Research on the Surface Micro-configuration in Vibration Cutting Particle Reinforced Metallic Matrix Composites SiC_p/Al

The cutting performance of particulate reinforced me tallic matrix composites(PRMMCs) SiC p/Al in ultrasonic vibration cutting and c ommon cutting with carbide tools and PCD tools was researched in the paper. Mic rostructure of machined surface was described, the relation between cutting para meters and surface roughness was presented, and characteristic of the surface re mained stress was also presented. Furthermore, wear regularity and abrasion resi stance ability of tools in ultrasonic vibration cutting and common cutting o f PRMMCs were discussed in detail. The test results show: (1) The surface config urations are obviously different when using different tools to machine such PRMM Cs. The surface machined with carbide tools looks luminous and orderly and there are seldom surface defects on it. The reason is that the soft basal body is apt to flow during cutting, therefore a layer of Al matrix film covers machined sur face. On the contrary, the surface machined with PCD tools looks lackluster. But the profile of machined surface is very clear. Superfine grooves, pits and blac k reinforce particulates can be seen easily without obvious Al film. (2) Because of unstable cutting process in common cutting, the surface is easy to produce s ome defects such as burrs, built-up edges and so on so that the quality of surf ace becomes very poor. Vibration cutting can reduce the influence of tearing, pl astic deformation and built-up edge in cutting and can restrain flutter so as t o make cutting process more stable. Therefore, surface roughness of vibration cu tting is better than that of common cutting. (3) There is an optimum value of fe ed rate in vibration cutting of PRMMCs due to the influence of material characte ristics. Whether feed rate is more than or less than this optimum value, surface roughness will increase. (4) According to analyzing the wear rate of tools in v ibration cutting PRMMCs, it can be concluded that abrasion resistance of tools w ill be improved remarkably when vibration cutting composites have a lower pe rcentage of reinforce particulate. If the percentage of reinforce particulate is higher, the influence on abrasion resistance of carbide tool in vibration cut ting will not be obvious. The research result indicates that vibration cutting effect has a close relation with material characteristics.

Understanding the need for pre-injection from permeability measurements: What is the connection?

Pre-grouting ahead of tunnels has three main functions:to control water inflow into the tunnel,to limit groundwater drawdown above the tunnel,and to make tunnelling progress more predictable since rock mass quality is effectively improved.It helps to avoid settlement damage caused by consolidation of clay deposits beneath built-up areas,since towns tend to be built where terrain is more flat,due to the clay deposits.There are so many instances of settlement damage that the profession needs to take note of the need for high-pressure pre-grouting,to use micro-cements and micro-silica additives.The use of highpressure injection may cause joint jacking,but this is local in extent when the rapid pressure decay away from an injection hole is understood.This effect is variable and depends on the geometrical parameters of the joints.This pressure-decay advantage must not be violated by maintaining high pressure when grout flow from the injection hole has ceased.The latter can cause damage to the grouting already achieved.Simplified methods of estimating mean hydraulic apertures(e)from Lugeon testing are described,and from more sophisticated three-dimensional(3D)permeability measurement.The estimation of the larger mean physical joint apertures(E)is based on the joint roughness coefficient(JRC).Comparison is then made with the empirical aperture-particle size criterion E>4d95,where d95 represents almost the largest cement particle size.Depending on joint set orientations and on the available micro-cements,the decision must be made of which range of pre-injection pressure should be aimed for,using successive reductions of the water-cement ratio w/c.More simple estimation of permeability,also with depth dependence,can be made with the empirical link between a modified rock mass quality Q and permeability,which is termed QH2O.The value of this parameter can be based on core-logging or intunnel face logging.The 3D before-and-after-grouting permeability measurements have been used to justify the quantification of rock mass quality Q-parameter improvement,and the consequent increases in expected P-wave velocity and deformation modulus,for application in dam foundation treatment and its monitoring.