爆索+数码电子雷管”联合起爆技术的爆破后效果进行对比分析。实验结果表明:对比原始技术,新技术炸药单耗降低了0.2 kg/m^(3),半孔留痕率提高了5%,平均装药时间由原来的1.3 h降为1.0 h,稳定循环进尺的同时极大降低了耗材费用,提高了隧道光面爆破效果。

火工药剂微装药技术现状及后续发展思考

相比传统火工品,MEMS火工品的结构、尺寸及制造工艺发生了颠覆性变化,对火工药剂提出了低能输入、高能输出、小尺寸装药、小尺寸传播及与MEMS工艺相兼容等新要求。为了适应MEMS火工品的发展,原位叠氮化反应装药技术、增材制造装药技术、物理气相沉积薄膜装药技术等微装药技术受到广泛关注和研究。本文介绍了适合于MEMS火工品的几种微装药技术的国内外研究现状,并提出了后续发展思路。

间隔装药的殉爆起爆技术在露天矿山爆破中的应用

为了降低西沟露天石料厂的采石爆破成本,提高经济效益;应用空气袋间隔装药装置技术进行了150 mm炮孔和100 mm炮孔的爆破实验对比,同时进行了露天炮孔孔内反向和正向起爆殉爆试验对比。结果表明:采用炮孔中部空气袋间隔装置的露天矿台阶爆破,电子雷管起爆一端装药之后再利用其爆轰波殉爆起爆另一端装药,孔径大的炮孔比孔径小的炮孔殉爆起爆的爆破效果好;采用殉爆起爆技术后,做到了节能减排和提效;反向起爆爆破法与正向起爆爆破法相比,爆破效果更好。

基于有限元分析的单榀变截面门式刚架稳定性研究

某门式钢结构厂房进行建筑改造,需对原结构进行稳定性分析。应用ABAQUS软件对某单榀变截面H型钢门式刚架进行了线性屈曲、非线性屈曲以及粘钢加固的分析研究。对改造前结构进行屈曲分析,得到屈曲模态以及荷载-位移曲线。结果表明:刚梁易发生Y轴方向的扭转破坏;结构施加几种微初始缺陷对承载能力影响不大;在结构材料应力达到屈服应力时,荷载系数均小于1.0,结构发生失稳破坏。对梁上下翼缘粘贴钢板以及梁柱节点处全焊接加劲板进行加固补强,将加固前后的荷载-位移曲线、结构应力云图进行对比得到:当结构材料的应力达到屈服应力时,所施加初始缺陷为0 mm时,结构加固后的荷载系数相比加固前提升了61%;当初始缺陷为50 mm时,加固后结构的荷载系数相比加固前提升了52%,且加固后结构荷载系数均大于1.0,梁的应力情况得到明显改善,并且结构的跨中挠度满足规范要求。

聚能射流侵彻有限厚钢靶后效参数的特性

为研究聚能射流对有限厚钢靶的侵彻后效参数特性,开展了小口径聚能装药射流成型及侵彻带有靶后效应物的有限厚靶板实验,利用ANSYS/LS⁃DYNA有限元软件进行了聚能射流侵彻有限厚靶板作用过程数值模拟计算,分析了靶板厚度、炸高及靶后效应物密度对聚能射流侵彻后效参数的影响,包括剩余射流头部直径d、头部速度v及后效引爆炸药能力参数v^(2)d。研究结果表明:随着靶厚的增加,后效引爆威力v^(2)d呈现线性衰减趋势,厚度每增加20 mm约损失初始引爆威力参数的16%;在聚能射流保持连续的炸高范围内,随着炸高的增加,后效引爆威力参数v^(2)d呈现先增大后减小的趋势,其驻点出现于炸高为8倍聚能装药口径处;在常见的炸药密度范围内,随着靶后效应物密度ρ的增大,引爆威力参数v^(2)d衰减速率呈现先减小后增大的趋势;在相同时刻下,v^(2)d⁃ρ曲线存在一个驻点,v^(2)d最大值分布于ρ=1.6~1.8 g·cm^(-3),且驻点位置随侵彻时间增大而右移。

空间引力波探测中电荷管理系统的紫外光源应用

引力波是物质和能量的剧烈运动和变化所产生的一种物质波,通过探测引力波可以使得人类从另一个角度去观测宇宙.在空间引力波探测的过程中,惯性传感器中的检验质量会受到太空环境中粒子和射线的作用而积累电荷,影响了引力波探测的精度,因此需要对检验质量上的电荷进行控制,即开展电荷管理.在以往的电荷管理系统中应用紫外汞灯和紫外(UV)LED作为光源,取得了不同的效果.本文主要综述了空间引力波探测中电荷管理系统的紫外光源研究进展.汞灯作为第1代系统光源,虽能完成任务,但有着启动慢、功耗高等缺点.UV LED凭借其体积、功耗等方面的优点,逐步成为目前电荷管理系统的光源.近年来,随着紫外微型LED(UV micro-LED)技术的成熟,其较高的外量子效率和良好的可靠性展示出应用于电荷管理系统的潜力,是未来电荷管理系统可选择的紫外光源之一.

微型电动汽车动力电池充电保温系统设计研究

为解决微型电动汽车在低温环境下充电困难的问题,提出了一种动力电池充电保温系统。通过对加热部件-加热膜、电路以及热管理系统控制策略3方面进行设计,实现了充电保温功能和充电保温等待功能,确保充电时保持动力电池温度在适宜范围内的效用。实验结果表明,该充电保温系统可有效实现温度的调节,保证充电的正常运转。