Biaxial mechanical behavior of closed-cell aluminum foam under combined shear-compression loading

Combined shear-compression tests and simulations were performed on a closed-cell aluminum foam over a wide range of loading angles in order to probe their yield behaviors under biaxial loading conditions.Combined shear-compression tests were carried out by using a pair of cylindrical bars with beveled ends.The yield surfaces were experimentally measured and compared with various theoretical yield surface models.The cellular structures of closed-cell aluminum foams were modeled as tetrakaidecahedrons and their biaxial crushing behaviors were simulated by the finite element method.The results show that,yield initiates from the stress-concentrated corners in the specimens under combined shear-compression loading and the stress distribution is no longer uniform at the specimen/bar interfaces.In the range of cell sizes studied,the larger the foam cell size is,the higher the yield stress is.Aluminum foam density is found to be the dominant factor on its mechanical properties compared with the cell size and is much more significant in engineering practice.

Strength Prediction of Cruciform Specimen Under Biaxial Loading

In order to achieve a better understanding of failure behavior of cruciform specimen under different biaxial loading conditions,a three-dimensional finite element model is established with solid and interface elements.Maximum stress criterion,two Hashin-type criteria and the new proposed criteria are used to predict the strength of plain woven textile composites when biaxial loading ratio equals 1.Compared with experimental data,only the new proposed criteria can reach reasonable results.The applicability of the new proposed criteria is also verified by predicting the tensile and compressive strength of cruciform specimen under different biaxial loading ratios.Moreover,the introduction of interface element makes it more intuitive to recognize delamination failure.The shape of the predicted delamination failure region in the interface layer is similar to that of the failure region in neighboring entity layers,but the area of delamination failure region is a little larger.

Strength criterion of composite solid propellants under dynamic loading

Based on the dynamic loading(1-100 s^(-1)) experiments under different temperatures(223-298 K) and stress states, uniaxial and biaxial strength criterion of a Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene(HTPB)based composite solid propellant were further investigated. These experiments were conducted through the use of a new uniaxial INSTRON testing machine, different new designed gripping apparatus and samples with different configurations. According to the test results, dynamic uniaxial tensile strength criterion of the propellant was directly constructed with the master curve of the uniaxial maximum tensile stress. Whereas, a new method was proposed to determine the dynamic uniaxial compressive strength of the propellant in this study. Then uniaxial compressive strength criterion of the propellant was constructed based on the related master curve. Moreover, it found that the uniaxial tensilecompressive strength ratio of the propellant is more sensitive to loading temperature under the test conditions. The value of this parameter is about 0.4 at room temperature, and it reduces to 0.2-0.3 at low temperatures. Finally, the theoretical biaxial strength criterion of HTPB propellant under dynamic loading was constructed with the unified strength theory, the uniaxial strength and the typical biaxial tensile strength. In addition, the theoretical limit lines of the principal stress plane for the propellant under dynamic loading at different temperatures were further plotted, and the scope of the limit line increases with decreasing temperature.

Experimental investigations on mechanical performance of rocks under fatigue loads and biaxial confinements

In this research,a series of biaxial compression and biaxial fatigue tests were conducted to investigate the mechanical behaviors of marble and sandstone under biaxial confinements.Experimental results demonstrate that the biaxial compressive strength of rocks under biaxial compression increases firstly,and subsequently decreases with increase of the intermediate principal stress.The fatigue failure characteristics of the rocks in biaxial fatigue tests are functions of the peak value of fatigue loads,the intermediate principal stress and the rock lithology.With the increase of the peak values of fatigue loads,the fatigue lives of rocks decrease.The intermediate principal stress strengthens the resistance ability of rocks to fatigue loads except considering the strength increasing under biaxial confinements.The fatigue lives of rocks increase with the increase of the intermediate principal stress under the same ratio of the fatigue load and their biaxial compressive strength.The acoustic emission(AE)and fragments studies showed that the sandstone has higher ability to resist the fatigue loads compared to the marble,and the marble generated a greater number of smaller fragments after fatigue failure compared to the sandstone.So,it can be inferred that the rock breaking efficiency and rock burst is higher or severer induced by fatigue loading than that induced by monotonous quasi-static loading,especially for hard rocks.

Study on Fluid Shear Flow on Osteoblast-like Cells in Their Tensile Loading Experiments

In vitro cell loading experiments are used to investigate stimulation of strain to cellular proliferation. As the flowing conditions of culture fluid in loading systems has been little known, strictly people can not detect the influence of strain to cellular proliferation exactly because shear flow can enhance cell proliferation either. Based on the working principle and cyclic loading parameters, we simplify Navier-Stokes equation to describe the flow of culture fluid on substrates of uniaxial and equi-biaxial flat tensile loading systems and four point bending system. With approximate solutions, the distributions of velocity field and wall shear flow to cells are gained. Results show: shear flows are zero in the middle (or fixed point or line) of substrate for all systems, and they get larger proportionally to distance from middle and substrate elongate; the shear flow on the substrate of four point bending system is much greater than those of others. This shear flow in four point bending system, confirmed by Owan, I., et al with OPN mRNA increase in their experiment, could cause more influence to osteoblast-like cells than that caused by strain. We estimate the average magnitude of shear stress in Owan’s device, the results are consistent with other experimental data about shear flow. In conclusion our study makes it possible to differentiate the influence of strain on cellular proliferation to that of shear flow in loading experiments with the devices mentioned above quantitatively.

Experimental study of hollow rectangular bridge column performance under vertical and cyclically bilateral loads

To investigate the seismic performance of hollow reinforced concrete （RC） bridge columns of rectangular cross section under constant axial load and cyclically biaxial bending, five specimens were tested. A parametric study is carried out for different axial load ratios, longitudinal reinforcement ratios and lateral reinforcement ratios. The experimental results showed that all tested specimens failed in the flexural failure mode and their ultimate performance was dominated by flexural capacity, which is represented by the rupture/buckling of tensile longitudinal rebars at the bottom of the bridge columns. Biaxial force and displacement hysteresis loops showed significant stiffness and strength degradations, and the pinching effect and coupling interaction effect of both directions severely decrease the structural seismic resistance. However, the measured ductility coefficient varying from 3.5 to 5.7 and the equivalent viscous damping ratio varying from 0.19 and 0.26 can meet the requirements of the seismic design. The hollow RC rectangular bridge columns with configurations of lateral reinforcement in this study have excellent performance under bidirectional earthquake excitations, and may be considered as a substitute for current hollow RC rectangular section configurations described in the Guideline for Seismic Design of Highway Bridges （JTG/T B02-01-2008）. The length of the plastic hinge region was found to approach one sixth of the hollow RC rectangular bridge column height for all specimen columns, and it was much less than those specified in the current JTG/T. Thus, the length of the plastic hinge region is more concentrated for RC rectangular hollow bridge columns.

The Behavior of Rectangular and Circular Reinforced Concrete Columns Under Biaxial Multiple Excitation

The aim of this study is to investigate the dynamic performance of rectangular and circular reinforced concrete(RC)columns considering biaxial multiple excitations.For this purpose,an advanced nonlinear finite element model which can simulate various features of cyclic degradation in material and structural components is used.The implemented nonlinear fiber beam-column model accounts for inelastic buckling and low-cycle fatigue degradation of longitudinal reinforcement and can simulate multiple failure modes of RC columns under dynamic loading.Hypothetical rectangular and circular columns are used to investigate the failure modes of RC columns.A detailed ground motion selection is implemented to generate real mainshock and aftershocks.It was found that multiple excitations due to aftershock has the potential of increasing the damage of the RC columns and longitudinal reinforcements are significantly affected low-cycle fatigue.Also,it was found that rectangular column is more sensitive to accumulative damage due to cyclic fatigue.This study increases the accuracy of structural analysis of RC columns and consequently improves understanding the failure modes of RC columns with different cross-sectional shapes.

FAILURE SURFACE AND CAPACITY OF REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO BIAXIAL TENSION

A computer program is developed for the nonlincar analysis of prestressedconcrete and nonprestressed concrete members subjected to combined biaxial bending andaxial load.The strength-interaction diagrams and failure surface are obtained.Thestrength design formulae are proposed.

FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION FOR BIAXIAL STRESS CYCLING

Based on the experimental study of complex biaxial mode Ⅰ fatigue crack growth and the discussion on Von Mises'theory,a new approach is proposed for correlating crack propaga- tion rate under both in-phase and out-of-phase biaxial stress cycling.The results emphasize the contribution of plasticity to fatigue crack growth.

Research on the Follow-Up Control Strategy of Biaxial Fatigue Test of Wind Turbine Blade Based on Electromagnetic Excitation

Aiming at the drift problem that the tracking control of the actual load relative to the target load during the electromagnetic excitation biaxial fatigue test of wind turbine blades is easy to drift,a biaxial fatigue testingmachine for electromagnetic excitation is designed,and the following strategy of the actual load and the target load is studied.A Fast Transversal Recursive Least Squares algorithm based on fuzzy logic(Fuzzy FTRLS)is proposed to develop a fatigue loading following dynamic strategy,which adjusts the forgetting factor in the algorithmthrough fuzzy logic to overcome the contradiction between convergence accuracy and convergence speed and solve the phenomenon of amplitude overshoot and phase lag of the actual load relative to the target load.Combined with the previous research results,a simulation model was constructed to verify the strategy’s effectiveness.Field tests were carried out to verify its follow-up effect.The results showthat the tracking error of flapwise and edgewise direction iswithin 4%,which has better robustness and dynamic and static performance than the traditional Recursive Least Squares(RLS)algorithm.

水平双轴加载下带翼缘RC 剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

为了揭示双轴耦合效应对不同截面形式带翼缘RC剪力墙多维抗震性能的影响,对3个T形截面和2个L形截面RC剪力墙分别沿其主轴方向进行了低周往复加载试验,对比分析了水平单、双轴加载下带翼缘RC剪力墙的破坏特征、滞回特性、承载力、延性、极限位移角、耗能能力与钢筋应变。研究表明:T形墙和L形墙的破坏均呈现出明显的非对称性,即破坏集中于墙肢自由端,双轴加载加重了带翼缘RC剪力墙的开裂和损伤程度,且易引起剪力墙局部损伤集中;与单轴加载相比,双轴加载不仅削弱了带翼缘RC剪力墙各受力方向的承载力与变形能力、增大了腹板塑性铰区弯曲变形在总变形中的占比、加速了耗能进程、降低了单个方向的耗能能力,并且增大了腹板与翼缘竖向钢筋的应变以及翼缘的剪力滞后效应;双轴耦合效应对L形墙损伤的影响较T形墙更为显著,并导致双轴加载下L形墙各抗震性能指标的衰减程度大于T形墙。考虑双轴受力后,中国抗震规范关于RC剪力墙层间位移角的限值仍较为安全,但安全冗余度降低。

4130X钢非对称非比例载荷下双轴低周疲劳行为

为研究4130X钢在双轴疲劳载荷下的应力应变状态以及疲劳损伤行为,对4130X钢开展了双轴非对称比例与非比例循环载荷作用下的疲劳试验研究。从双轴循环应变幅、双轴棘轮应变、断口形貌和疲劳寿命等方面,系统分析了不同双轴加载条件下4130X钢的低周疲劳与棘轮行为。结果表明,随着双轴载荷比的减小或相位差的增大,双轴均表现出显著的循环软化现象,并且棘轮应变显著增加,双轴棘轮效应更加明显,导致其疲劳寿命减小。与其他加载情况相比,等双轴载荷比下相位差对疲劳寿命和等效应变的影响更加显著,在双轴相位差ΔФ由0°变为90°时,疲劳寿命下降90%。断口特征表明,随着双轴非比例程度的增大,韧窝由等轴韧窝逐渐转变为剪切韧窝,数量显著增加。

双向加载下不同因素对H型钢构件板壳节段损伤域长度的影响

为研究双向加载条件下,轴压比、长细比、腹板高厚和翼缘宽厚比4个主要参数对H型钢构件损伤域长度的影响,利用有限元软件ABAQUS建立板壳模型进行有限元分析,并给出了双向加载下板壳节段损伤域长度的计算公式。分析结果表明:双向加载更加符合实际情况,所得损伤域长度偏大,提高了板壳节段取值的准确性;在一定区域内,损伤域长度与轴压比和腹板高厚比呈正相关,且增长幅度可达初始值的1倍以上,与翼缘宽厚比呈负相关,最大降幅可达50%以上。当长细比小于临界值时,两者呈负相关,最大降幅达34.28%;反之,两者呈正相关,最大增幅达58.26%。

双轴加载下成组裂隙参数对类岩石试件力学性质的影响规律

煤矿深部地层岩巷围岩裂隙分布复杂,裂隙参数对岩体力学性能影响较大。为研究深部地层裂隙岩体在掘进扰动条件下的破坏规律与力学性能,制备不同裂隙倾角和长度的成组裂隙类岩石试件,开展模拟煤矿深部巷道掘进扰动的双轴加载试验,研究类岩石试件力学特性及其影响因素。研究结果表明:成组裂隙试件强度受预制裂隙的倾角影响明显,当预制裂隙倾角为30°~45°时,试件的起裂应力和峰值应力为最小值,当裂隙倾角为90°时,试件的起裂应力和峰值应力最大。在双轴固定比例加载的条件下,裂隙倾角和长度均会对试件的强度产生影响,其中裂隙倾角对试件强度的影响最为明显,裂隙长度的影响较小。

碳纤维聚合物筋约束钢纤维混凝土柱双轴弯曲性能研究

为研究碳纤维增强聚合物(carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP)加固对钢筋混凝土柱力学行为的影响,开展了双轴弯曲载荷下CFRP约束素混凝土柱和钢纤维混凝土细长柱压弯性能试验,探究钢纤维掺量、CFRP层数以及载荷偏心距对柱试件抗弯特性的影响。试验结果表明,与参照组(无CFRP)相比,CFRP的环箍作用显著提高了钢筋混凝土柱强度、延性以及抗变形能力。同时,还提出了一种在轴向载荷和双向弯曲作用下适合CFRP约束钢筋混凝土细长柱的数值计算方法,该方法引入了约束混凝土的双折线本构模型以及钢筋、CFRP的应力应变模型,对CFRP约束钢筋混凝土柱结构性能进行预测,计算结果与实测值均吻合较好。

交变双轴加载下钛合金微动磨损的仿真及试验研究

微动磨损是导致机械连接结构失效的主要形式之一。目前大多数研究都在恒定法向接触载荷工况下开展。然而实际工程中,广泛存在着可变法向载荷和轴向载荷的多轴加载工况,导致目前恒定法向载荷下微动磨损的研究结果不能很好地解释多轴交变加载工况下的微动磨损行为。因此,以钛合金的微动磨损为例,进行了交变双轴加载下微动磨损的仿真分析和试验测试研究。首先,建立了受循环交变双轴加载作用下的微动磨损模型;然后,对不同法向载荷幅值、位移载荷幅值、双轴加载相位差下的微动磨损行为进行了仿真,并根据Q-P曲线分析方法对这些复杂微动情况下的微动磨损机制进行了讨论;最后,在双轴加载的微动磨损试验机上进行了双轴微动磨损试验,验证了该有限元模型磨损形貌的合理性。研究结果表明:交变法向载荷的磨损形貌不同于恒定法向载荷的磨损形貌,交变下法向载荷均值与恒定法向载荷保持不变,交变法向载荷下的磨损深度及宽度均大于恒定法向载荷下的磨损深度及宽度。位移幅值和相位差一定,随着法向载荷幅值的增大,磨损宽度和深度均增加,磨损形貌由“W”型转变为“W+V”型;法向载荷幅值和相位差一定,磨损宽度和深度均随位移幅值的增大而增大;法向载荷幅值和位移幅值一定,改变双轴加载相位差,0°相位差最大磨损深度出现在接触后缘,180°相位差最大磨损深度出现在接触前缘,90°和270°相位差的前、后缘磨损深度极大值接近。

Macro and Micro Behaviors of Low Alloyed TRIP780 Steel with Different Biaxial Proportional Loading

To investigate the macro and micro behaviors of TRIP （transformation induced plasticity） steel under biaxial loading, experiment and finite element simulation were carried out for TRIP780 steel under proportional biaxial tension with displacement ratio of 1 ： 1, 2 ： 1, 3 ： 1 and 4 ： 1, respectively. The results show that cruciform specimens of TRIP780 steel fractured under proportional biaxial stretching when effective strain was about L 5 %, and fracture was always generated on the cross arm or cross links. During biaxial tension, stress and strain components in x and y directions of the center of the samples have the same nonlinear developing tendency, decreasing in one direction and increasing in another direction. Equal biaxial stretching stress state was helpful for retained austenite-martensite transformation than the other biaxial stress state. With increasing displacement ratio （DR） from 1 ： 1 to 4 ： 1, corresponding stress distributed unevenly on the yield ellipse from 30° to 60° in the first quadrant of stress space and corresponding retained austenite volume fraction distributed symmetrically in bow tie format.

BIAXIAL LOADING OF NEO-CLASSICAL LIQUID CRYSTAL ELASTOMERS:CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONS AND SOFT BEHAVIOR

The thermo-order-mechanical behaviors of liquid crystal elastomers （LCEs） under biaxial loading are studied in this paper. Inverse method for nonlinear elastic problems is utilized by imposing biaxial stretching to thin rectangular samples. Neo-classical elastic energy is used together with the Landau-de Gennes nematic free energy. Under plane stress assumptions, the constitutive equations are derived. Due to the possible reorientations of the liquid crystal molecules induced by the imposed biaxial loading, the in-plane nonlinear stress-strain relations can have different expressions depending on which loading axis will have the largest effective principal strain. And the free energy is a multi-well non-convex potential function. As shown by some typical loading paths, the LCE samples will exhibit an anisotropic nonlinear elastic behavior, as long as the loading has not induced a reorientation of the liquid crystal molecules. When this did occur, jumps of stresses could take place for dead loadings due to the losing of stability.

Dynamic Biaxial Compression of CFRP Laminates Using Electromagnetic Loading

The dynamic biaxial compression test for carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer(CFRP)laminates was carried out via synchronous electromagnetic loading in this study.During the experiments,four stress pulses transmitted along four incident bars,loading the square specimen simultaneously from four directions to keep the center of the specimen still.The dynamic mechanical behavior of CFRP was obtained employing the one-dimensional wave propagation theory,and the deformation and failure processes of the specimens were recorded by a high-speed camera.The effects of various biaxial stresses on the compressive strength were investigated in three biaxial and one uniaxial loading cases.For the CFRP laminates,the dynamic transverse compressive stress showed little effect on the longitudinal ultimate compressive strength.Numerical simulations were performed to understand the dynamic stress wave propagation.It showed that the employed loading device could guarantee good biaxial loading conditions until the ultimate failure of the specimens.This approach allows for the dynamic biaxial compression testing of various materials,which is of great significance in evaluating the dynamic impact performance of aeronautical composites.

岩石双轴压缩试验及装置研究进展

综述岩石双轴压缩研究的试验方法、试验设备和研究成果,指出大部分现有的破坏准则忽视了中间主应力的影响,选用试件尺寸太小以致无法充分考虑尺寸效应,加载头与试件受压面之间存在的摩擦力影响试件破坏形态.河南理工大学和加拿大麦吉尔大学合作设计建造的大吨位等刚度双向加载系统采用柔性加载头,克服了加载过程中加载头与试件间的摩擦力对试件破坏形态的影响,且能对较大尺寸试件进行单、双轴压缩试验.利用该装置对各种岩石材料开展系统的试验研究,有望弥补目前国际岩石力学界对双向受力状态下岩石破坏机理认识的不足.