Numerical Analysis of a Spiral-groove Dry-gas Seal Considering Micro-scale Effects

A dry-gas seal system is a non-contact seal technology that is widely used in different industrial applications.Spiral-groove dry-gas seal utilizes fluid dynamic pressure effects to realize the seal and lubrication processes,while forming a high pressure gas film between two sealing faces due to the deceleration of the gas pumped in or out.There is little research into the effects and the influence on seal performance,if the grooves and the gas film are at the micro-scale.This paper investigates the micro-scale effects on spiral-groove dry-gas seal performance in a numerical solution of a corrected Reynolds equation.The Reynolds equation is discretized by means of the finite difference method with the second order scheme and solved by the successive-over-relaxation（SOR） iterative method.The Knudsen number of the flow in the sealing gas film is changed from 0.005 to 0.120 with a variation of film depth and sealing pressure.The numerical results show that the average pressure in the gas film and the sealed gas leakage increase due to micro-scale effects.The open force is enlarged,while the gas film stiffness is significantly decreased due to micro-scale effects.The friction torque and power consumption remain constant,even in low sealing pressure and spin speed conditions.In this paper,the seal performance at different rotor face spin speeds is also described.The proposed research clarifies the micro-scale effects in a spiral-groove dry-gas seal and their influence on seal performance,which is expected to be useful for the improvement of the design of dry-gas seal systems operating in the slip flow regime.

Recent Advances in Computational Simulation of Macro-,Meso-,and Micro-Scale Biomimetics Related Fluid Flow Problems

Over the last decade, computational methods have been intensively applied to a variety of scientific researches and engineering designs. Although the computational fluid dynamics （CFD） method has played a dominant role in studying and simulating transport phenomena involving fluid flow and heat and mass transfers, in recent years, other numerical methods for the simulations at meso- and micro-scales have also been actively applied to solve the physics of complex flow and fluid-interface interactions. This paper presents a review of recent advances in multi-scale computational simulation of biomimetics related fluid flow problems. The state-of-the-art numerical techniques, such as lattice Boltzmann method （LBM）, molecular dynamics （MD）, and conventional CFD, applied to different problems such as fish flow, electro-osmosis effect of earthworm motion, and self-cleaning hydrophobic surface, and the numerical approaches are introduced. The new challenging of modelling biomimetics problems in developing the physical conditions of self-clean hydrophobic surfaces is discussed.

Discharge characteristics of a needle-to-plate electrode at a micro-scale gap

To understand the discharge characteristics under a gap of micrometers,the breakdown voltage and current–voltage curve are measured experimentally in a needle-to-plate electrode at a microscale gap of 3–50 μm in air.The effect of the needle radius and the gas pressure on the discharge characteristics are tested.The results show that when the gap is larger than 10 μm,the relation between the breakdown voltage and the gap looks like the Paschen curve;while below 10 μm,the breakdown voltage is nearly constant in the range of the tested gap.However,at the same gap distance,the breakdown voltage is still affected by the pressure and shows a trend similar to Paschen＇s law.The current–voltage characteristic in all the gaps is similar and follows the trend of a typical Townsend-to-glow discharge.A simple model is used to explain the non-normality of breakdown in the micro-gaps.The Townsend mechanism is suggested to control the breakdown process in this configuration before the gap reduces much smaller in air.

Fabrication of micro-scale gratings for moiré method with a femtosecond laser

Fabrication of micro gratings using a femtosecond laser exposure system is experimentally investigated for the electron moire method. Micro holes and lines are firstly etched for parameter study. Grating profile is theoretically optimized to form high quality moire patterns. For a demonstration, a parallel grating is fabricated on a specimen of quartz glass. The minimum line width and the distance between two adjacent lines are both set to be 1 μm, and the frequency of grating is 500 lines/ram. The experimental results indicate that the quality of gratings is good and the relative error of the gratings pitch is about 1.5%. Based on molte method, scanning electron microscope （SEM） moire patterns are observed clearly, which manifests that gratings fabricated with the femtosecond laser exposure is suitable for micro scale deformation measurement.

Micro-scale Dispersion of Air Pollutants over an Urban Setup in a Coastal Region

The dispersion is mainly governed by wind field and depends on the planetary boundary layer (PBL) dynamics. Accurate representation of the meteorological weather fields would improve the dispersion assessments. In urban areas representation of wind around the obstacles is not possible for the pollution dispersion studies using Gaussian based modeling studies. It is widely accepted that computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools would provide reasonably good solution to produce the wind fields around the complex structures and other land scale elements. By keeping in view of the requirement for the micro-scale dispersion, a commercial CFD model PANACHE with PANEPR developed by Fluidyn is implemented to study the micro-scale dispersion of air pollution over an urban setup at Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam a coastal station in the east coast of India under stable atmospheric conditions. Meso-scale module of the PANACHE model is integrated with the data generated at the site by IGCAR under RRE (Round Robin Exercise) program to develop the flow fields. Using this flow fields, CFD model is integrated to study the micro-scale dispersion. Various pollution dispersion scenarios are developed using hypothetical emission inventory during stably stratified conditions to understand the micro-scale dispersion over different locations of coastal urban set up in the IGCAR region of Kalpakkam.

Micro-scale FEM Calculation of Concrete Temperature during Production and Casting

A micro-scale finite element method(FEM) was proposed to precisely calculate the heat conduction between mortar and aggregate, and thus to accurately predict the non-uniformity of concrete pouring temperature. The concrete temperature field during vibration was also precisely calculated by accurate description of heat absorption characteristics of different parts of concrete when vibration. Based on the above method, the prediction model was used to predict the pouring temperature of a practical engineering. The comparison between actual results and simulated values shows that this method can be adopted to accurately predict the non-uniformity of concrete pouring temperature and the influence of mechanized vibration on concrete pouring temperature, and thus accurately predict pouring temperature. The control of casting temperature is crucial for preventing concrete fracture. The study provides a new method for predicting the pouring temperature of concrete structures, which has great practical value in engineering application.

Micro-Scale Motion Precision Simulation Method for a New-Type 6-DOF Micro-Manipulation Robot

A new 6-DOF micro-manipulation robot based on 3-PPTTRS parallel mechanisms in combination with flexure hinges is proposed. The design principle of the mechanism is introduced, and the kinematics analysis method based on differentiation is used to get the (inverse) kinematics equations. Then a micro-scale motion precision simulation method is proposed according to finite element analysis (FEA), and the prediction of robot’s motion precision in design phase is realized. The simulation result indicates that the 6-DOF micro-manipulation robot can meet the design specification.

Response of revegetation to climate change with meso- and micro-scale remote sensing in an arid desert of China

The revegetation protection system(VPS)on the edge of the Tengger Desert can be referred to as a successful model of sand control technology in China and even the world,and there has been a substantial amount of research on revegetation stability.However,it is unclear how meso-and micro-scale revegetation activity has responded to climatic change over the past decades.To evaluate the relative influence of climatic variables on revegetation activities in a restored desert ecosystem,we analysed the trend of revegetation change from 2002 to 2015 using a satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)dataset.The time series of the NDVI data were decomposed into trend,seasonal,and random components using a segmented regression method.The results of the segmented regression model indicate a changing trend in the NDVI in the VPS,changing from a decrease(−7×10−3/month)before 2005 to an increase(0.3×10−3/month)after 2005.We found that precipitation was the most important climatic factor influencing the growing season NDVI(P<0.05),while vegetation growth sensitivity to water and heat varied significantly in different seasons.In the case of precipitation reduction and warming in the study area,the NDVI of the VPS could still maintain an overall slow upward trend(0.04×10−3/month),indicating that the ecosystem is sustainable.Our findings suggest that the VPS has been successful in maintaining stability and sustainability under current climate change conditions and that it is possible to introduce the VPS in similar areas as a template for resistance to sand and drought hazards.

A novel strategy of smart manipulation by micro-scale oscillatory networks of the reactionary zones for enhanced extreme thrust control of the next-generation solid propulsion systems

The main aim of this research is to get a better knowledge and understanding of the micro-scale oscillatory networks behavior in the solid propellants reactionary zones. Fundamental understanding of the micro-and nano-scale combustion mechanisms is essential to the development and further improvement of the next-generation technologies for extreme control of the solid propellant thrust. Both experiments and theory confirm that the micro-and nano-scale oscillatory networks excitation in the solid propellants reactionary zones is a rather universal phenomenon. In accordance with our concept,the micro-and nano-scale structures form both the fractal and self-organized wave patterns in the solid propellants reactionary zones. Control by the shape, the sizes and spacial orientation of the wave patterns allows manipulate by the energy exchange and release in the reactionary zones. A novel strategy for enhanced extreme thrust control in solid propulsion systems are based on manipulation by selforganization of the micro-and nano-scale oscillatory networks and self-organized patterns formation in the reactionary zones with use of the system of acoustic waves and electro-magnetic fields, generated by special kind of ring-shaped electric discharges along with resonance laser radiation. Application of special kind of the ring-shaped electric discharges demands the minimum expenses of energy and opens prospects for almost inertia-free control by combustion processes. Nano-sized additives will enhance self-organizing and self-synchronization of the micro-and nano-scale oscillatory networks on the nanometer scale. Suggested novel strategy opens the door for completely new ways for enhanced extreme thrust control of the solid propulsion systems.

超燃冲压发动机燃烧室流场超分辨率重建

超声速燃烧室受限空间内复杂流场波系结构的获取受到光学测量装置精度的制约。为提升流场时空分辨率特征,本文应用中国空气动力研究与发展中心地面脉冲燃烧风洞获取的试验数据,在发动机入口马赫数2.5的条件下,构建了6种不同当量比下基于压力数据重构的燃烧室流场低分辨率图像数据集,研究了三种提高图像分辨率的方法来提升超燃冲压发动机燃烧室流场重构图像的分辨率。结果表明,本文所提出的流场超分辨率稠密网络(Flow-field Super-Resolution Dense Network,FSRDN)、流场超分辨率生成对抗网络(Flow-field Super-Resolution Generative Adversarial Network,FSRGAN)、传统的双三次插值法(Bicubic interpolation,Bicubic)对流场图像分辨率都提高了4^(2)倍。FSRDN网络所得流场图像结果的峰值信噪比(Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio,PSNR)、相关性系数(Correlation coefficient,CORR)、感知指数(Perceptual Index,PI)指标均优于双三次插值法,但实际图像存在过于平滑的现象。FSRGAN网络所得流场结果消除了图像平滑现象,使流场图像的细节更加丰富,大幅度优化了PI指标,对燃烧室内的剪切层、斜激波、分离激波等主要波系结构的清晰度有了极大的增强作用。

旋转爆震波传播频率与燃烧室切向声学频率对比的实验研究

为验证旋转爆震波与燃烧室高频切向不稳定燃烧现象是否存在一致性,分别基于宽11 mm的环形燃烧室和圆柱形燃烧室,以乙烯为燃料,以富氧空气(体积分数33%、50%和100%)为氧化剂,通过改变氧化剂的供给流量和当量比开展实验研究。研究发现:在环形燃烧室中,通过改变氧气体积分数得到了不同的旋转爆震波传播模态:当氧气体积分数为33%时为双波对撞模态,爆震波速度亏损为37%~63%,且双波传播频率低于燃烧室二阶切向声学频率;当氧气体积分数为50%和100%时,分别得到了单波和双波传播模态,爆震波速度亏损减小至14%~40%,且单波模态爆震波传播频率高于燃烧室一阶切向声学频率,双波模态爆震波传播频率高于燃烧室二阶切向声学频率。在圆柱形燃烧室中,当氧气体积分数为50%时得到了单波模态,部分工况下爆震波传播速度高于理论C−J速度,且氧化剂流量越大,这一趋势越明显,大部分工况下旋转爆震波传播频率均高于燃烧室的一阶切向声学频率。上述研究表明旋转爆震波传播频率与燃烧室切向声学频率的数值大小和变化规律均不相同,说明旋转爆震波与高频切向不稳定燃烧现象并不存在一致性。

斜坡限制域对脱体火焰宏观形状和燃烧振荡影响实验研究

燃烧振荡是贫油预混火焰中广泛存在的非定常过程,是燃烧室设计中必须避免的。其中,脱体火焰对降低氮氧化物排放有优势,但其燃烧振荡往往更加严重。本文在中心分级燃烧器中,通过实验方法研究了斜坡限制域对脱体火焰燃烧振荡的被动控制效果。本文通过单反相机和高速摄像获取了火焰平均结构和瞬态图像,并通过相平均图像和本征正交分解研究了火焰动态演变过程。结果表明,当台阶高度为0 mm时,不同斜坡张角的斜坡限制域均能对燃烧振荡起到非常显著的抑制效果。而在30°斜坡张角的斜坡限制域中,随着台阶高度的增加,抑制效果变差,但振幅相较突扩限制域发生了明显的降低。

3级旋流器各级气量变化对燃烧性能的影响

为了探究中心分级燃烧室各级旋流器叶片数量与相应旋流气量变化对燃烧室性能的影响,基于高推重比和高温升的技术需求,对设计模型进行了除旋流器外分块结构化网格划分,并在ICEM软件中实现混合网格周期性边界条件设置,进行3维数值模拟。结果表明:确定最优方案的3级旋流器叶片数量分别为8、10和15。中心分级燃烧室每级旋流器流通气量随其相应旋流器叶片数量改变呈负相关变化关系;设计油气比为0.045时,中心分级燃烧室最优方案即基准型方案的温升可达1300 K,出口温度分布系数OTDF达到0.13,在性能所要求的0.10~0.15之间,出口径向温度分布系数RTDF达到0.081,在性能所要求的0.08~0.12之间;中心分级燃烧室出口截面OTDF值随火焰筒头部每级旋流器的叶片数量或旋流气量的变化关系是“V”形,RTDF值随头部每级旋流器的叶片数量或旋流气量的变化关系是类“V”形。

筒形五喷嘴燃烧室冷态时均流场特性实验研究

为深入研究五喷嘴燃烧室的流场特性,采用高频PIV测量方法对燃烧室中心截面的冷态流场开展实验研究,主要分析了燃烧室入口速度以及中心喷嘴旋流强度对五喷嘴燃烧室中心截面的时均流场特征的影响。实验结果表明:中心喷嘴和外侧喷嘴出口均存在主回流区,外侧喷嘴与燃烧室壁面间存在角回流区,相邻喷嘴射流相互干涉。喷嘴旋流强度相同时,入口速度由10 m/s增大到20 m/s,中心喷嘴和外侧喷嘴的回流区形态、主回流区长度、最大回流速度位置和气流合并点位置基本不变。入口速度为14.3 m/s时,中心喷嘴旋流强度由0.63增大到0.84,中心喷嘴回流区长度增大,外侧喷嘴回流区长度不变,主回流区最大回流速度显著增大,且更靠近喷嘴出口,气流合并点径向位置基本不变,轴向位置向喷嘴出口移动。

双排凹腔燃烧室释热区转移过程中的特性研究

为探究多凹腔燃烧室前后排凹腔释热区转移过程中的演化特性,利用直连台在Ma=3.0条件下进行总当量比(φT)不变,前排凹腔当量比(φ1)增加,后排凹腔当量比(φ2)降低的试验。φ1较低时,前排凹腔为凹腔剪切层稳焰,后排凹腔为射流尾迹稳焰。当φ1增加到一定值,前排凹腔火焰由凹腔剪切层稳焰转换为射流尾迹稳焰,致使沿程压力出现突变。由于φ1较低,当地释热不足以维持火焰为射流尾迹稳焰,前后排凹腔燃烧耦合使得前排凹腔火焰在两种稳焰模式之间切换。φ1继续增加,前排凹腔的释热使火焰稳定在射流尾迹稳焰。之后φ1继续增加,前排凹腔火焰出现不对称的情况,这种不对称是随机的,且随着当量比的增加变得更加明显且持续时间更长。φ1继续增加使得前排凹腔出现火焰闪回现象。

脉冲爆震外涵加力涡扇发动机总体性能研究

为研究外涵装有脉冲爆震燃烧室(PDC)的混合排气涡扇发动机性能,建立其性能模型。研究了隔离段总压恢复系数和外涵循环参数对PDC特性和整机性能的影响;分析了发动机性能参数对部件参数的敏感性;在相同设计循环参数下与传统加力涡扇发动机性能进行了对比。结果表明:提高隔离段总压恢复系数能够增大PDC增压比,提升发动机性能;风扇压比一定,涵道比增大,发动机耗油率和单位推力增大;风扇压比增大,涵道比在0.2~0.4时,单位推力先增大后减小,涵道比在0.4~0.5时,单位推力先增大后基本不变,涵道比在0.5~0.9时,单位推力一直增大,但增幅逐渐减小。不同涵道比下耗油率随风扇压比增大一直减小;发动机性能对直接影响外涵气流状态参数的部件参数敏感性高;由于PDC的增压特性,脉冲爆震外涵加力发动机仅利用外涵部分气流组织燃烧就可使单位推力与传统加力涡扇发动机相当,且耗油率在设计点降低27.7%,非设计点降低12.8%~26.8%。

某航改燃机氢燃料燃烧室污染排放特性研究

为了对氢燃料燃烧室的低污染燃烧组织方案提供技术支撑,根据某航改燃机燃烧室的工况及结构参数,设计了三种氢燃料喷射单元(贫油直接喷射(LDI)单元以及两种贫油预混喷射(LPIA和LPIB)单元),通过数值计算方法研究了其流场特性,燃料-空气混合特性及污染排放特性,然后采用粒子群优化算法(PSO)建立了三种单元的NO_(x)排放回归模型。研究表明:氢气喷射方式对流场结构影响较大。LDI单元的中心回流区(CRZ)脱离喷嘴一段距离,LPIA单元的CRZ径向尺寸最大,LPIB单元的下游流场轴向速度最快;LPIA单元燃烧室内燃料-空气混合相对于其它两个单元更加均匀;在设计工况下,LDI单元的NOx排放量不能满足目前新建燃机的排放标准(@15%O_(2),≤30 mg/m^(3)),而LPI单元的NOx排放能够达标,且LPIA相对于LDI单元可降低81.6%;所建立三个单元NO_(x)排放回归模型考虑了燃烧室进口压力、温度、当量比及气流速度的影响,其决定系数R2分别为0.972,0.969和0.953。本文所采用的单元及其性能数据和建模方法可以为氢燃料燃烧室设计提供有效参考。

燃烧室百叶与双排孔冷气对透平端壁冷却性能影响研究

针对燃烧室与透平冷气掺混导致实际二次流发展及端壁冷却性能偏离设计值的问题,综合考虑燃烧室百叶冷气尾迹与双排孔射流,数值研究了多源冷气射流在燃烧室与透平交界区的掺混机制,分析了其对透平静叶端壁气膜冷却与流动特性的影响规律。研究结果表明:空腔涡卷吸大部分百叶冷气,并跨越双排孔冷气向下游发展,马蹄涡卷吸限制大部分双排孔冷气,并向空腔涡外侧发展;当双排孔冷气吹风比M_h=0.5,1.0较小时,马蹄涡导致冷气形成楔形高冷效区域,空腔涡的附着侧和分离侧分别产生了高、低冷效区,随着百叶冷气吹风比M_l的增加,空腔涡强度显著降低,导致位于楔形中心的分离侧冷却效率有所提升;当双排孔冷气吹风比M_h为1.5时,双排孔冷气部分跨越马蹄涡,静叶端壁可实现完全冷气覆盖,此时百叶冷气吹风比M_l从0.5增加到1.5,静叶端壁平均冷却效率可从0.4提升到0.63。该研究为考虑燃烧室与透平交界区实际流动掺混情况的静叶端壁冷却结构与布局设计提供理论基础。

基于预训练模型的中心分级燃烧室燃烧振荡 预报方法

为促进实现燃气轮机燃烧室中的燃烧振荡预报,提出一种结合预训练和迁移学习的研究思路。在预训练阶段,开展短火焰筒和长火焰筒下两类火焰图像的对比学习以完成编码器的自监督预训练。在迁移阶段,除了对特征编码构建线性分类器的直接迁移,本文还提出将工况参数作为先验条件的贝叶斯迁移学习。结果表明,在两种迁移学习方式下预训练模型相比传统监督学习模型具有4.6%左右的性能提升。同时基于贝叶斯推断的迁移学习相比直接迁移鲁棒性更好。通过主成分分析和分层聚类,验证预训练模型能够提取火焰图像更为通用的热声特征。

基于双向耦合的燃烧室与冷却通道的传热研究

为研究超燃冲压发动机燃烧室与再生冷却通道的耦合传热特性,采用双向弱耦合迭代计算方法,研究燃烧室和冷却通道的特征参数对耦合传热特性的影响规律。结果表明:当量比的增加导致燃烧反应区域和壁面高温区域后移,当量比增大至0.75时,部分壁面高温区后移至超出燃烧段范围,在燃烧室的当量比设计时需考虑冷却通道范围的限制;喷射角度的增大会提高燃烧段壁面平均温度,喷射角度由30°增大到75°时,冷却通道出口裂解率由8%增长到11%;增大冷却剂的工作压力和流量能增强冷却剂的吸热能力,降低燃烧室内壁面温度,最大下降幅度约200 K。