Performance Analysis of a Profile Control Agent for Waste Drilling Fluid Treatment

A method for the treatment of hazardous waste drilling fluids,potentially leading to environmental pollution,is considered.The waste drilling fluid is treated with an inorganic flocculant,an organic flocculant,and a pH regulator.The profile control agent consists of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide,formaldehyde,hexamethylenetetramine,resorcinol,phenol,and the treated waste drilling fluid itself.For a waste drilling fluid concentration of 2500 mg/L,the gelling time of the profile control agent is 25 h,and the gelling strength is 32,000 mPa.s.Compared with the profile control agent prepared by recirculated water under the same conditions,the present profile control agent displays better stability,salt-resistance,and performance.

Optimization of the Plugging Agent Dosage for High Temperature Salt Profile Control in Heavy Oil Reservoirs

After steam discharge in heavy oil reservoirs,the distribution of temperature,pressure,and permeability in different wells becomes irregular.Flow channels can easily be produced,which affect the sweep efficiency of the oil displacement.Previous studies have shown that the salting-out plugging method can effectively block these channels in high-temperature reservoirs,improve the suction profile,and increase oil production.In the present study,the optimal dosage of the plugging agent is determined taking into account connection transmissibility and inter-well volumes.Together with the connectivity model,a water flooding simulation model is introduced.Moreover,a non-gradient stochastic disturbance algorithm is used to obtain the optimal plugging agent dosage,which provides the basis for the high-temperature salting-out plugging agent adjustment in the field.

Oil Production Optimization by Means of a Combined“Plugging,Profile Control,and Flooding”Treatment:Analysis of Results Obtained Using Computer Tomography and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Due to long-term water injection,often oilfields enter the so-called medium and high water cut stage,and it is difficult to achieve good oil recovery and water reduction through standard methods(single profile control and flooding measures).Therefore,in this study,a novel method based on“plugging,profile control,and flooding”being implemented at the same time is proposed.To assess the performances of this approach,physical simulations,computer tomography,and nuclear magnetic resonance are used.The results show that the combination of a gel plugging agent,a polymer microsphere flooding agent,and a high-efficiency oil displacement agent leads to better results in terms of oil recovery with respect to the situation in which these approaches are used separately(the oil recovery is increased by 15.37%).Computer tomography scan results show that with the combined approach,a larger sweep volume and higher oil washing efficiency are obtained.The remaining oil in the cluster form can be recovered in the middle and low permeability layer,increasing the proportion of the columnar and blind end states of the oil.The nuclear magnetic resonance test results show that the combined“plugging,profile control,and flooding”treatment can also be used to control more effectively the dominant channels of the high permeability layer and further expand the recovery degree of the remaining oil in the pores of different sizes in the middle and low permeability layers.However,for the low permeability layer(permeability difference of 20),the benefits in terms of oil recovery are limited.

The Synthesize and Property Evaluation of High Temperature Resistant Phenolic Resin-Type Profile Control Agent

Most of the mining method of domestic oilfield is waterflood development, thus the water content in the mid and late water flooding would rise faster, and the oil recovery rate would decline relatively more rapid. So it is very important to research profile control agent for stabilizing oil production resin-type profile control agent, and focus on researching the themal stability, shear resistance, gelation time and gelation strength and other properties of this profile control agent?[1]. Finally, the best ratio for synthesizing the high temperature resistant phenolic resin-type profile control agent was obtained.

Study of Water Treatment Residue Used as a Profile Control Agent

A large amount of residue from the water treatment process has gradually accumulated and thus caused serious environmental pollution in waterflood oilfields. The water treatment residue is a grey suspension, with a density of 1.08 g/cm^3, and mainly contains over 65% of light CaCO3, MgCO3, CaSO4, Fe2S3 and Ca（OH）2. This paper ascertains the effect of water treatment residue on core permeability and its application in oilfields. Coreflooding tests in laboratory were conducted in two artificial cores and one natural core. Core changes were evaluated by cast model image analysis, mercury injection method and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. Fresh water was injected into another natural core, which was plugged with water treatment residue, to determine the effective life. The results indicate that the water treatment residue has a strongly plugging capability, a resistance to erosion and a long effective life, and thus it can be used as a cheap raw material for profile control. In the past 8 years, a total of 60,164 m^3 of water treatment residue has been used for profile control of 151 well treatments, with a success ratio of 98% and an effective ratio of 83.2%. In the field tests, the profile control agent increased both starting pressure and injection pressure of injectors, and decreased the apparent water injectivity coefficient, significantly improving intake profiles and lengthening average service life of injectors. 28,381 tons of additional oil were recovered from these corresponding oil wells, with economic benefits of ￥3,069.55×10^4 （RMB） and a remarkable input-output ratio of 8.6：1.

Performance Evaluation of a New Type of Polymer Profile Control Agent

The low-permeability oil and gas resources of our country are quite common and abundant. Their reserve has accounted for one-fifth of total oil reserves of our country, and their yield has constituted the important part of national petroleum annual yield, but its development is very difficult. Polymer gel technology is a technical method of improving sweep efficiency in recent years which substantially increases the viscosity of the polymer solution by adding a crosslinking agent to the polymer produced by intramolecular or intermolecular crosslinking.

An Improved Contract Net Protocol with Multi-Agent for Reservoir Flood Control Dispatch

Contract Net Protocol (CNP) has been widely used in solving the problems of multi-Agent cooperates and reservoir flood control optimization dispatch. This paper designs an Agent functional module based on the multi-Agent coordinated the construction of reservoir flood control optimization dispatch and the corresponding Agent to solve the problem of classical CNP in the Agent communication aspect, to enhance the efficiency of reservoir optimization dispatch and to improve the insufficiency of the classical CNP in the application of reservoir flood control dispatcher. Then, the capacity factor and the cooperation level are introduced in the module. Experiments are conducted on the Agentbuilder simulation platform to simulate reservoir flood control optimization dispatching with the improved CNP. The simulation results show the communication interactive efficiency and the performance of new protocol is superior to those of the classical CNP.

Study of the Chemical Flooding Effect in Gao-63 Reservoir

This article is aimed to discuss the impact of using two different kinds of surfactant in enhancing oil recovery in heterogeneous reservoirs. With the background of Jidong oilfield, Rui Feng surfactant which could reach ultra-low interracial tension and combination surfactant RZ-JD80 with strong emulsifying property are chosen to do oil displacement and profile control-oil displacement experiment in homogeneous core and heterogeneous core respectively. The experiment is aimed to study the effect of oil displacement by injecting surfactant individually and the effect after injecting different profile control agent slug before surfactant flooding in heterogeneous cores. The results suggest that injecting Rui Feng surfactant and RZ-JD80 individually could enhance the oil displacement efficiency about 15 percentage points for homogeneous core. For strongly heterogeneous core, it is low efficiency by using either of these two surfactants individually. However, if injected a very little profile control agent slug before surfactant flooding, both of these two kinds of surfactant could enhance the oil recovery by different degree, especially, polymer microsphere plugging^RZ-JD80 flooding composite technology is more adaptable to Gao-63 reservoir. This technology could increase the recovery by 18.52 percentage points aRer surfactant flooding.

胜利油田GF84区块CCUS气窜封堵技术及其应用

胜利油田GF84区块为低渗透油藏,采出程度较低,CO_(2)驱是提高该区块采收率的有效措施之一。在前期开发中注采井之间已形成明显的气窜通道,现阶段亟需进行气窜封堵,提高CO_(2)驱波及系数,实现均衡驱替。通过分析GF84区块气窜特征与开发矛盾,将气窜类型划分为“裂缝型气窜”和“基质型气窜”,并制定了“裂缝封堵”和“基质调剖”的治理策略。在明确气窜特征的基础上,通过室内实验研发了硅盐树脂堵剂、CO_(2)气溶性发泡剂和高温冻胶堵剂,并形成了“硅盐树脂裂缝封堵+CO_(2)气溶性发泡剂、高温冻胶基质调剖”化学封堵分级调控技术。结果表明,该技术在GF84区块成功应用4口井,其中硅盐树脂裂缝封堵2口井,CO_(2)气溶性发泡剂基质调剖2口井,措施有效率100%,有效期在0.5 a以上。研究成果可为低渗透油田CO_(2)驱开发提供技术支撑。

乳化沥青提高原油采收率研究进展

乳化沥青具有注入性能好、封堵强度高等优点,作为一种选择性堵剂在油田提高采收率领域比其他化学剂体系更具应用潜力。本文总结了国内乳化沥青堵水体系的开发历程及现场选择性堵水的应用效果。通过调研近年来国内外文献,概述了乳化沥青堵水的作用机理,一种是作为乳液的作用机理,主要是乳液颗粒被变形捕获产生贾敏效应和乳液液滴的机械滞留使水的流动阻力增大;另一种是其分散相也就是乳液破乳后沥青的作用机理,主要是沥青黏附在岩壁上起到的堵水作用。同时,总结了乳化沥青稳定的主要影响因素,包括温度、水相中的电解质浓度和pH值以及分散相中的沥青质,并且论述了各因素影响乳化沥青稳定性的作用机理。最后,详细叙述了乳化沥青应用于油田调剖堵水领域的最新研究进展,研究表明乳化沥青不仅具有优异的封堵效果,还具有独特的封堵选择性。此外,乳化沥青还能与CO_(2)吞吐、泡沫调驱组成复合增产技术进行现场应用,并且指出了乳化沥青应用于调剖堵水领域存在的问题与未来展望。

海上高温高盐油藏层内沉淀深部调驱体系研究与应用

针对常规调驱体系因注入困难、耐温抗盐性差及价格昂贵,难以满足海上高温高盐油藏深部调驱需求的问题,研发出一种以Na_(2)SiO_(3)为主剂的层内沉淀深部调驱体系。通过化学分析、仪器检测和物理模拟等多种方法对体系进行了配方优化和性能评价。实验研究结果表明:调驱体系的最佳母液配方组成为7%硅酸钠+30%沉淀控制剂A+1.0%沉淀控制剂B,该配方可与现场注入水中的成垢离子反应生成粒径为67.0~123.1 nm的颗粒,在向地层深部运移过程中由小到大逐渐聚并成粒径为42.6~47.4μm的无机沉淀,封堵水窜通道最终实现深部液流转向。该调驱体系耐温150℃,在50~500 mD岩心均具有良好的注入性,沉淀后封堵率可达95.9%,对于渗透率级差为8~20的双岩心提高采收率幅度可达11.0%~16.4%。矿场试验表明,层内沉淀调驱体系注入性好、工艺简单,稳油控水效果显著,W油田A井组实施措施后日增油超25 m^(3),含水率平均下降13.3%,累计增油达到7675 m^(3)。技术对于海上高温高盐油田开发具有良好的示范作用。

油田含聚废液处理及再利用技术研究

近年来虽然对聚合物驱油藏油水井洗井、作业及站内管线清洗产生的含聚废液开展了回收再利用技术研究,但缺乏聚合物胶块废液的有效处理技术。为此,结合注聚区废液的特点,研究相应的处理技术,确定注聚区废液的调剖用配方,并针对不同废液改进调剖注入工艺,形成注聚区废液调剖再利用技术。研究结果表明:研制的橇装式含聚废液地面分离及处理装置能够有效分离废液中的胶块,对其进行粉碎处理后,形成颗粒调剖剂,进而实现单井直接注入;结合含聚废液特点,研发了相应的复配调剖剂配方,形成了调剖剂系列,达到了封堵高渗透油藏堵剂要求;现场实施调剖21口井,累计处理废液51 978 m^(3),油压平均上升了1.5 MPa,累计增油达8 036.2 t。研究结果可为油田清洁环保开发生产提供技术依据。

水驱油田开发后期区域流场调整研究

水驱油田在开发后期普遍进入特高含水率期,以较低的采油速度低效生产,经济效益和社会效益逐渐变差。在此开发阶段面临很多困难和挑战,一方面水窜通道发育,注入水无效循环,常规措施对水窜通道难以封堵和治理。另一方面剩余油分布高度分散,难以有效确定油藏中具有潜力的位置并进行挖掘。为了有效解决水驱油田开发后期主要问题,本次研究以Y油田为例,提出了区域流场调整技术。这项技术主要针对油田中注采问题突出的井区,通过对油田沉积环境、生产层位之间差异、储层能量、采油井指标变化趋势以及产出和吸水测试资料等综合分析而形成。对于构造变化较缓的井区,进行以调整平面注采关系为主的调剖策略。对于构造变化较大,注水井和采油井之间落差较大的井区,采取油井更改生产制度,同时进行以调整纵向注采矛盾为主的调剖策略。对于剩余油相对富集,但采油井和注水井的生产能力受到限制的井区,采取压裂措施以释放产能的策略。通过应用以上关键技术,被治理的井区产油量明显增加,含水率上升过快的趋势被抑制,使Y油田开发后期的生产形势明显变好。

大庆油田聚驱后油层无碱中相自适应堵调驱实验

大庆油田聚驱后弱碱复合驱扩大现场试验取得了聚驱后进一步提高采收率13.5百分点的较好效果,但体系中碱的存在导致管线、泵产生腐蚀、结垢和采出液出现严重乳化破乳难等问题。同时,由于优势渗流通道的存在,流度控制难,致使体系中聚合物质量浓度高达2500 mg/L。为解决上述问题并实现更大幅度提高采收率,需研发出适用于大庆油田聚驱后油层的高效中相微乳液驱油体系。通过对表面活性剂溶液的界面张力进行测量,初步筛选出能够达到超低界面张力的表面活性剂产品,然后进行中相微乳液体系水溶性评价,并开展了较为完善的油水相态评价,进一步确定中相微乳液体系的最佳盐度(盐的质量分数)及其与油水比的关系,从而研发出无碱中相微乳液配方,并加入预交联颗粒凝胶(PPG)组成无碱中相自适应堵调驱体系。岩心驱替实验结果表明,该体系聚驱后可进一步提高采收率23.3百分点,比常规弱碱复合驱多提高采收率10.1百分点,降低聚合物用量28%。研究成果为大幅提高大庆油田聚驱后油层的采收率提供了理论及实验支撑。

黏弹剂调剖在姬塬油田侏罗系油藏中的应用

姬塬油田侏罗系油藏位于鄂尔多斯盆地中西部,属于低渗透砂岩油藏,油藏油水运移以孔隙型渗流为主。进入开发中后期,油井水淹现象严重。姬塬油田先后应用“交联聚合物冻胶+体膨颗粒”、“PEG单相凝胶调驱剂”、“纳米级微球”等调剖体系对侏罗系油藏注水井开展调剖,虽然在降低油藏递减、控制含水率上升幅度等方面取得了一定效果,但对于水淹井降含水率方面效果不明显。近年来,姬塬油田通过开展侏罗系油藏油井水淹机理研究,优化调剖体系,筛选了一种新型黏弹剂进行调剖,室内评价及现场实施均证明该黏弹剂性能可靠。2021—2022年,通过在姬塬油田56个侏罗系油藏水淹井组采用黏弹剂调剖后,井组月度递减率由2.59%下降至1.01%,月度含水率上升幅度由0.61%下降至0.08%。同时,大部分水淹井含水率下降明显,平均有效期内单井组增油达226 t。按照油价45美元/桶计算,投入产出比1.00∶2.11,实施效益较好。

低渗透裂缝型油田调剖用弱凝胶体系室内评价

通过实验室模拟与现场应用分析,详细考察了弱凝胶体系的性能以及在油田中的实际应用效果。实验结果显示,弱凝胶体系的成胶时间从20℃的115.2 min显著减少至70℃的14.9 min,黏度从1560.5 m Pa·s降至1047.2 m Pa·s,体现了温度提高加速化学交联反应的效果。在老化稳定性实验中,凝胶黏度在室温条件下经过3个月从初始的1200 m Pa·s缓慢降至1149 m Pa·s,而在80℃的高温条件下,从1013 m Pa·s降至970 m Pa·s,表明温度的升高加速了老化过程,但整体上凝胶展示了良好的稳定性。剪切稳定性测试中,凝胶黏度从500 r·min^(-1)的1198 m Pa·s降至5000 r·min^(-1)的987 m Pa·s,显示出良好的剪切稳定性。大洼油田采用弱凝胶调驱技术后,油井的日产油量平均提升了50%,同时减少了水窜现象,优化了油水分层,显著提高了油田的整体采收效率。

耐高温水基微球调驱剂性能评价

评价了一种耐高温水基微球调驱剂性能。实验结果表明:不同浓度耐温水基微球调驱剂注入不同渗透率岩心的阻力系数均小于等于5,注入性好;浓度为4 000 mg/L的耐温水基微球调驱剂在岩心中的有效封堵渗透率范围最大,封堵率最高超过90%;该水基微球调驱剂在150℃下有效封堵时间45 d左右,耐温性良好;该耐温水基微球调驱剂可提高渤海油田非均质储层原油采收率15.41%~17.92%。

闭式注水油藏自分散型耐高温高盐调驱剂

南海东部高温高盐油藏闭式注水井无地面注水流程,常规调驱剂无法在地面混配后注入地层,且由于自分散性差,难以直接注入地层。以南海东部A油田为目标,从快速自分散和耐高温高盐两个角度出发,以2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)含量为40%的耐温耐盐聚合物为基础,辅以多酚类复合交联剂、多支链醇聚醚类分散剂等,通过反应成胶、机械研磨,制得自分散型耐高温高盐调驱剂。采用激光粒度仪、电子显微镜、动态光散射仪等,对调驱剂的粒径、微观形貌和表面电性进行了表征,评价了调驱剂的自分散性能、注入性能和剖面调整性能,并在南海东部A油田X井组进行了现场应用。结果表明,自分散型耐高温高盐调驱剂呈球形,初始粒径D50(粒径中值)为1.09~11.63μm,通过调整配方、研磨条件或加热时间可调节调驱剂的粒径。调驱剂颗粒表面呈负电,Zeta电位值为-19.30~-26.1 mV。与常规油分散型颗粒调驱剂相比,该调驱剂自分散性好,遇水后能快速均匀分散,在注入水中的自分散率为90.0%,岩心注入压力仅为油分散型颗粒调驱剂的53.13%。调驱后,高渗透岩心的分流量由92.6%降至20.5%,低渗透岩心的分流量由7.4%增至79.5%,吸水剖面明显“反转”。现场实施效果良好,调驱剂施工爬坡压力为0.5 MPa,施工后最高日增油106 m3,阶段增油8900 m3。该调驱剂满足目标油田高温高盐条件,注入性好,增油效果明显,适合闭式注水油藏调驱。

不同熟化程度的聚合物在多孔介质中的渗流规律及驱油性能

聚合物在注入地层过程中受到的物理、化学降解严重,黏度损失大。为了减少聚合物注入过程产生的黏度损失,提出不完全熟化聚合物驱油技术。在70℃下,通过改变机械搅拌器的搅拌时间,制得具有不同黏度和熟化程度为60%~100%的聚合物体系;基于宏观和微观模型对不同熟化程度聚合物在多孔介质中的渗流规律及驱油性能进行研究。结果表明,相较于完全熟化聚合物,不完全熟化聚合物体系具有更好的黏弹性,可更好地动用残余油、提高微观驱油效率;不完全熟化聚合物体系可以建立更高的阻力系数和残余阻力系数,经多孔介质剪切后可以保留更高的有效驱替黏度;聚合物熟化程度过低不利于聚合物进入油藏深部,60%熟化程度聚合物体系堵塞主要发生在靠近填砂管注入端0—1/5处,而80%和100%熟化程度聚合物体系堵塞主要发生在靠近填砂管注入端1/5—2/5处;相对于水驱,60%、80%及100%熟化程度聚合物宏观驱油的采收率增幅分别为26.2百分点、29.0百分点和23.3百分点,微观驱油的采收率增幅分别为37.3百分点、44.9百分点和36.0百分点。对于非均质油藏,由于不完全熟化聚合物残留的未溶解胶团颗粒具有良好的封堵调驱性能,提高了低渗透层的吸液量,扩大了波及体积,从而提高了低渗透层的采收率。研究结果可为不完全熟化聚合物驱油现场试验提供一定的理论指导。

聚合物微球性能影响因素室内实验研究——以渤海X油田水质为例

为探究海上油田注入水水质对微球调驱性能的影响规律,对微球基本性能和X油田污水组成进行了测试,评价了污水影响下微球在多孔介质中注入、运移和封堵性能。结果表明:X油田污水含有96.34 mg/L悬浮物和11.87 mg/L油污,矿化度为26205.37 mg/L;悬浮物对微球粒径影响最大,使粒径增大15~25倍;受污水影响,微球在(1000~5000)×10^(-3)μm^(2)的岩心中注入压力上升更快;污水配制的微球调剖效果较差,改善分流率和提高采收率18.45%,幅度不及去离子水配制的情况。