Experimental research and energy analysis of a new type of dry ice powder pneumatic rock breaking technology

When the traditional drill and blast method is applied to rock crushing projects,it has strong vibration,loud noise and dust pollution,so it cannot be used in densely populated areas such as urban public works.We developed a supercritical CO_(2)true triaxial pneumatic rock-breaking experimental system,and conducted laboratory and field tests of dry ice powder pneumatic rock-breaking.The characteristics of the blast-induced vibration velocity waveform and the evolution of the vibration velocity and frequency with the focal distance were analyzed and discussed.The fracturing mechanism of dry ice powder pneumatic rock breaking is studied.The research results show that:(1)The vibration velocity induced by dry ice powder pneumatic rock breaking decays as a power function with the increase of the focal distance;(2)The vibration frequency caused by dry ice powder pneumatic rock breaking is mainly distributed in 1–120 Hz.Due to the dispersion effect,the dominant frequency of 10–30 Hz appears abnormally attenuated;(3)The traditional CO_(2)phase change fracturing energy calculation formula is also applicable to dry ice pneumatic rock breaking technology,and the trinitrotoluene(TNT)equivalent of fracturing energy is applicable to the Sadovsky formula;(4)Dry ice powder pneumatic rock breaking is shock wave and highenergy gas acting together to fracture rock,which can be divided into three stages,among which the gas wedge action of high-energy gas plays a dominant role in rock mass damage.

Rock breaking performance of the newly proposed unsubmerged cavitating abrasive waterjet

To improve the rock breaking ability, cavitating waterjet and abrasive waterjet are combined by using a coaxial low-speed waterjet generated around the periphery of a high-speed abrasive waterjet, and a new type of waterjet called unsubmerged cavitating abrasive waterjet(UCAWJ) is thus produced. The rock breaking performance of UCAWJ was compared with submerged cavitating abrasive waterjet(SCAWJ)and unsubmerged abrasive waterjet(UAWJ) by impinging sandstone specimens. Moreover, the effects of jet pressure, standoff distance, abrasive flow rate and concentration were studied by evaluating the specific energy consumption, and the area, depth, and mass loss of the eroded specimen. The results show that the artificially generated submerged environment in UCAWJ is able to enhance the rock breaking performance under the same operating parameters. Furthermore, the rock breaking performance of UCAWJ is much better at higher jet pressures and smaller standoff distances when compared with UAWJ. The greatest rock breaking ability of UCAWJ appears at jet pressure of 50 MPa and standoff distance of 32 mm, with the mass loss of sandstone increased by 370.6% and the energy dissipation decreased by 75.8%. In addition, under the experimental conditions the optimal abrasive flow rate and concentration are 76.5 m L/min and 3%, respectively.

Comparative Study of the Rock-breaking Mechanism of a Disc Cutter and Wedge Tooth Cutter by Discrete Element Modelling

The operation of a shield tunnel boring machine(TBM)in a high-strength hard rock stratum results in significant cutter damage,adversely affecting the thrust and torque of the cutter head.Therefore,it is very important to carry out the research on the stress characteristics and optimize the cutter parameters of cutters break high-strength hard rock.In this paper,the rock-breaking performance of cutters in an andesite stratum in the tunnel of Qingdao Metro Line No.8 was investigated using the discrete element method and theoretical analysis.The rock-breaking processes of a disc cutter and wedge tooth cutter were simulated by software particle flow code PFC^(3D),and the rock-breaking degree,stress of the cutter,and rock-breaking specific energy were analyzed.The rock damage caused by the cutter in a specific section was divided into three stages:the advanced influence,crushing,and stabilizing stages.The rock-breaking degree and the tangential and normal forces of the wedge tooth cutter are larger than that of the disc cutter under the same conditions.The disc cutter(wedge tooth cutter)has the highest rock-breaking efficiency at a cutter spacing of 100 mm(110 mm)and a penetration depth of 8 mm(10 mm),and the rock-breaking specific energy is 11.48 MJ/m^(3)(12.05 MJ/m^(3)).Therefore,two types of cutters with different penetration depths or cutter spacing should be considered.The number of teeth of wedge tooth cutters can be increased in hard strata to improve the rock-breaking efficiency of the shield.The research results provide a reference for shield cutterhead selection and cutter layout in similar projects.

Wave breaking on turbulent energy budget in the ocean surface mixed layer

As an important physical process at the air-sea interface, wave movement and breaking have a significant effect on the ocean surface mixed layer (OSML). When breaking waves occur at the ocean surface, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) is input downwards, and a sublayer is formed near the surface and turbulence vertical mixing is intensively enhanced. A one-dimensional ocean model including the Mellor-Yamada level 2.5 turbulence closure equations was employed in our research on variations in turbulent energy budget within OSML. The influence of wave breaking could be introduced into the model by modifying an existing surface boundary condition of the TKE equation and specifying its input. The vertical diffusion and dissipation of TKE were effectively enhanced in the sublayer when wave breaking was considered. Turbulent energy dissipated in the sublayer was about 92.0% of the total depth-integrated dissipated TKE, which is twice higher than that of non-wave breaking. The shear production of TKE decreased by 3.5% because the mean flow fields tended to be uniform due to wave-enhanced turbulent mixing. As a result, a new local equilibrium between diffusion and dissipation of TKE was reached in the wave-enhanced layer. Below the sublayer, the local equilibrium between shear production and dissipation of TKE agreed with the conclusion drawn from the classical law-of-the-wall (Craig and Banner, 1994).

Energy dissipation through wind-generated breaking waves

Wave breaking is an important process that controls turbulence properties and fluxes of heat and mass in the upper oceanic layer.A model is described for energy dissipation per unit area at the ocean surface attributed to wind-generated breaking waves,in terms of ratio of energy dissipation to energy input,windgenerated wave spectrum,and wave growth rate.Also advanced is a vertical distribution model of turbulent kinetic energy,based on an exponential distribution method.The result shows that energy dissipation rate depends heavily on wind speed and sea state.Our results agree well with predictions of previous works.

Spontaneous symmetry breaking vacuum energy in cosmology

The gravitational effect of spontaneous symmetry breaking vacuum energy density is investigated by subtracting the fiat space-time contribution from the energy in the curved space-time. We find that the remaining effective energy- momentum tensor is too small to cause the acceleration of the universe, although it satisfies the characteristics of dark energy. However, it could provide a promising explanation to the puzzle of why the gravitational effect produced by the huge symmetry breaking vacuum energy in the electroweak theory has not been observed, as it has a sufficiently small value （smaller than the observed cosmic energy density by a factor of 1032）.

Simulation of the ocean surface mixed layer under the wave breaking

A one-dimensional mixed-layer model, including a Mellor- Yamada level 2.5 turbulence closure scheme, was implemented to investi- gate the dynamical and thermal structures of the ocean surface mixed layer in the northern South China Sea. The turbulent kinetic ener- gy released through wave breaking was incorporated into the model as a source of energy at the ocean surface, and the influence of the breaking waves on the mixed layer was studied. The numerical simulations show that the simulated SST is overestimated in summer without the breaking waves. However, the cooler SST is simulated when the effect of the breaking waves is considered, the corre- sponding discrepancy with the observed data decreases up to 20% and the MLD calculated averagely deepens 3.8 m. Owing to the wave-enhanced turbulence mixing in the summertime, the stratification at the bottom of the mixed layer was modified and the tempera- ture gradient spread throughout the whole thermocline compared with the concentrated distribution without wave breaking.

Experimental Study on Suspended Sediment Concentration and Its Vertical Distribution under Spilling Breaking Wave Actions in Silty Coast

In this paper, flume experiments are focused on sediment transport inside and outside the surf zone. According to the energy dissipation balance principle of sediment-laden flow and the similarity between energy dissipation of spilling breaking wave and hydraulic jump, formulas are proposed to predict time averaged suspended sediment concentration under both non-breaking and breaking waves. Assuming that the sediment diffusion coefficient, which is related with energy dissipation, is proportional to water depth, formulas are proposed to predict close-to-bed suspended sediment concentration and vertical distribution of suspended sediment under spilling breaking waves, and the prediction shows a good agreement with the measurement.

The rock breaking and ROP increase mechanisms for single-tooth torsional impact cutting using DEM

Torsional impact drilling is a new technology which has the advantages of high rock-breaking efficiency and a high rate of penetration(ROP).So far,there is no in-depth understanding of the rock-breaking mechanism for the ROP increase from torsional impact tools.Therefore,it has practical engineering significance to study the rock-breaking mechanism of torsional impact.In this paper,discrete element method(DEM)software(PFC2 D)is used to compare granite breaking under the steady and torsional impacting conditions.Meanwhile,the energy consumption to break rock,microscopic crushing process and chip characteristics as well as the relationship among these three factors for granite under different impacting frequencies and amplitudes are discussed.It is found that the average cutting force is smaller in the case of torsional impact cutting(TIC)than that in the case of steady loading.The mechanical specific energy(MSE)and the ratio of brittle energy consumption to total energy are negatively correlated;rock-breaking efficiency is related to the mode of action between the cutting tooth and rock.Furthermore,the ROP increase mechanism of torsional impact drilling technology is that the ratio of brittle energy consumption under the TIC condition is larger than that under a steady load;the degree of repeated fragmentation of rock chips under the TIC condition is lower than that under the steady load,and the TIC load promotes the formation of a transverse cracking network near the free surface and inhibits the formation of a deep longitudinal cracking network.

Determining the Onset and Strength of Unforced Wave Breaking in A Numerical Wave Tank

A numerical wave tank is used to investigate the onset and strength of unforced wave breaking, and the waves have three types of initial spectra： constant amplitude spectrum, constant steepness spectrum and Pierson-Moscowitz spectrum. Numerical tests are performed to validate the model results. Then, the onset of wave breaking is discussed with geometric, kinematic, and dynamic breaking criteria. The strength of wave breaking, which is always characterized by the fractional energy loss and breaking strength coefficient, is studied for different spectra. The results show how the energy growth rate is better than the initial wave steepness on estimating the fractional energy losses as well as breaking strength coefficient.

Review:Recent Advancement of Experimental and Numerical Investigations for Breaking Waves

Breaking wave is a complex physical phenomenon that takes place at the gas fluid interface which is the chief reason for the generation of two phase turbulence wave energy dissipation and mass transfer between air and water. For marine hydrodynamics the breaking bow wave of high speed vessels induces the bubble mixed flow travelling around the ship eventually developing to be the turbulent wake which is easy to be detected by photoelectric equipment. Besides the flow induced noise stemming from wave plunging may weaken the acoustic stealth of water surface craft. In the oceanographic physics context wave breaking accounts for the energy and mass exchange of the ocean atmosphere system which has a great effect on the weather forecasts and global climate predictions. Due to multi scale properties of multiphase turbulent flows a wide range of time and length scales should be resolved making it rather complicated for experimental and numerical investigations. In early reviews[1-4] general mechanisms related to wave breaking problems are well described. However previous emphasis lies on the phenomenological characteristics of breaking wave. Thus this review summarizes the recent experimental and numerical advances of the studies of air entrainment bubble distribution energy dissipation capillary effect and so on.

Failure analysis of polycrystalline diamond compact cutters for breaking rock by bending waves theory

The breakage mechanism of the polycrystalline diamond compact(PDC) cutters was analyzed by the energy theory of bending waves. The cutting tests of granite block were conducted on a multifunctional testing device by using the cutter at three kinds of negative fore angles of 30°, 45° and 60°. The results show that, when the edge of the PDC layer is broken, the layer of tungsten cobalt is broken a little under the angle of 30°, while the layer of tungsten cobalt is broken continuously under the angle of 60°, their maximum depths are about 2 and 7 mm respectively in the two cases. The eccentric distance mainly depends on the negative fore angle of the cutter. When the cutter thrusts into the rock under an attack angle of 60°, the energy of bending waves reaches the maximum since the eccentric distance is the maximum. So the damage of cutter is the most serious. This test result is consistent with the conclusion of theoretical analysis well. The eccentric distance from the axial line of cutter to the point of action between the rock and cutter has great effect on the breakage of the cutter. Thus during the process of cutting, the eccentric distance should be reduced to improve the service life of PDC cutters.

Application of VOF in Calculating Wave Energy Loss due to Spilling Breaker

A large amount of experimental analysis and systematical theoretical calculation has been done by the authors to solve the problem of wave transformation and breaking, considering the effect of both current and topography, but only the wave energy loss due to spilling breaker in the surf zone has been discussed in this paper. Based on test result analysis and calculation with the Stream Function Wave Theory, the wave velocity field at breaking points has been obtained, and it is used to calculate the wave heights after breaking by the VOF (Volume of Fluid) method, in which the governing equations are continuity equation and Navier-Stokes Equation for imcompressible fluids. In the present paper, the improved VOF technique is used to calculate the wave heights of stable regular waves after breaking. Results fit the test data well, which shows that the VOF method is suitable to numerical simulation of regular waves after breaking. Besides, the breaker coefficient B of regular waves in the bore model is also calculated.

中国式现代化目标下构建新型能源体系之路径思考

倡导人与自然和谐共生的中国式现代化,对中国能源领域的高质量可持续发展提出了新要求、新部署,“加快规划建设新型能源体系”势在必行。为了助推中国式现代化目标下新型能源体系的构建,分析了其提出的战略背景,明确了其重要意义,阐述了其内涵特征,提出了其路径建议。研究结果表明:①新型能源体系是社会主义现代化强国建设的关键抓手,是实现碳达峰碳中和目标以及推进生态文明建设的重要支撑,是国家能源安全和国家竞争力的有力保障;②新型能源体系以促进人与自然和谐共生为根本宗旨,以保证能源安全和经济社会发展稳定为基本前提,具有理念更新、能源结构更新、技术创新、治理创新、产业革新、电力革新等内涵特征;③新型能源体系的构建路径包括加快培育绿色低碳文化、加快推动能源结构转型、加快推动产业结构升级、加快攻关关键核心技术、加快构建体制机制保障等。结论认为,立足我国能源资源禀赋,坚持“先立后破”的方式构建清洁低碳、安全高效的新型能源体系,提高能源自给率,特别是油气自给率,确保能源转型平稳有序、能源保障安全可靠,可以为当前复杂国际形势下的国家能源安全提供强有力的保障。

钢粒子迟滞重复冲击破岩硬岩损伤破裂特征研究

粒子冲击辅助破岩技术凭借其快速、高效等优点,对硬质岩体有着较好的破岩效果。通过粒子冲击试验和离散元模拟相结合的方法研究单、双粒子冲击速度、双粒子间距等因素对高强度花岗岩表面、三维及剖面形貌特征的影响,探寻冲击坑深度、冲击坑体积及冲击坑表面面积随冲击参数的变化规律,统计粒子冲击破岩裂纹的分布规律,并且从能量吸收率的角度评价双粒子迟滞冲击破岩的效能。结果表明:冲击坑深度与冲击速度呈正相关;随着粒子间距的增大,冲击坑由相交逐渐相离,形貌随之变化,冲击坑体积随之减小,而冲击坑表面面积增大;通过模拟发现,裂纹主要分布在斜长石与钾长石的晶界处,以拉伸破坏为主;当选用5mm直径的钢粒子破碎强度200MPa左右的极坚硬花岗岩时,双粒子迟滞冲击破岩的能量吸收率曲线随粒子冲击速度增大趋于平缓,在双粒子迟滞冲击破岩的粒子间距为8~10 mm且冲击速度400 m/s左右时能达到最佳的冲击辅助破岩效果。

异形齿切削破碎页岩的试验与数值模拟研究

针对PDC钻头在页岩气钻井中破岩效率低和寿命短的问题,开展异形齿切削破碎页岩机理研究。选用凹面齿、斧形齿、三棱齿等典型异形齿开展切削页岩过程、切削载荷的试验研究,利用数值模拟分析异形齿切削过程中岩石的损伤特性。试验结果表明:切削齿切削页岩过程中,出现了镜面和“卷屑”等硬塑性特征;凹面齿切削载荷和破岩比功小于其他齿型;平面齿和三棱齿随着前倾角的增加,切削载荷呈增大趋势;凹面齿和斧形齿对前倾角的变化不敏感,且凹面齿在前倾角为10°时破岩效果最好;在相同条件下,4种齿型中凹面齿形成的岩屑最大,利于破岩效率的提高。模拟结果表明:切削过程中凹面齿以“铲削”的方式破碎岩石,三棱齿和斧形齿的棱脊对岩石产生明显的挤压效果;三棱齿沿着棱脊将岩屑一分为二向两侧排出,而斧形齿在块体岩屑的中间部分形成了明显的塑性变形。研究结果可为页岩气钻井提速增效提供基础支撑。

利用聚类算法提高微地震初至拾取的稳定性

高效且准确地拾取有效信号的初至是微地震监测技术的关键。目前常用的微地震初至拾取算法是能量比算法,该算法应用简单且拾取效率高。但是能量比算法存在的主要问题是算法的抗噪性较差,拾取误差较大。为此,将聚类算法应用于微地震信号初至拾取,改进现有拾取算法。首先通过能量比算法对微地震初至进行一次拾取;然后通过聚类算法对一次拾取结果进行优化,提取其中的小误差初至;再对提取出的小误差初至的分布进行拟合,根据分布规律校正误差较大的初至;最后以优化后的初至为中心开时窗并利用AIC(Akaike Infor⁃mation Criteria)算法对微地震信号进行精细拾取。该算法结合了能量比算法和AIC算法的优点。实际数据测试结果表明,与传统算法相比该算法具有较高的拾取精度和抗噪性,而且可以有效识别多震相初至。此外,该算法的运算效率很高,适用于现场实时处理。

具备限流能力的混合式高压直流断路器拓扑

直流断路器(DCCB)是解决直流系统短路故障的重要手段,针对现有DCCB存在的限流效果差、避雷器使用寿命短和故障隔离速度慢等一系列缺陷,文中提出一种具备限流能力的混合式高压直流断路器拓扑(CLC-HDCCB)方案。CLC-HDCCB载流支路和转移支路采用双桥式结构,具备双向通断能力;限流部分采用限流电阻和限流电感并联限流方式,显著降低了故障电流峰值及上升率;设计泄能电阻在断路过程中将限流电感旁路,减少了避雷器单次开断吸收的能量;对所提CLC-HDCCB方案分断故障电流、正常合闸和分断小电流等直流系统出现的各种工况进行了详细分析,并给出参数选定的方法。最后在PSCAD/EMTDC平台进行仿真验证,结果表明所提CLC-HDCCB方案与现有DCCB方案相比在故障限流、避雷器吸能和故障清除时间等方面具有一定的优势。

二氧化碳静态爆破的边坡振动场地效应和能量分析

进行真三轴CO_(2)静态爆破压裂实验和现场测试,获得压力曲线、试样裂隙分布、现场振动曲线和岩体破坏特征,并通过分析压力曲线和裂缝扩展特征来研究致裂原理,同时还利用窗函数傅里叶变换提取振动特征,以评估破岩现场边坡的结构安全。研究结果表明:(1)CO_(2)静态爆破的峰值振动速度在8 m处衰减至满足建筑物保护要求,比传统的钻爆法更安全;(2)CO_(2)静态爆破引起的振动波形的主频高于钻爆法的,且随着距离的加长,振动能量的分布逐渐分散;(3)钻爆法的振动速度预测公式适用于CO_(2)静态爆破的,且带高程的预测公式更为准确。根据压力曲线、试样裂隙分布和现场岩体损伤,提出CO_(2)静态爆破的HIG破岩模型,为新技术的研究提供了基础框架。在实验中没有采集到温度数据,今后迫切需要对聚能剂的瞬时放热特性和温度对CO_(2)状态的影响进行研究。

双钢板混凝土组合结构起波钢筋连接件的拉伸力学性能研究

提出将起波钢筋作为双钢板混凝土组合结构的连接件,并设计开展12个组合板单元体试件的拉伸试验,研究了直径和起波角度对起波钢筋连接件拉伸力学性能的影响。研究结果表明:连接件的破坏模式分为拉直后断裂和未拉直即断裂两种,当起波钢筋连接件在拉直后发生破坏时,变形能力和耗能能力得到大幅提高;随着连接件直径和起波角度的增大,破坏位移、拉断力和耗能能力也增大,但起波角度对拉断力影响较小;提出起波钢筋连接件强度的计算方法,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。结合试验结果,对双钢板混凝土组合结构起波钢筋连接件的设计提出了合理化建议。