Changes of Metabolites and Macro- and Micro-elements in Hungarian Potatoes under Organic and Conventional Farming

To study the effect of cultivation system （conventional and organic） on potato tuber components, 42 parameters （anti-nutritives, micro- and macro-elements and 23 metabolites） were studied in three multi-resistant Hungarian potato varieties for three years in 2007-2009. Discriminant analysis of data proved that all investigated factors （farming technology, genotype and season/year） had significant effect on metabolites. Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic （HPLC-DAD, HPLC-MS） and elemental analysis methods have been adapted to quantify the major components, i.e., steroidal alkaloids, nitrite, nitrate, sugars, amino acids and micro-elements, in potato tubers. The absolute amount and changes of tuber components were influenced differentially by the technology, genotype and season in a complex manner. Any examined component, except nitrate content, was found to be significantly higher or lower consistently in relation to the production practice （organic or conventional） during the three years trials. Under the examined circumstances, no consequent positive effect of organic fanning on the total amount of anti-nutritive components, vitamins or micro- and macro-elements of potato tubers could be proven.

Effects on SOD, LPO and Micro-elements by Point-Injecting Chinese Herbs into

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APPLICATION OF SUB-ELEMENT AND MICRO-ELEMENT IN BEM WITH ROLLER BEARING LOAD

Aiming at the discontinuous traction on contact elements of roller bearing,new concepts of sub- and micro-element are put forward. In the sub-element and micro-element,traction influence coefficient has been modified, which is calculated by the former boundary elementmethod (BEM) with roller bearing load. Hence, three-dimensional distribution of load on rollerbearing is calculated accurately. In practice, it has been proved that this method has highercalculation accuracy. An effective numerical method is offered for analyzing load characteristics ofroller bearing to improve service longevity of roller bearing and operation efficiency of rollingmill.

Numerical method to determine mechanical parameters of engineering design in rock masses

This paper proposes a new continuity model for engineering in rock masses and a new schematic method for reporting the engineering of rock continuity. This method can be used to evaluate the mechanics of every kind of medium;and is a new way to determine the mechanical parameters used in engineering design in rock masses. In the numerical simulation, the experimental parameters of intact rock were combined with the structural properties of field rock. Theexperimental results for orthogonally-jointed rock are given. The results included the curves of the stress-strain relationship of some rock masses, the curve of the relationship between the dimension Δ and the uniaxial pressure-resistant strength σc of these rock masses, and pictures of the destructive procedure of some rock masses in uniaxial or triaxial tests, etc. Application of the method to engineering design in rock masses showed the potential of its application to engineering practice.

Effects of Soil Applications of Micro-Nutrients and Chelating Agent Citric Acid on Mineral Nutrients in Soybean Seeds

Micro-nutrient deficiency in soil results in crop yield loss and poor seed quality. Correcting this deficiency is normally done by foliar or soil application. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of soil applications of five micro-nutrients (Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo, and B) alone and in combination with a chelating agent citric acid (CA) on soybean leaf and seed nutrients. Source of micro-nutrient compounds were MnCl2, CuCl2, ZnCl2, MoO3, and H3BO3. Our hypothesis was that micro-and macro-nutrients may be transported to leaves and then to seeds at different rates. They may interact synergistically or competitively during the uptake process. A greenhouse experiment was conducted at Mississippi Valley State University, Itta Bena, Mississippi, USA. Soybean cultivar, Bolivar (maturity group V), was applied with micro-nutrients-chelating agent citric acid at V3 and R3 (pod initiation) stage. The results showed that applications of Cu, Zn, B and Mo increased three unrolled trifoliate leaves Cu, Zn, B by 26.5%, 13.8%, 113% and Mo increased to 179 mg/kg, respectively in the leaves. Also, the application of “Cu, Zn, B and Mo increased Cu, Zn, B by 55.5%, 8.2%, 28.6% and Mo increased to 202 mg/kg” respectively in soybean seeds. Application of Mn had no direct effect on increasing Mn either in leaves or in seeds, however, Mn and Mn + CA treatment affected other mineral contents. Application of Cu, Zn, Mo, B and CA increased macro-nutrients K, N, P, Mg, and S. Irrespective of the applications, the nutrient increase trend in seed was Na > Fe > Zn > Mn > B > Cu > Mo. However, Mo application resulted in the following seed nutrient accumulation pattern: Na > Mo > Fe > Zn > Mn > B > Cu. This may suggest that Mo had higher mobility to seeds than other micro-nutrients. Combination of soil application of Mo + CA increased Mo in leaves at V3 stage;however, Mo + CA soil application during pod-filling stage had no significant effects on Mo accumulation in seeds. The current research showed that some micro-nutrient application with the chelating agent CA could increase seed nutrients. Since these results are conducted under greenhouse experiments, further research under field conditions is needed before conclusive recommendations are made.

The Trace Element Content Observed in the Elderly People of Russia＇s North Regions

To investigate the status of mineral metabolism in people residing in huge regional centers of north-western and north-eastern parts of Russia by AES-IBP （atom-emission spectrometry with inductively bonded argon plasma）, the content of 25 elements in hair samples of surveyed people was examined. The results of the study carried out in Russia＇s north could testify to significant deformation found in the elderly people bodies＇ element profiles. The pronounced deficit in such essential elements as Ca, Cr, Mg can be considered the common north-related profile typical for the elderly people from European and Asian north. In addition, age-related formation of all the elements＇ deficit due to their risen spending at pathologies as well as the increased need in such elements as Zn, Se, Cr, Cu, Mn. The age-related excess of arsenic proved to be typical for Magadan residents. In Anadyr, the age-related excess of lead was found, in Petrozavodsk mercury, and in Arkhangelsk--boron and aluminium.

Water extractable plant nutrients in soils amended with cow manure co-composted with maple tree residues

Studies on the availability of plant nutrients in soils treated with manure co-composted feed-stocks are very rare.The present investigation aimed at studying the nutrient release pattern from three soils amended with maple tree leaves co-composted with cow manure.Soils were mixed with the compost at the rate of 20 t/hm^(2) and incubated at room temperature.Prior to incubation,plants residue samples were analyzed for total elemental concentrations(NO_(3),NH_(4),P,K,Ca,Mg,Na,Zn,Mn,Fe,Cu,Ni and Cd).Water extractability of nutrients from soils was affected by the type of soil and ratio of composted manure applied.Extractable NH_(4),P,K,Ca and Mg concentrations varied in the descending order of sandy clay,sandy loam and silt loam except NO_(3).The concentrations of P,K,Ca and Mg in the amended soils increased with the ratio of manure co-composted with leaf litter while those of NO_(3),NH_(4) and trace elements decreased.The residual nutrients in soil varied directly with their contents in the compost amendments.Co-composting improved the availability of nutrients in soils and this should be an ideal approach to managing the enormous waste generated from the livestock sector for restoring soil fertility.